Structural Veneer Based Composite Products from Hardwood Thinning - Part II: Testing of Hollow Utility Poles

Australian utility pole network is aging and reaching its end of life, with 70% of the 5 million poles currently in-service nationally installed within the 20 years following the end of World War II. The estimated investment required for the replacement or remedial maintenance of the aging 3.5 millions poles is as high as 1.75 billion dollars. Additionally, an estimated 21,700 high-durability new poles are required each year, representing further investment of 13.5 million dollars per year. Yet, agreements which progressively phase out logging of native forests around Australia have been signed, giving the industry about 25 years to make the transition from Crown native forests to plantations and private forests. As utility poles were traditionally cut from native forest hardwood species, finding solutions to source new poles currently presents a challenge. This paper presents tests on Veneer Based Composite hardwood hollow utility poles manufactured from Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) plantation thinning. Small diameter poles of nominal 115 mm internal diameter and 15 mm wall-thickness were manufactured in two half-poles butt jointed together, using 9 veneers per halfpole. The poles were tested in bending and shear, and experimental test results are presented. The mechanical performance of the hollow poles is discussed and compared to hardwood poles cut from mature trees and of similar size. Future research and different options for improving the current concept are proposed in order to provide a more reliable and cost effective technical solution to the current shortage of utility poles. © RILEM 2014.

Veneer based composite hollow utility poles manufactured from hardwood plantation thinned trees

Australia’s utility pole network is aging and approaching its end of life. It is estimated that 70% of the 5 million poles currently in-service nationally were installed within the 20 years following the end of World War II and require replacement or remedial maintenance. Additionally, an estimated 21,700 high-durability new poles are required each year to support the expansion of the energy network. Utility poles were traditionally cut from native forest hardwood species. However, due to agreements which progressively phase out logging of native forests around Australia, finding new sources for utility poles presents a challenge. This paper presents the development of veneer based composite hardwood hollow utility poles manufactured from mid-rotation Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) plantation thinned trees (also referred to as “thinning”), as an alternative to solid hardwood poles. The incentives behind the project and benefits of the proposed products are introduced in the paper. Small diameter poles, of nominal 115 mm internal diameter and 15 mm wall-thickness, were manufactured in two half-poles butt jointed together, using 9 hardwood veneers per half-pole. The poles were tested in bending and shear, and experimental test results are presented. The mechanical performance of the hollow poles is discussed and compared to hardwood poles sourced from mature trees and of similar size. Additionally, the required dimensions of the proposed hollow pole to replace actual solid poles are estimated. Results show that the proposed product represents a viable technical solution to the current shortage of utility poles. Future research and different options for improving the current concept are proposed in order to provide a more reliable and cost effective product for structural and architectural applications in general.

Zum Querkrafttragverhalten von UHPC-Balken mit kombinierter Bewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Stabstahl

