Self-fertilization in the freshwater snails Helisoma duryi and Helisoma trivolvis

Fifty specimens of five strains (10 per strain) of Helisoma duryi from Lima (Peru), St. Croix (Virgin Islands), Formosa (Brazil), Cartago (Costa Rica) and St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles), reared in isolation for about 150 days, laid 103 eggs. The numbers of eggs laid by the 10 specimens of each strain were respectively (viable eggs in parenthesis): 44(26), 1 (1), 5(0), 15 (7) and 38 (0). Egg production widely varied between the individuals of each strain, there being in all strains,except St. Vincent, a number of specimens (3 to 9) which did not lay any eggs. After the observation period the isolated specimens, including those that laid no eggs, readily engaged in cross-breeding when mated and brought forfh large numbers of eggs. Self-fertilized F 1s are fully interfertile, producing normal cross-fertilized offspring. Ten specimens of Helisoma trivolvis (strain from Zempoala, Mexico), also reared in isolation for about 120 days, laid 646 eggs, of which 74 were inviable. our data, added to those from a few ´revious studies cited in the text, show that self-fertilization is not so efficient an alternative mode of reproduction in H. duryi as in many other planorbids (it is a little more efficient in H. trivolvis than in H. duryi). Thus, H. duryi benefits much less from functional hermaphroditism which, besides other advantages, enables a single virgin individual to found a new population.

Moluscos hospedeiros intermediários de tremátodes: Estudo molecular de helisoma sp. (Gastropoda: planorbidae) de diferentes áreas geográficas

Ao longo dos tempos a caracterização das diferentes espécies da classe Gastropoda baseava-se apenas em características fenotípicas (morfologia da concha e partes moles), as quais eram insuficientes para distinguir espécies e subespécies. Assim, a caracterização genética desenvolvida nos últimos anos, tem-se mostrado uma boa ferramenta aplicada á diferenciação molecular de espécies, permitindo uma melhor compreensão sobre moluscos com um importante papel como hospedeiros intermediários de tremátodes e qual a sua posição dentro da família Planorbidae. Os objectivos deste trabalho foram, por um lado fazer um estudo comparativo de populações de Helisoma sp., de Portugal e Cabo Verde, baseado num estudo molecular utilizando marcadores moleculares, nomeadamente o gene COI do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) e o gene 16S do RNA ribossomal (rRNA) e a região interna transcrita (ITS) do DNA ribossomal, e recorrendo à técnica PCR-RFLP, direccionada para a região ITS para a identificação de possíveis polimorfismos e, por outro lado estabelecer uma relação filogenética entre as populações portuguesas e cabo verdianas de Helisoma e outros planorbideos, hospedeiros intermediários de tremátodes. Os resultados obtidos, para os genes em análise permitiram a identificação de três regiões distintas: Cabo Verde, Madeira e Portugal Continental, esta última formada pelas amostras de Algarve e Coimbra, apesar da distante geográfica que separa cada umas destas duas áreas. Os resultados obtidos para os genes COI e 16S e para a região ITS, mostraram uma elevada homologia com as espécies Helisoma trivolvis e H. duryi.

A bird's eye survey of central american planorbid molluscs

In the course of two trips to Central America (June 1967 and JulyAugust 1976) I had the opportunity of collecting topotypic specimens of Planorbis nicaraguanus Morelet, 1849, anatomically defined in this paper, and of P. yzabalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879, the identity of the latter with Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835) is confirmed. The following planorbid species were also found: Helisoma trivolvis (Say, 1817) in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Belize; H. duryi (Wetherby, 1879) in Costa Rica; Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835) in Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and El Salvador; B. kuhniana (Clessin, 1883) in Panama; B. obstructa (Morelet,1849) in Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador; B. straminea (Dunker, 1848) in Costa Rica; B. subprona (Martens, 1899) in Guatemala; D. anatinum (Orbigny,1835) in Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; D. depressissimum (Moricand,1839) in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama; D. lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1839) in Guatemala, Belize and Nicaragua; D. surinamense (Clessin, 1884) in Costa Rica and Panama; and Gyraulus percarinatus sp. n. in Panama. The occurrence of B. kuhniana and D. surinamense is first recorded in Central America, and Gyraulus percarinatus is the first representative of the genus provenly occurring in the American continent south of the United States. The following synonymy is proposed: Planorbis declivis Tate, 1870 = Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835); Planorbis isthmicus Pilsbry, 1920 = Biomphalaria kuhniana (Clessin, 1883); Planorbis cannarum Morelet, 1849 and Segmentina donbilli Tristram, 1861 = Biomphalaria obstructa (Morelet, 1849); and Planorbis yzabalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879 = Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835), confirming Aguayo (1933).

Planorbidae, Lymnaeidae and Physidae of Peru (Mollusca: Basommatophora)

In the course of several trips to Peru I had the opportunity of collecting topotypic specimens of Biomphalaria andecola (Orbigny, 1835), B. helophila (Orbigny, 1835), B. pucaraensis (Preston, 1909), Drepanotrema limayanum (Lesson, 1830), D. kermatoides (Orbigny, 1835), and Lymnaea viatrix Orbigny, 1835, besides B. tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835), Helisoma trivolvis (Say, 1817), H. duryi (Wetherby, 1879), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1801, and seemingly P. peruviana Gray, 1828. B. pucaraensis is considered a junior synonym of B. peregrina (Orbigny, 1835).

