8 resultados para Hemerocallis


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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In clayey Oxisol from the Brazilian Cerrado, where there is high P fixation, the phosphorus fertilization is necessary to increase the growth and flowering of ornamental plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the development of Hemerocallis as affected by phosphorus application in clayey Oxisol (Typic Haplustox). The experiment was conducted at the Gardening area of University Federal of Grande Dourados (UFGD) in Dourados-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of four P2O5 rates (0, 250, 500, 1000 kg ha(-1)) using simple superphosphate as source. The experimental unit was composed of one Hemerocallis fulva 'Flore Pleno' plant, grown in a plastic pot (5 liters). Phosphorus fertilization increased linearly the concentration of phosphorus in the soil; the plant had maximum absorption (5.26 g kg(-1)) with the calculated dose of 727 kg ha(-1) P2O5. H. fulva has a root system that develops best under high availability of P, however, for aerial part, the maximum of shoots fresh mass (451.1 g) was obtained with 427 kg ha(-1) of P2O5. Number of flower buds, flower diameter and height flower stalks were higher in the presence of phosphorus.

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"Sponsored by the American Plant Life Society and the Hemerocallis Society."

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Mode of access: Internet.

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Bogotá (Colombia) : Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria

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根据现有记载,萱草属约有20种,主要分布在东亚,由于种间在外部形态和核型上的高度相似性,加之长期人工栽培,使本属植物的分类成为一个难题,我们做了大量的野外调查和温室栽培试验,获得了一些有意义的观察结果,对核型变异做了详细定量分析:系统观察了花粉扫描电镜特征,为了揭示属内可能的表征和分支关系,运用聚类分析,主成分分析及简约分析对属下类群做了定量研究.本文得到如下主要结论. 1.虽然迄今为止许多核型观察结果未能得到有分类学意义的结论,运用数量分析方法比较各分类群核型定量变异结果表明,其分类学意义是明显的,例如,北黄花菜、黄花菜和小黄花菜三者外部形态很一致,核型亦高度相似:大苞萱草和多花萱草的核型公式虽与前三者相同,但已出现明显的数量变异.同样,北萱草,折叶萱草和西南萱草虽有相同核型公式,亦出现明显数量变异.萱草则与所有其他类群的核型均有明显差别.核型对称性分析表明,臂比不对称性出现一个由低到高的演变序列:但长度不对称性与此无明显相关性.萱草和折叶萱草的臂比不对称性最低,西南萱草和北萱草升高,黄花菜,大苞萱草和多花萱草等最高. 2.观察到三种类型花粉;舟形具网纹,舟形具疣纹和亚球形具疣纹.萱草,北萱草,大苞萱草,北黄花菜,黄花菜,小黄花菜及多花萱草具第一种类型花粉;折叶萱草和西南萱草具第2种类型花粉;矮萱草具第三种花粉.以广义百合科其他类群作为复合外类群进行比较,推测花粉形态的演化序列为:舟形具网纹一舟形具疣纹一亚球形具疣纹. 3.在外部形态上,萱草因具二叉分枝花序,叶型苞片,根膨大适中,花蕾顶部绿色及花筒占花被比例较小等原始性状状态,结合不对称性较低的核型特征和舟形具网纹花粉特征,是现存种类中最原始类群;折叶萱草及北萱草等具较短的花筒,二叉分枝花序,单色花被及花蕾部绿色等特征显得进化程度不高.黄花菜因具夜间开花习性,长花筒,叶鞘红色等状态被认为是进化类群,大苞萱草高度压缩的花序形成头状花序,具总苞状宽大苞片及绳索状根被认为是特化类群,矮萱草个体矮小,单花,具亚球形疣纹花粉亦被认为是高度特化类群.外部形态,花粉特征,核型及地理分布之间存在着相关性;随地理水平分布由南向北,外部形态特征由原始到进化,核型不对称性由低到高:随地理垂直分布由低向高,形态特征由复杂到简化,核型不对称性由低到高,花粉形态由舟形具网纹到舟形具疣纹再到亚球形具疣纹,这两种趋势结合起来构画出了本属植物演化和地理分布的基本轮廊. 4.萱草是一个孤立的属,没有明确的外类群可供比较.在现存类群中.Dahlgren等(1985)认为本属与分布在非洲,地中海地区,西亚及中亚的Asphodeloideae(亚科)有较多的共有特征.本文比较了两个类群之后发现,萱草不但在许多一般特征上与Asphodeloideae -致,而且在小孢子同时型发生及含蒽醌等被认为是Asphodeloideae典型属性的特征上亦与后者相同.这些共有特征显示出二 者在系统发育上一定的联系.进一步比较发现两者在有差异的特征中,萱草属显得较为进化.二者的分布区是完全不同的;Asphodeloideae分布在中亚及其以西地区和非洲,而本属分布在东亚,延及西伯利亚,据本文分析,欧洲生长的一个种(H.lilioasphodelus,北黄花菜)是归化类群.北美和台湾没有自然分布,但栽培植物均生长良好,而且已有归化植物.由此似乎可以推测,本届的祖先与Asphodeloideae的祖先有亲缘关系,这种关系似可远溯到第三纪古地中海时期,或许当时与Asphodeloideae祖先有关系的一个分支分布于古地中海东南缘的康滇古陆,即与现今横断山地区相应的地区,由于喜玛拉雅造山运动引起的地质,地理和气候剧变,某些类群灭绝了,一个类群发展成现今的萱草属. 5.由于本属各分类群间形态及核型相似性程度较高,种间极易(人工)杂交,似无必要在属与种间增设组或系,根据本文研究结果及参考有关分类文献(国外种类),我们将萱草属处理为10种2亚种13变种:H.darrowiana Hu;小萱草(H.dumortieri Morr.)及北萱草(var. esculenta (Koidz.) Kitamura;西南萱草(H.forrestii Diels);萱草(H.fulva (L.) L.)及var. aurantiaca (Baker) Hotta, var. disticha (Donn.) Baker,重瓣萱草(var. kwanso Regel),var. littorea (Makino)Hotta,长菅萱草(var. longituba (Miq.) Maxim,var. maculata Baroni,var. pauciflora Hotta et Matsuoka, var. rosea Stout, var. sempervirens (Araki) Hotta; H. hakuunensis Nakai;北黄花菜 (H. lilioasphodelus L. Var. lilioasphodelus)及黄花菜(ssp. citrina (Baroni) Xiong),小黄花菜(ssp. minor(Mill.) Xiong),var. corcana (Nakai) Xiong;大苞萱草 (H. middendorfii Trautv. et Mey var. middendorfii)及var. exaltata (Stout) Kitamura,长苞萱草(var. longibracteata Xiong);多花萱草(H. multiflora Stout);矮萱草(H. nana Smith ct Forrest);折叶萱草(H.plicata Stapf)。