Ultrahochfester Beton besitzt aufgrund seiner Zusammensetzung eine sehr hohe Druckfestigkeit von 150 bis über 200 N/mm² und eine außergewöhnlich hohe Dichtigkeit. Damit werden Anwendungen in stark belasteten Bereichen und mit hohen Anforderungen an die Dauerhaftigkeit des Materials ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig zeigt ultrahochfester Beton bei Erreichen seiner Festigkeit ein sehr sprödes Verhalten. Zur Verhinderung eines explosionsartigen Versagens werden einer UHPC-Mischung Fasern zugegeben oder wird eine Umschnürung mit Stahlrohren ausgebildet. Die Zugabe von Fasern zur Betonmatrix beeinflusst neben der Verformungsfähigkeit auch die Tragfähigkeit des UHPC. Das Versagen der Fasern ist abhängig von Fasergeometrie, Fasergehalt, Verbundverhalten sowie Zugfestigkeit der Faser und gekennzeichnet durch Faserauszug oder Faserreißen. Zur Sicherstellung der Tragfähigkeit kann daher auf konventionelle Bewehrung außer bei sehr dünnen Bauteilen nicht verzichtet werden. Im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogramms SPP 1182 der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) wurden in dem dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Forschungsprojekt die Fragen nach der Beschreibung des Querkrafttragverhaltens von UHPC-Bauteilen mit kombinierter Querkraftbewehrung und der Übertragbarkeit bestehender Querkraftmodelle auf UHPC untersucht. Neben einer umfassenden Darstellung vorhandener Querkraftmodelle für Stahlbetonbauteile ohne Querkraftbewehrung und mit verschiedenen Querkraftbewehrungsarten bilden experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Querkrafttragverhalten an UHPC-Balken mit verschiedener Querkraftbewehrung den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen beinhalteten zehn Querkraftversuche an UHPC-Balken. Diese Balken waren in Abmessungen und Biegezugbewehrung identisch. Sie unterschieden sich nur in der Art der Querkraftbewehrung. Die Querkraftbewehrungsarten umfassten eine Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern oder Vertikalstäben, eine kombinierte Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Vertikalstäben und einen Balken ohne Querkraftbewehrung. Obwohl für die in diesem Projekt untersuchten Balken Fasergehalte gewählt wurden, die zu einem entfestigenden Nachrissverhalten des Faserbetons führten, zeigten die Balkenversuche, dass die Zugabe von Stahlfasern die Querkrafttragfähigkeit steigerte. Durch die gewählte Querkraftbewehrungskonfiguration bei ansonsten identischen Balken konnte außerdem eine quantitative Abschätzung der einzelnen Traganteile aus den Versuchen abgeleitet werden. Der profilierte Querschnitt ließ einen großen Einfluss auf das Querkrafttragverhalten im Nachbruchbereich erkennen. Ein relativ stabiles Lastniveau nach Erreichen der Höchstlast konnte einer Vierendeelwirkung zugeordnet werden. Auf Basis dieser Versuchsergebnisse und analytischer Überlegungen zu vorhandenen Querkraftmodellen wurde ein additiver Modellansatz zur Beschreibung des Querkrafttragverhaltens von UHPCBalken mit einer kombinierten Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Vertikalstäben formuliert. Für die Formulierung der Traganteile des Betonquerschnitts und der konventionellen Querkraftbewehrung wurden bekannte Ansätze verwendet. Für die Ermittlung des Fasertraganteils wurde die Faserwirksamkeit zugrunde gelegt. Das Lastniveau im Nachbruchbereich aus Viendeelwirkung ergibt sich aus geometrischen Überlegungen.

Evaluation of reusable cardboard box designs: Biomechanical and perceptual aspects

Reusable cardboard boxes can be ergonomically designed for internal transportation of dry products in industrial settings. In this study we compared the effects of handling a regular commercial box and two cardboard prototypes on upper limb postures through the evaluation of movements, myoelectrical activity, perceived grip acceptability and capacity for reuse. The ergonomic designs provided a more acceptable grip, safer wrist and elbow movements and lower wrist extensors and biceps activity. Biomechanical disadvantages were observed only for one of the prototypes when handling to high surface. The prototypes were durable and suitable for extensive reuse (more than 2000 handlings) in internal industrial transportation. Despite being slightly more expensive than regular cardboard, the prototypes showed good cost-benefit considering their high durability. Relevance to industry: Cardboard boxes can be efficiently redesigned for allowing safer upper limb movements and lower muscle workload in manual materials handling. New designs can also be extensively reused for internal industrial transportation with good cost-benefit. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Dimensionamento e análise numérica de cascas de concreto armado para aplicações em plataformas offshore

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Rendimento operacional de uma serraria com a espécie Cambará (Qualea albiflora Warm.) na região Amazônica

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Biodegradação de materiais poliméricos por fungos filamentosos

The use of polymeric materials has grown in recent years due to its high durability features, atoxicity, shaping versatility and environment resistance. However, while these features represent good advantages to several industry sectors, it results in one of the most serious environmental problems of contemporary society: the rising accumulation of these material, mainly due to the inadequate disposal of waste. Meanwhile, in order to minimize this problem, some mitigation techniques comes up (arises), among which the use of biodegradable polymers has been gaining attention. Because of their easily action of microorganisms, such material degrade more rapidly, becoming integrated to nature. Furthermore, due to the fact of biodegradation is a natural process, occurring through the action if micro-organisms in the environment itself, it is considered the “cleaner” alternative found so far to plastic components reincorporation in the nature. Among the micro-organisms capable of biodegradation process are the filamentous fungi. These micro-organisms have many advantages over the others, the major one being the capacity to produce a range of enzymes capable of degrading different materials. In this context, the present review made it possible to see the importance of this process as an agent of environmental preservation, suggest the use of blends to minimize the problems of cost and flexibility of biodegradable polymeric materials, as well as noting the lack of studies related to this subject nowadays

Concreto com adição de cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Photodegradation and photostabilization of weathered wood flour filled polyethylene composites

