A highly resistive layer within the crust of X-ray pulsars limits their spin periods

The lack of isolated X-ray pulsars with spin periods longer than 12 s raises the question of where the population of evolved high-magnetic-field neutron stars has gone. Unlike canonical radiopulsars, X-ray pulsars are not subject to physical limits to the emission mechanism nor observational biases against the detection of sources with longer periods. Here we show that a highly resistive layer in the innermost part of the crust of neutron stars naturally limits the spin period to a maximum value of about 10–20 s. This highly resistive layer is expected if the inner crust is amorphous and heterogeneous in nuclear charge, possibly owing to the existence of a nuclear ‘pasta’ phase. Our findings suggest that the maximum period of isolated X-ray pulsars may be the first observational evidence for an amorphous inner crust, whose properties can be further constrained by future X-ray timing missions combined with more detailed models.

Efeitos do manto de intemperismo sobre anomalias eletromagnéticas provocadas por corpos tabulares inclinados: um estudo através de modelamento reduzido

Electromagnetic methods have been extensively applied in the prospecting of sulphide bodies and other conducting materials. The interpretation of e. m. data is based on the results obtained either with reduced scale or analytical modelling. In most models, the host rocks, the overburden as well as the halo of disseminated sulphides are considered highly resistive although in nature they are often weakly conductive. Presence of a well-developed conducting overburden in tropical and sub-tropical regions and a saline rich crustal layer in semi-arid regions have been found to modify significantly the e. m. anomalies in practice. Therefore, the parameters of the target, determined on the basis of simple models where the presence of the conducting environment is neglected, are found to be in considerable error. The effects of the overburden on the e. m. anomalies of a dipping tabular ore body were studied with reduced scale models for varying response parameters of both the overburden and the orebody, and also for different depths and dips of the target. The overburden and the orebody were represented by metallic sheets of varying thickness in the scale model developed in accordance with the law of electromagnetic similitude. The results of these investigations show that the overburden affects the anomaly by causing: a) phase rotation; b) amplitude reduction; c) base level displacement; d) reversion of the quadrature; and e) appearance of an extra peak in the quadrature in the case of low dipping models. The last two effects complicate the quantification of the anomalies but, on the other hand, provide a qualitative indication of the response parameters of both the ore body and the overburden. The results were assembled in the form of Argand diagrams and, finally, an interpretation scheme is suggested for the e. m. field data on the basis of these diagrams.

On the origin of the ultradeep East Barents Sea basin

Very large subsidence, with up to 20 km thick sediment layers, is observed in the East Barents Sea basin. Subsidence started in early Paleozoic, accelerated in Permo-Triassic times, finished during the middle Cretaceous, and was followed by moderate uplift in Cenozoic times. The observed gravity signal suggests that the East Barents Sea is at present in isostatic balance and indicates that a mass excess is required in the lithosphere to produce the observed large subsidence. Several origins have been proposed for the mass excess. We use 1-D thermokinematic modeling and 2-D isostatic density models of continental lithosphere to evaluate these competing hypotheses. The crustal density in 2-D thermokinematic models resulting from pressure-, temperature-, and composition-dependent phase change models is computed along transects crossing the East Barents Sea. The results indicate the following. (1) Extension can only explain the observed subsidence provided that a 10 km thick serpentinized mantle lens beneath the basin center is present. We conclude that this is unlikely given that this highly serpentinized layer should be formed below a sedimentary basin with more than 10 km of sediments and crust at least 10 km thick. (2) Phase changes in a compositionally homogeneous crust do not provide enough mass excess to explain the present-day basin geometry. (3) Phase change induced densification of a preexisting lower crustal gabbroic body, interpreted as a mafic magmatic underplate, can explain the basin geometry and observed gravity anomalies. The following model is proposed for the formation of the East Barents Sea basin: (1) Devonian rifting and extension related magmatism resulted in moderate thinning of the crust and a mafic underplate below the central basin area explaining initial late Paleozoic subsidence. (2) East-west shortening during the Permian and Triassic resulted in densification of the previously emplaced mafic underplated body and enhanced subsidence dramatically, explaining the present-day deep basin geometry.

Unipolar transport and shot noise in metal-semiconductor-metal structures

We carry out a self-consistent analytical theory of unipolar current and noise properties of metal-semiconductor-metal structures made of highly resistive semiconductors in the presence of an applied bias of arbitrary strength. By including the effects of the diffusion current we succeed in studying the whole range of carrier injection conditions going from low level injection, where the structure behaves as a linear resistor, to high level injection, where the structure behaves as a space charge limited diode. We show that these structures display shot noise at the highest voltages. Remarkably the crossover from Nyquist noise to shot noise exhibits a complicated behavior with increasing current where an initial square root dependence (double thermal noise) is followed by a cubic power law.

