"Experimental and computational approaches to historical masonry structures: A study in the direction of filling the gap"

The assessment of historical structures is a significant need for the next generations, as historical monuments represent the community’s identity and have an important cultural value to society. Most of historical structures built by using masonry which is one of the oldest and most common construction materials used in the building sector since the ancient time. Also it is considered a complex material, as it is a composition of brick units and mortar, which affects the structural performance of the building by having different mechanical behaviour with respect to different geometry and qualities given by the components.

Influence of the wood mechanical properties in the dovetail joint behavior

The force distribution inside a dovetail joint is complex. Wood is simultaneously loaded in different directions in the several connected surfaces. The analytical solutions available for the analysis of the behavior of those carpentry joints rely on the mechanical properties of wood. In particular, the stiffness properties of wood under compression are crucial for the forces equilibrium. Simulations showed that the stiffness values considered in each of the springs normally assumed in the analytical models, have great influence in the bearing capacity and stiffness of the dovetail joints, with important consequence on the stress distribution over the overall structure. In a wide experimental campaign, the properties under compression of the most common wood species of existing timber structures have been determined. Then, a solved example of a dovetail joint is presented assuming different wood species and the corresponding strength and stiffness properties values obtained in the tests.

Structural assessment of a masonry vault in Portugal

This paper reports on a structural safety assessment and performance evaluation of the upper choir of the Santa Maria de Belém Church in the Jerónimos monastery, Lisbon, one of the most important cultural heritage buildings in Portugal. The possibility of adding a new 20 t organ to the upper choir and its effects on the church structure's response are presented. A refined and a simplified finite-element model is developed to investigate the structure's performance under self-weight and seismic actions. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the effect of masonry mechanical properties and rib cross-sections on the structural response, given the difficulty in accurately obtaining this information. The results show that the safety level of the structure is acceptable, even in the case of adding a heavy new organ.

Naiskomiikka : huumorista stand upiin, naurusta valtaan

The final project deals with the question of female comedy and the comedy made by women. Comedy has traditionally been made by men and the woman has been the one who laughs. A funny woman has been a rare phenomenon. Although times have changed and gender roles have become more flexible, female comedians still remain in a minority compared to their male colleagues. The essay reviews the social and historical structures that influence the position of women in general and on the field of comedy in particular. The teoretical basis to this is feminist theory. Female comedy and humour have features of their own, that are being examined in the essay. It also makes a difference between feminine comedy and feminist comedy. Largely the project handles stand up comedy. The popularity of stand up comedy has changed the field of professional entertainment and brought a number of widely gifted comedians to a common knowledge. Stand up has an opportunity to be a political tool, which is essential for marginal comedians, which also includes female comedians. One of the fundamental subjects of the project is the political character of comedy. The essay also portrays the historical roots of stand up comedy in the Finnish and in the American tradition. It reflects on the fore mothers of the modern female comedian. The reasons that make a woman become a comedian are under consideration, as well as the strategies that help her to get her voice and message delivered. Since a woman is still held in the marginal, it gives female comedy a feature of its own. This way comedy can become a tool for a feminist battle.

L’impact de l’économie sur la pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa en République Démocratique du Congo : analyse des répercussions sur l’exercice ministériel des prêtres