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) have gained popularity as building materials because of their usefulness in replacing solid wood in a variety of applications. These composites are promoted as being low-maintenance, high-durability products. However, it has been shown that WPCs exposed to weathering may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. An important requirement for building materials used in outdoor applications is the retention of their aesthetic qualities and mechanical properties during service life. Therefore, it is critical to understand the photodegradation mechanisms of WPCs exposed to UV radiation and to develop approaches to stabilize these composites (both unstabilized and stabilized) as well as the effect of weathering on the color fade and the retention of mechanical properties were characterized. Since different methods of manufacturing WPCs lead to different surface characteristics, which can influence weathering, the effect of manufacturing method on the photodegradation of WPCs was investigated first. Wood flour (WF) filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were either injection molded, extruded, or extruded and then planed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the surface chemistry of the manufactured composites. The spectra showed that the surface of planed samples had more wood component than extruded and injection molded samples, respectively. After weathering, the samples were analyzed for color fade, and loss of flexural properties. The final lightness of the composites was not dependent upon the manufacturing method. However the mechanical property loss was dependent upon manufacturing method. The samples with more wood component at the surface (planed samples) experienced a larger percentage of total loss in flexural properties after weathering due to a greater effect of moisture on the samples. The change in surface chemistry of HDPE and WF/HDPE composites after weathering was studied using spectroscopic techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the occurrence of surface oxidation whereas FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the development of degradation products, such as carbonyl groups and vinyl groups, and to determine changes in HDPE crystallinity. Surface oxidation occurred immediately after exposure for both the neat HDPE and WF/HDPE composites. After weathering, the surface of the WF/HDPE composites was oxidized to a greater extent than the neat HDPE after weathering. This suggests that photodegradation is exacerbated by the addition of the carbonyl functional groups of the wood fibers within the HDPE atrix during composite manufacturing. While neat HDPE may undergo cross-linking in the initial stages of accelerated weathering, the WF may physically hinder the ability of the HDPE to cross-link resulting in the potential for HDPE chain scission to dominate in the initial weathering stages of the WF/HDPE composites. To determine which photostabilizers are most effective for WF/HDPE composites, factorial experimental designes were used to determine the effects of adding two hindered amine light stabilizers, an ultraviolet absorber, and a pigment on the color made and mechanical properties of both unweathered and UV weathered samples. Both the pigment and ultraviolet absorber were more effective photostabilizers for WF/HDPE composites than hinder amine light stabilizers. The ineffectiveness of hindered amine light stabilizers in protecting WPCs against UV radiation was attribuated to the acid/base reactions occurring between the WF and hindered amine light stabilizer. The efficiency of an ultraviolet absorber and/or pigment was also examined by incorporating different concentration of an ultraviolet absorber and/or pigment into WF/HDPE composites. Color change and flexural properties were determined after accelerated UV weathering. The lightness of the composite after weathering was influenced by the concentration of both the ultraviolet absorber by masking the bleaching wood component as well as blocking UV light. Flexural MOE loss was influenced by an increase in ultraviolet absorber concentration, but increasing pigment concentration from 1 to 2% had little influence on MOE loss. However, increasing both ultraviolet absorber and pigment concentration resulted in improved strength properties over the unstabilized composites after 3000 h of weather. Finally, the change in surface chemistry due to weathering of WF/HDPE composites that were either unstabilized or stabilized with an ultraviolet absorber and/or pigment was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. The samples were tested for loss in modulus of elasticity, carbonyl and vinyl group formation at the surface, and change in HDPE crystallinity. It was concluded that structural changes in the samples; carbonyl group formation, terminal vinyl group formation, and crystallinity changes cannot reliably be used to predict changes in modulus of elasticity using a simple linear relationship. The effect of cross-linking, chain scission, and crystallinity changes due to ultraviolet exposure as well as the interfacial degradation due to moisture exposure are inter-related factors when weathering HDPE and WF/HDPE composites.

Advanced Nanostructured Electro-Catalysts for Electricity Generation and Biorenewable Alcohol Conversion