Desenvolvimento de microcélula eletroquímica para estudos de microrregiões

The construction and optimization of a device that can be applied to electrochemical studies in flat micro regions are described. This was developed as an attempt to study small regions of metallic samples, whose properties may differ completely from its macroscopic behavior and for studies in highly resistive medium. Some results were obtained for individual grains of polycrystalline samples, welded regions, pure copper, platinum, glassy carbon, single crystals of Cu-Zn-Al alloy, and steel in biodiesel without electrolyte intentionally added. The device showed to be useful for the proposed purpose, allowing to be automated and has potential possibilities of other applications.

Investigations on Photoconductivity and Electrical Switiching in Selected Chalcogenide Glasses

In this thesis, we present the results of our investigations on the photoconducting and electrical switching properties of selected chalcogenide glass systems. We have used XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis for confinuing the amorphous nature of these materials and for confirming their constituents respectively.Photoconductivity is the enhancement in electrical conductivity of materials brought about by the motion of charge carriers excited by absorbed radiation. The phenomenon involves absorption, photogeneration, recombination and transport processes and it gives good insight into the density of states in the energy gap of solids due to the presence of impurities and lattice defects. Photoconductivity measurements lead to the determination of such important parameters as quantum efficiency, photosensiti\'ity, spectral sensitivity and carrier lifetime. Extensive research work on photoconducting properties of amorphous semiconductors has resulted in the development of a variety of very sensitive photodetectors. Photoconductors are finding newer and newer uses eyery day. CdS, CdSe. Sb2S3, Se, ZnO etc, are typical photoconducting materials which are used in devices like vidicons, light amplifiers, xerography equipment etc.Electrical switching is another interesting and important property possessed by several Te based chalcogenides. Switching is the rapid and reversible transition between a highly resistive OFF state, driven by an external electric field and characterized by a threshold voltage, and a low resistivity ON state, Switching can be either threshold type or memory type. The phenomenon of switching could find applications in areas like infonnation storage, electrical power control etc. Investigations on electrical switching in chalcogenide glasses help in understanding the mechanism of switching which is necessary to select and modify materials for specific switching applications.Analysis of XRD pattern gives no further infonuation about amorphous materials than revealing their disordered structure whereas x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS) provides information about the different constituents present in the material. Also it gives binding energies (b.e.) of an element in different compounds and hence b.e. shift from the elemental form.Our investigations have been concentrated on the bulk glasses, Ge-In-Se, Ge-Bi-Se and As-Sb-Se for photoconductivity measurements and In-Te for electrical switching. The photoconducting properties of Ge-Sb-Se thin films prepared by sputtering technique have also been studied. The bulk glasses for the present investigations are prepared by the melt quenching technique and are annealed for half an hour at temperatures just below their respective glass transition temperatures. The dependence of photoconducting propenies on composition and temperature are investigated in each system. The electrical switching characteristics of In-Te system are also studied with different compositions and by varying the temperature.

Microstructural, structural and dielectric properties of Er(3+)-modified BaTi(0.85)Zr(0.15)O(3) ceramics

The (micro)structural and electrical properties of undoped and Er(3+)-doped BaTi(0.85)Zr(0.15)O(3) ceramics were studied in this work for both nominal Ba(2+) and Ti(4+) substitution formulations. The ceramics were produced from solid-state reaction and sintered at 1400 degrees C for 3 h. For those materials prepared following the donor-type nominal Ba(1-x)Er(x)(Ti(0.85)Zr(0.15))O(3) composition, especially, Er(3+) however showed a preferential substitution for the (Ti,Zr)(4+) lattice sites. This allowed synthesis of a finally acceptor-like, highly resistive Ba(Ti,Zr,Er)O(3-delta)-like system, with a solubility limit below but close to 3 cat.% Er(3+). The overall phase development is discussed in terms of the amphoteric nature of Er(3+), and appears to mainly or, at least, partially also involve a minimization of stress effects from the ion size mismatch between the dopant and host cations. Further results presented here include a comparative analysis of the behavior of the materials` grain size, electrical properties and nature of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition upon variation of the formulation and Er(3+) content. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of area/volume ratio on microstructure and non-Ohmic properties of SnO2-based varistor ceramic blocks

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de microcélula eletroquímica para estudos de microrregiões

DEVELOPMENT of AN ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROCELL FOR STUDIES of MICRO REGIONS. The construction and optimization of a device that can be applied to electrochemical studies in flat micro regions are described. This was developed as an attempt to study small regions of metallic samples, whose properties may differ completely from its macroscopic behavior and for studies in highly resistive medium. Some results were obtained for individual grains of polycrystalline samples, welded regions, pure copper, platinum, glassy carbon, single crystals of Cu-Zn-Al alloy, and steel in biodiesel without electrolyte intentionally added. The device showed to be useful for the proposed purpose, allowing to be automated and has potential possibilities of other applications.