Cette thèse traite de l’impact de l’économie congolaise sur la pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa, de la gestion de ce diocèse et de leurs répercussions sur le ministère des prêtres. Après plusieurs années de son érection, le diocèse d’Idiofa subit présentement les conséquences de la crise économique congolaise. Sa pastorale est malade, en panne et même bloquée. Partout, il n’y pas d’argent, les caisses sont vides, on ne peut ni manger ni célébrer l’Eucharistie. On assiste à la démotivation presque généralisée des prêtres : refus des obédiences ou contestation des affectations, séjours prolongés et études à l’étranger, absence, ignorance ou mystère des finances. Les gens et les prêtres sont de plus en plus pauvres. Cela contraste avec la croissance numérique des prêtres dans le diocèse d’Idiofa. À y regarder de près, cette croissance masque mal une énigme. Avec la pauvreté grandissante, on aurait dû s’attendre à une diminution du nombre des prêtres. Or, tel n’est pas le cas. On assiste à un phénomène inverse dans le diocèse d’Idiofa. À quoi est dû cet état de chose? Promotion sociale, recherche du bien être matériel? Hausse des vocations? Le problème paraît banal, mais c’est une question pratique qui nous conduit à une prise de conscience de notre agir et de notre identité ecclésiaux. Cette thèse aidera à saisir les enjeux en cause et leurs conséquences sur le ministère des prêtres et sur la population. Elle nous éclairera sur l’incapacité de notre Église locale à s’assumer et à réagir de façon réaliste dans notre contexte propre. L’écart est énorme entre sa théorie et sa pratique. Cette thèse vise une Église locale nouvelle qui se veut active, pratique et qui n’a pas le droit de méconnaître les problèmes des prêtres et des gens en situation difficile. S’il est vrai que le modèle ecclésial actuel est élaboré en fonction des défis et des aspirations des communautés diocésaines, comment expliquer que la même Église puisse reléguer aux oubliettes les problèmes économiques qui conditionnent la vie réelle des prêtres et des gens? La communauté diocésaine peut-elle se bâtir en négligeant l’aspect économique? Malgré la vitalité actuelle de l’Église du diocèse en termes numériques, liturgiques et sacramentaires, de graves insuffisances témoignent de sa paralysie actuelle et rendent l’avenir incertain : misère croissante des masses, mauvaise gestion, dépendance accrue, etc. Cette thèse veut que notre Église locale se sente interpellée dans son agir pastoral par ce problème économique. Une nouvelle orientation ou organisation pastorale s’avère donc nécessaire pour la subsistance et la croissance de notre Église et de son milieu. Notre thèse comprend sept chapitres. Le premier dresse un portrait économique de la République Démocratique du Congo avec ses immenses richesses et la crise qu’elle traverse tant au plan politique que économique. Le deuxième analyse l’écart entre les prises de position audacieuses de l’Église congolaise dans ce contexte et sa pratique cléricale et institutionnelle plus conservatrice. Le troisième décrit la situation pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa, du ministère de brousse jusqu’à la gestion diocésaine en passant par ses diverses pastorales sectorielles. On y trouve l’exposé des faiblesses et des forces de ce diocèse. Le quatrième analyse la situation économique du diocèse tant en rapport avec la crise congolaise qu’avec les dynamiques internes du diocèse. On y voit émerger par exemple, la dépendance envers Rome, le favoritisme et le tribalisme financiers, la perte de moyens de production propres au diocèse, la pauvreté du clergé et, évidemment, des fidèles et des gens du diocèse. Le cinquième chapitre réévalue les progrès théologiques (adaptation, pierres d’attente, inculturation, reconstruction, libération et contextuelle) et des pratiques pastorales du diocèse en regard de sa réalité actuelle. Le sixième propose une interprétation théologique de la crise économique du diocèse d’Idiofa en fonction de l’Évangile, du salut considéré comme salut global concernant la transformation des structures historiques, de la mission de l’Église d’annoncer ce salut en paroles et en actes. Le septième et dernier chapitre propose une analyse des implications éthiques et ecclésiales. Il présente aussi quelques voies pastorales susceptibles de favoriser la prise en mains des communautés par elles-mêmes et l’assainissement des finances du diocèse : pastorales du grenier, des mains sales et du jardin partagé. La conclusion générale de la thèse rappelle les idées-forces et propose des pistes de solution.