In my Ph.D research, a wet chemistry-based organic solution phase reduction method was developed, and was successfully applied in the preparation of a series of advanced electro-catalysts, including 0-dimensional (0-D) Pt, Pd, Au, and Pd-Ni nanoparticles (NPs), 1-D Pt-Fe nanowires (NWs) and 2-D Pd-Fe nanoleaves (NLs), with controlled size, shape, and morphology. These nanostructured catalysts have demonstrated unique electro-catalytic functions towards electricity production and biorenewable alcohol conversion. The molecular oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a long-standing scientific issue for fuel cells due to its sluggish kinetics and the poor catalyst durability. The activity and durability of an electro-catalyst is strongly related with its composition and structure. Based on this point, Pt-Fe NWs with a diameter of 2 - 3 nm were accurately prepared. They have demonstrated a high durability in sulfuric acid due to its 1-D structure, as well as a high ORR activity attributed to its tuned electronic structure. By substituting Pt with Pd using a similar synthesis route, Pd-Fe NLs were prepared and demonstrated a higher ORR activity than Pt and Pd NPs catalysts in the alkaline electrolyte. Recently, biomass-derived alcohols have attracted enormous attention as promising fuels (to replace H2) for low-temperature fuel cells. From this point of view, Pd-Ni NPs were prepared and demonstrated a high electro-catalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation. Comparing to ethanol, the biodiesel waste glycerol is more promising due to its low price and high reactivity. Glycerol (and crude glycerol) was successfully applied as the fuel in an Au-anode anion-exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC). By replacing Au with a more active Pt catalyst, simultaneous generation of both high power-density electricity and value-added chemicals (glycerate, tartronate, and mesoxalate) from glycerol was achieved in an AEMFC. To investigate the production of valuable chemicals from glycerol electro-oxidation, two anion-exchange membrane electro-catalytic reactors were designed. The research shows that the electro-oxidation product distribution is strongly dependent on the anode applied potential. Reaction pathways for the electro-oxidation of glycerol on Au/C catalyst have been elucidated: continuous oxidation of OH groups (to produce tartronate and mesoxalate) is predominant at lower potentials, while C-C cleavage (to produce glycolate) is the dominant reaction path at higher potentials.

Polypropylene fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete for the reconstruction of the cathedral of La Laguna, Canary Island, Spain

High performance materials are needed for the reconstruction of such a singular building as a cathedral, since in addition to special mechanical properties, high self compact ability, high durability and high surface quality, are specified. Because of the project’s specifications, the use of polypropylene fiber-reinforced, self-compacting concrete was selected by the engineering office. The low quality of local materials and the lack of experience in applying macro polypropylene fiber for structural reinforcement with these components materials required the development of a pretesting program. To optimize the mix design, performance was evaluated following technical, economical and constructability criteria. Since the addition of fibers reduces concrete self-compactability, many trials were run to determine the optimal mix proportions. The variables introduced were paste volume; the aggregate skeleton of two or three fractions plus limestone filler; fiber type and dosage. Two mix designs were selected from the preliminary results. The first one was used as reference for self-compactability and mechanical properties. The second one was an optimized mix with a reduction in cement content of 20 kg/m3and fiber dosage of 1 kg/m3. For these mix designs, extended testing was carried out to measure the compression and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, toughness, and water permeability resistance

Organic-inorganic hybrid PtCo nanoparticle with high electrocatalytic activity and durability for oxygen reduction

In Pt-transition metal (TM) alloy catalysts, the electron transfer from the TM to Pt is retarded owing to the inevitable oxidation of the TM surface by oxygen. In addition, acidic electrolytes such as those employed in fuel cells accelerate the dissolution of the surface TM oxide, which leads to catalyst degradation. Herein, we propose a novel synthesis strategy that selectively modifies the electronic structure of surface Co atoms with N-containing polymers, resulting in highly active and durable PtCo nanoparticle catalysts useful for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The polymer, which is functionalized on carbon black, selectively interacts with the Co precursor, resulting in Co-N bond formation on the PtCo nanoparticle surface. Electron transfer from Co to Pt in the PtCo nanoparticles modified by the polymer is enhanced by the increase in the difference in electronegativity between Pt and Co compared with that in bare PtCo nanoparticles with the TM surface oxides. In addition, the dissolution of Co and Pt is prevented by the selective passivation of surface Co atoms and the decrease in the O-binding energy of surface Pt atoms. As a result, the catalytic activity and durability of PtCo nanoparticles for the ORR are significantly improved by the electronic ensemble effects. The proposed organic/inorganic hybrid concept will provide new insights into the tuning of nanomaterials consisting of heterogeneous metallic elements for various electrochemical and chemical applications.

Repeatability and reliability of new air and water permeability tests for assessing the durability of high-performance concretes

This paper reports on the accuracy of new test methods developed to measure the air and water permeability of high-performance concretes (HPCs). Five representative HPC and one normal concrete (NC) mixtures were tested to estimate both repeatability and reliability of the proposed methods. Repeatability acceptance was adjudged using values of signal-noise ratio (SNR) and discrimination ratio (DR), and reliability was investigated by comparing against standard laboratory-based test methods (i.e., the RILEM gas permeability test and BS EN water penetration test). With SNR and DR values satisfying recommended criteria, it was concluded that test repeatability error has no significant influence on results. In addition, the research confirmed strong positive relationships between the proposed test methods and existing standard permeability assessment techniques. Based on these findings, the proposed test methods show strong potential to become recognized as international methods for determining the permeability of HPCs.