Oscillating holograms recorded in photorefractive crystals by a frequency detuned feedback loop

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudio de la pasivacion de la aleacion Co-Cr-Mo en suero fisiologico

Results are presented on the mechanism of passivation of Co-Cr-Mo biological implant alloys in physiological serum using open circuit potentiometry, potentiodynamic curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The potential dependence of impedance data and the analysis of the parameters obtained indicate a progressive diminution of the initial layer thickness and the simultaneous formation of a second higher resistive layer. In more severe conditions than the existent in human body, the metallographic examination of the alloy surface shows localized corrosion in interdendritric regions. Elemental analysis of the surface reveals the presence of higher chromium content in these regions. The presence of chlorine was not detected, which suggested that during preferential attack, soluble species are also formed.

Estudo geofísico regional sobre águas subterrâneas na Ilha do Marajó-Pará-Brasil

Nos últimos dez anos foram realizadas na parte leste da Ilha de Marajó (região dos campos naturais) pelo IDESP e NCGG, mais de 800 SEVs para fins hidrogeológicos. Na época, grande parte dessas SEVs não foram totalmente interpretadas em forma quantitativa, devido à falta de recursos técnicos para fazê-lo de forma eficiente. Agora, usando meios mais modernos para interpretação automática de SEVs, voltou-se a interpretá-las com a finalidade de apresentar uma visão regional dos principais aquíferos da área, agrupar as SEVs em famílias características, testar até que ponto essa interpretação é confiável e propor o modelamento bidimensional como técnica alternativa para interpretar as SEVs realizadas em certos locais da área em questão. Como resultado dessa interpretação, com base na teoria convencional dos meios estratificados, foram definidos três tipos de sistemas de aquíferos. 1. O primeiro, denominado de aquífero profundo, situado a profundidades maiores que 50m, estende-se por toda a região prospectada, estando provavelmente associada às camadas superiores da Formação Marajó ou às litologias altamente resistivas das camadas mais profundas do Grupo Pará. 2. O segundo, denominado de aquífero raso e de média profundidade, localiza-se na parte sul e sudeste da região a profundidades compreendidas entre 10 a 50m, e está associado às lentes arenosas do Grupo Pará. 3. O terceiro, é constituído pelos paleocanais e estruturas similares, distribuídos aleatoriamente na região a pouca profundidade. A partir do estudo detalhado das SEVs, decidiu-se classificá-las em 3 famílias características com seus respectivos tipos e apresentar mapas de localização e da espessura dos aquíferos, bem como mapas de condutância longitudinal total e resistividade média da área. Estes últimos, permitem que se divida a região dos campos da Ilha de Marajó em três zonas principais: 1. Uma, altamente resistiva, situada ao sul e sudeste, a qual coincide com os terrenos aflorantes do Grupo Pará. 2. Outra, altamente condutiva, está localizada no centro e norte, onde se encontram aleatoriamente distribuídos os paleocanais e coincide com os terrenos topograficamente mais baixos, geralmente argilosos e embebidos de água salgada, que são procedentes da erosão dos terrenos circundantes topograficamente mais altos. 3. A última é medianamente resistiva e está relacionada com os terrenos vizinhos à cidade de Chaves (noroeste da região dos campos), os quais apresentam semelhanças com os do sul e sudeste da área. Usando-se a técnica de inversão na interpretação de uma SEV característica de cada família, testou-se, através do seu tratamento estatístico, até que ponto os modelos usados na interpretação dessas SEVs (teoria convencional dos meios estratificados) seriam confiáveis. Conclui-se, então, que a alta correlação existente entre os parâmetros dos modelos assumidos (camadas horizontais, isotrópicas e homogêneas) pode-se dever à utilização de modelos geofísicos muito simples para interpretar a complexa geologia de Marajó. Tendo-se verificado que nem sempre é possível aplicar a teoria das SEVs em meios horizontalmente estratificados para interpretar SEVs obtidas em certos locais de Marajó, os quais muitas vezes apresentam bruscas variações laterais de resistividade, passou-se a demonstrar que estas variações laterais afetam profundamente os dados das SEVs, utilizando-se para isto a técnica dos elementos finitos, a qual leva em conta essa variação bidimensional das propriedades físicas do meio. Foi também possível com esta técnica, modelar uma estrutura rasa, semelhante a um paleocanal, concluindo-se que estes resultados sugerem o emprego, duma forma mais profunda, deste tipo de tratamento para os dados obtidos na região dos campos da Ilha de Marajó.