La construcción de la idea europea: la perspectiva histórico-cultural, más allá de la ‘identidad’

l artículo explora el contenido de la idea de Europa, con el objetivo de mostrar que no está definida por la “identidad” como un resultado producto de la historia, la geografía, o los aspectos económicos, sino por un conjunto de factores, en parte aleatorios, que la han ido constituyendo a través del tiempo. La aproximación cultural (en este caso histórico-antropológica) a las características de lo europeo se efectúa comenzando con la misma idea de Europa, que se analiza desde sus comienzos como el resultado de una amalgama de culturas como la cretense, la fenicia y la egipcia, con el aporte y el discurso que al respecto han tenido los griegos, los romanos, las tentativas de unidad europea desde Carlo Magno y Carlos V, hasta la Unión Europea de nuestros días.El estudio de las estructuras simbólicas e históricas que han construido una idea de lo europeo ha sido multiforme y no siempre idéntico. Además, concluye la autora, no puede definirse a Europa en términos de una ‘identidad’ fija que sea necesario proteger a toda costa frente a intrusiones culturales externas. Por el contrario, se trata de un proceso o ‘configuración’ sociohistórica que permite que en futuras ampliaciones países que por su pasado no podrían aspirar a ser miembros de la Unión Europea, pueden llegar a serlo por su futuro; tal es el caso en especial de Turquía y Ucrania.-----This article explores the idea of Europe in order to show that it is defined not by “identity” as a result or product of history, geography or economic factors, but by a set of partially random factors that have gradually shaped the idea over time. The cultural approach to Europe’s characteristics (in this case historical-anthropological) starts by analyzing the idea of Europe from its origins as an amalgam of Cretan, Phoenician, Egyptian and other cultures, which later absorbed Greek and Roman contributions and thinking, followed by the attempts by Charlemagne and Charles V to unify Europe, and culminating in the modernday European Union. The symbolic and historical structures that have shaped the idea of Europe have taken a variety of different forms. Furthermore, the author concludes that Europe cannot be defined in terms of a fixed “identity” that must be protected from external cultural interference at all costs. On the contrary, it is a socio-historical process or “configuration” which, in future enlargements, will allow countries that formerly could not aspire to become members of the European Union to become future members. This applies especially to Turkey and the Ukraine.

Pilot Study on Improving the Efficiency of Transportation Projects Using Laser Scanning, 2003

Laser scanning is a terrestrial laser-imaging system that creates highly accurate three-dimensional images of objects for use in standard computer-aided design software packages. This report describes results of a pilot study to investigate the use of laser scanning for transportation applications in Iowa. After an initial training period on the use of the scanner and Cyclone software, pilot tests were performed on the following projects: intersection and railroad bridge for training purposes; section of highway to determine elevation accuracy and pair of bridges to determine level of detail that can be captured; new concrete pavement to determine smoothness; bridge beams to determine camber for deck-loading calculations; stockpile to determine volume; and borrow pit to determine volume. Results show that it is possible to obtain 2-6 mm precision with the laser scanner as claimed by the manufacturer compared to approximately one-inch precision with aerial photogrammetry using a helicopter. A cost comparison between helicopter photogrammetry and laser scanning showed that laser scanning was approximately 30 percent higher in cost depending on assumptions. Laser scanning can become more competitive to helicopter photogrammetry by elevating the scanner on a boom truck and capturing both sides of a divided roadway at the same time. Two- and three-dimensional drawings were created in MicroStation for one of the scanned highway bridges. It was demonstrated that it is possible to create such drawings within the accuracy of this technology. It was discovered that a significant amount of time is necessary to convert point cloud images into drawings. As this technology matures, this task should become less time consuming. It appears that laser scanning technology does indeed have a place in the Iowa Department of Transportation design and construction toolbox. Based on results from this study, laser scanning can be used cost effectively for preliminary surveys to develop TIN meshes of roadway surfaces. It also appears that this technique can be used quite effectively to measure bridge beam camber in a safer and quicker fashion compared to conventional approaches. Volume calculations are also possible using laser scanning. It seems that measuring quantities of rock could be an area where this technology would be quite beneficial since accuracy is more important with this material compared to soil. Other applications for laser scanning could include developing as-built drawings of historical structures such as the bridges of Madison County. This technology could also be useful where safety is a concern such as accurately measuring the surface of a highway active with traffic or scanning the underside of a bridge damaged by a truck. It is recommended that the Iowa Department of Transportation initially rent the scanner when it is needed and purchase the software. With time, it may be cost justifiable to purchase the scanner as well. Laser scanning consultants can be hired as well but at a higher cost.