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本实验应用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和荧光显微镜,对萱草(Hemerocallis fulva L.)小孢子的形态发育过程进行了研究。并运用组织化学染色方法对花粉粒中淀粉的变化,花粉壁中多糖的成份作了初步观察。 ①小孢子母细胞时期:小孢子母细胞最初为一团紧密排列的多角形细胞,其细胞体积大,细胞核也较大,细胞质浓。接着小孢子进行减数分裂。小孢子母细胞在减数分裂工开始在小孢子母细胞相接触的一端形成胼胝质。 ②四分体时期:小孢子母细胞以连续型的方式减数分裂产生四个小孢子。接着四个小孢子周围被胼胝质所包围将其分成四个单核小孢子,进入四分体时期。此时小孢子细胞质中存有许多线粒体、质体、高尔基体。 ③单核小孢子时期:单核小孢子初期细胞质中存有高尔基体、内质网、线粒体、脂体。此时小孢子最明显的一个特征就是,细胞质中造粉体含量特别丰富,而且特别发达。接着小孢子细胞质液泡化,中央出现一大液泡,此时细胞质中造粉体几乎消失,只是还含有许多原质体,在细胞核对面的一端又出现一Myelin-like结构。 ④二细胞花粉时期:萱草属于二细胞花粉。在生殖细胞与营养细胞之间有一简单单层细胞壁。此细胞壁不均匀增厚,有的地方特别厚,有的地方特别薄。在壁周围,生殖细胞内含有许多高尔基体小泡,它直接参与壁的构建。此时生殖细胞中含有高尔基体、线粒体。营养细胞中含有许多造粉体、高尔基体、线粒体、内质网。草此阶段一特殊特性就是生殖细胞在形成初期会有质体,到后期此质体解体。 ⑤萱草花粉壁的建成:在四分体阶段,质膜开始内陷,在质膜与胼胝质壁之间出现纤维状初生原外壁。接着在初生原外壁上形成原基粒棒、原覆盖层、原基足层。在原基足层与质膜之间留有一 "White-line"。小孢子从四分体中释放出来后,花粉外壁内层(endexine)和内壁层开始形成。同时,在花粉沟外还形成一中层。

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Plant pathology has a long-standing tradition of classifying microbes as pathogens, endophytes or saprophytes. Lifestyles of pathogens are categorized as biotrophic, necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic. Botrytis species are considered by many to be archetypal examples of necrotrophic fungi, with B. cinerea being the most extensively studied species because of its broad host range and economic impact. In this review, we discuss recent work which illustrates that B. cinerea is capable of colonizing plants internally, presumably as an endophyte, without causing any disease or stress symptoms. The extent of the facultative endophytic behaviour of B. cinerea and its relevance in the ecology and disease epidemiology may be vastly underestimated. Moreover, we discuss the recent discovery of a novel Botrytis species, B. deweyae, which normally grows as an endophyte in ornamental daylilies (Hemerocallis), but displays facultative pathogenic behaviour, and is increasingly causing economic damage. We propose that the emergence of endophytes ‘gone rogue’ as novel diseases may be related to increased inbreeding of hybrid lines and reduced genetic diversity. These observations lead us to argue that the sometimes inflexible classification of pathogenic microbes by their lifestyles requires serious reconsideration. There is much more variety to the interactions of Botrytis with its hosts than the eye (or the plant pathologist) can see, and this may be true for other microbes interacting with plants.