Modelagem do mCSEM no domínio do tempo usando transformada discreta de Fourier

A modelagem do mCSEM é feita normalmente no domínio da frequência, desde sua formulação teórica até a análise dos resultados, devido às simplificações nas equações de Maxwell, possibilitadas quando trabalhamos em um regime de baixa frequência. No entanto, a abordagem através do domínio do tempo pode em princípio fornecer informação equivalente sobre a geofísica da subsuperfície aos dados no domínio da frequência. Neste trabalho, modelamos o mCSEM no domínio da frequência em modelos unidimensionais, e usamos a transformada discreta de Fourier para obter os dados no domínio do tempo. Simulamos ambientes geológicos marinhos com e sem uma camada resistiva, que representa um reservatório de hidrocarbonetos. Verificamos que os dados no domínio do tempo apresentam diferenças quando calculados para os modelos com e sem hidrocarbonetos em praticamente todas as configurações de modelo. Calculamos os resultados considerando variações na profundidade do mar, na posição dos receptores e na resistividade da camada de hidrocarbonetos. Observamos a influência da airwave, presente mesmo em profundidades oceânicas com mais de 1000m, e apesar de não ser possível uma simples separação dessa influência nos dados, o domínio do tempo nos permitiu fazer uma análise de seus efeitos sobre o levantamento. Como parte da preparação para a modelagem em ambientes 2D e 3D, fazemos também um estudo sobre o ganho de desempenho pelo uso do paralelismo computacional em nossa tarefa.

Analysis of charge-transport properties in GST materials for next generation phase-change memory devices

The quest for universal memory is driving the rapid development of memories with superior all-round capabilities in non-volatility, high speed, high endurance and low power. The memory subsystem accounts for a significant cost and power budget of a computer system. Current DRAM-based main memory systems are starting to hit the power and cost limit. To resolve this issue the industry is improving existing technologies such as Flash and exploring new ones. Among those new technologies is the Phase Change Memory (PCM), which overcomes some of the shortcomings of the Flash such as durability and scalability. This alternative non-volatile memory technology, which uses resistance contrast in phase-change materials, offers more density relative to DRAM, and can help to increase main memory capacity of future systems while remaining within the cost and power constraints. Chalcogenide materials can suitably be exploited for manufacturing phase-change memory devices. Charge transport in amorphous chalcogenide-GST used for memory devices is modeled using two contributions: hopping of trapped electrons and motion of band electrons in extended states. Crystalline GST exhibits an almost Ohmic I(V) curve. In contrast amorphous GST shows a high resistance at low biases while, above a threshold voltage, a transition takes place from a highly resistive to a conductive state, characterized by a negative differential-resistance behavior. A clear and complete understanding of the threshold behavior of the amorphous phase is fundamental for exploiting such materials in the fabrication of innovative nonvolatile memories. The type of feedback that produces the snapback phenomenon is described as a filamentation in energy that is controlled by electron–electron interactions between trapped electrons and band electrons. The model thus derived is implemented within a state-of-the-art simulator. An analytical version of the model is also derived and is useful for discussing the snapback behavior and the scaling properties of the device.

A new method to monitor visual field defects caused by photoreceptor degeneration by quantitative optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To correlate the dimension of the visual field (VF) tested by Goldman kinetic perimetry with the extent of visibility of the highly reflective layer between inner and outer segments of photoreceptors (IOS) seen in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS: In a retrospectively designed cross-sectional study, 18 eyes of 18 patients with RP were examined with OCT and Goldmann perimetry using test target I4e and compared with 18 eyes of 18 control subjects. A-scans of raw scan data of Stratus OCT images (Carl Zeiss Meditec, AG, Oberkochen, Germany) were quantitatively analyzed for the presence of the signal generated by the highly reflective layer between the IOS in OCT images. Starting in the fovea, the distance to which this signal was detectable was measured. Visual fields were analyzed by measuring the distance from the center point to isopter I4e. OCT and visual field data were analyzed in a clockwise fashion every 30 degrees , and corresponding measures were correlated. RESULTS: In corresponding alignments, the distance from the center point to isopter I4e and the distance to which the highly reflective signal from the IOS can be detected correlate significantly (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001). The greater the distance in VF, the greater the distance measured in OCT. CONCLUSIONS: The authors hypothesize that the retinal structure from which the highly reflective layer between the IOS emanates is of critical importance for visual and photoreceptor function. Further research is warranted to determine whether this may be useful as an objective marker of progression of retinal degeneration in patients with RP.