Concrete Nurse Logs: Spawning Biodiversity from Ballard’s Century-Old Locks

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

The five orders of architecture : containing the most plain and simple rules for drawing and executing them in the purest style, for the use of workmen : exhibiting the most approved modes of applying each in practice, suitably to the climate of Great Britain ; including an historical description of Gothic architecture, illustrated with specimens selected from the most celebrated structures now existing, and numerous plans, elevations, sections, and details of various buildings executed by architects of great eminence : to which are added treatises on projection, perspective, fractions, decimal arithmetic, &c. ...

Includes index.

Maryland's colonial Eastern Shore ; historical sketches of counties and of some notable structures.

Introduction, by J. A. Pearce.--Kent County, by P. G. Skirven.--Talbot County, by J. H. K. Shannahan.--Somerset County, by H. F. Lankford.--Dorcester County, by W. L. Henry.--Cecil County, by H. L. Constable.-- Queen Anne's County, by D. W. Thom.--Worcester County, by S. K. Dennis.--Caroline County, by E. T. Tubbs.--Wicomico County, by L. I. Pollitt.--Washington college, by J. W. Cain.--Simple life on the Eastern Shore.

Hydric behavior of earth materials and the effects of their stabilization with cement or lime: study on repair mortars for historical rammed earth structures

Earthen building materials bear interesting environmental advantages and are the most appropriate to conserve historical earth constructions. To improve mechanical properties, these materials are often stabilized with cement or lime, but the impact of the stabilizers on the water transport properties, which are also critical, has been very rarely evaluated. We have tested four earth-based repair mortars applied on three distinct and representative rammed earth surfaces. Three mortars are based on earth collected from rammed earth buildings in south of Portugal and the fourth mortar is based on a commercial clayish earth. The main objective of the work was over the commercial earth mortar, applied stabilized and not stabilized on the three rammed earth surfaces to repair, to assess the influence of the stabilizers. The other three earth mortars (not stabilized) were applied on each type of rammed earth, representing the repair only made with local materials. The four unstabilized earth materials depicted nonlinear dependence on t1/2 during capillary suction. This behaviour was probably due to clay swelling. Stabilization with any of the four tested binders enabled the linear dependence of t1/2 expected from Washburn's equation, probably because the swelling did not take place in this case. However, the stabilizers also increased significantly the capillary suction and the capillary porosity of the materials. This means that, in addition to increasing the carbon footprint, stabilizers like cement and lime have functional disadvantages that discourage its use in repair mortars for raw earth construction.

Operational modal monitoring of ancient structures using wireless technology

Operational Modal Analysis is currently applied in structural dynamic monitoring studies using conventional wired based sensors and data acquisition platforms. This approach, however, becomes inadequate in cases where the tests are performed in ancient structures with esthetic concerns or in others, where the use of wires greatly impacts the monitoring system cost and creates difficulties in the maintenance and deployment of data acquisition platforms. In these cases, the use of sensor platforms based on wireless and MEMS would clearly benefit these applications. This work presents a first attempt to apply this wireless technology to the structural monitoring of historical masonry constructions in the context of operational modal analysis. Commercial WSN platforms were used to study one laboratory specimen and one of the structural elements of a XV century building in Portugal. Results showed that in comparison to the conventional wired sensors, wireless platforms have poor performance in respect to the acceleration time series recorded and the detection of modal shapes. However, for frequency detection issues, reliable results were obtained, especially when random excitation was used as noise source.

Lime-metakaolin mortars for historical buildings repair: study of the hardening reaction

International Conference Durable Structures: from construction to rehabilitation. Lisbon, LNEC, 31 May-1 June 2012