Planorbidae, Lymnaeidae and Physidae of Ecuador (Mollusca: Basommatophora)

In the course of a trip to Ecuador I had the opportunity of collecting topotypic specimens of the following nominal species of pulmonate molluscs: Biomphalaria cousini Paraense, 1966; Planorbis equatorius Cousin, 1887; P. canonicus Cousin, 1887; Lymnaea cousini Jousseaume, 1887 and P. boetzkesi Miller, 1879. Additional findings were: Helisoma trivolvis (Say, 1817), Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbigny 1835), Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835), D. kermatoides (Orbigny, 1835), D. lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1839), D. surinamense (Clessin, 1884), Lymnaea columella Say, 1817 and Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805. P. boetzkesi and P. canonicus are considered junior synonyms of Gyraulus hindsianus (Dunker, 1848) and Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbigny, 1835), respectively.

Alimentação e fecundidade de planorbídeos criados em laboratórios: IV - Helisoma duryi (Wetherby, 1879). (Pulmonata, Planorbidae)

Utilizando dois tipos distintos de alimentos: "Aquariol" (alimento utilizado para alimentar peixes ornamentais) e alface, isolados e associados, na criação de Helisoma (Seminolina) duryi (Wetherby, 1879) em laboratório, foi verificado que; 1. Os caramujos alimentados com alface fresca liberaram, em 17 semanas, 826 desovas on 17.707 ovos. 2. Os especimens alimentados com "aquariol" depuseram 534 desovas on 11.361 ovos. 3. O oferecimento dos dois materiais associados resultou no aumento da fertilidade, obtendo-se, assim, 1.355 desovas ou 34.645 ovos. 4. Em termos médios, cada conjunto de quinze exemplares (com 10 a 14 mm de diâmetro) liberou, diariamente, 95,5 - 148,8 e 291,1 ovos/dia, segundo o tipo de alimento consumido: "aquariol", alface fresca, ou ambos associados. O número de desovas/dia, na mesma ordem enunciada, foi de 4,5 - 6,9 e 11,4, respectivamente. 5, Os exemplares utilizados descendiam de uma cepa supostamente recém introduzida no município de Formosa, GO (Brasil)e originária da Região Neártica (EUA). Foi comentada a possibilidade de controle biológico de diferentes espécies de Biomphalaria através de H. duryi - questão sobre a qual vêm desenvolvendo investigações biológicas e ecológicas.

Ação inibidora de termofosfato magnesiano sobre a fecundidade de planorbídeos e seu possível significado no controle da esquistossomose mansoni

A eficácia de termofosfato magnesiano (fertilizante e corretivo do solo) na alimentação de planorbídeos, em laboratório, foi testada ao longo de cinco semanas, verificando-se o crescimento da concha de populações experimentais de Bimphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) e Helisoma duryi (Wetherby, 1879). Reversamente observou-se que aquele produto mineral bloqueou a oviposição de ambas as espécies, a partir da segunda semana do experimento, quando proporcionado, isoladamente ou associado, a latoso ou a folhas de alface. Em conseqüência, supõe-se que sua ampla utilização nas novas áreas de cultivo, obtidas através de métodos modernos de irrigação, poderá, adicionalmente - ao ser carreado pelas chuvas, para ecossistemas lênticos ou lóticos - reduzir as populações pioneiras de diferentes espécies de Bimphalaria constituindo-se útil meio de controle da esquistossomose mansoni, em zonas rurais. Ademais, poderá ser eficaz no controle dos hospedeiros intermediários de Schistosoma mansoni que, usualmente, se estabelecem em lagoas de criação de peixes - cuja multiplicação, em áreas tropicais, vem sendo incentivada, quer como atividade econômica alternativa para o pequeno proprietário rural quer como exigência de necessidade nutricional das comunidades humanas mais pobres. Supõe-se, ainda, que o material testado poderá controlar populações de limneídeos, hospedeiros intermediários de Fasciola hepatica. São sugeridos testes de campo que possam efetivamente comprovar a hipótese levantada, e também estudos destinados ao conhecimento do mecanismo de ação do elemento magnésio no bloqueio da fertilidade de moluscos. Salienta-se a necessidade de pesquisas especiais sobre o efeito de diferentes concentrações de magnésio em ovos e formas juvenís de planorbídeos, bem como sobre miracídios e cercárias (intra-caramujos e livre-natantes) de trematódeos.

A survey of planorbid molluscs in the Amazonian region of Brazil

A survey of the plarnorbid fauna in the Brazilian states of the Amazonian river basin revealed the occurence of 14 species, 8 of the genus Biomphalaria, 4 of Drepanotrema, 1 of Antillorbis and 1 of Plesiophysa, besides a naturalized puopulation of Helisoma duryi at Santa Rosa, municipality of Formosa, state of Goiás. The following is the distribution of the species by genera, in decreasing order of frequency (number of localities in parenthesis): 1. Biomphalaria straminea (50): Acre, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Roraima; 2. B. occidentalis (30): Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; 3. B. schrammi (22); Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Pará; 4. B. amazonica (14): Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia; 5. B. glabrata (13): Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará; 6. B. peregrina (4): Distrito Federal, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul; 7. B. tenagophila (2): Distrito Federal and Goiás; 8. B. oligoza (2): Mato Grosso do Sul; 9. Drepanotrema lucidium (72): Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima; 10. D. anatinum (41): Acre, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima; 11. D. depressissimum (19): Acre, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Pará; 12. D. cimex (15): Acre, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Pará; 13. Antillorbis nordestensis (3): Distrito Federal, Maranhão and Pará; 14. Plesiophysa ornata (1): Goiás. B. glabrata is responsibel for transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni in northeastern Pará, northern Marnhão and central Goiás including the Distrito Fedreal. B. tenagophila, although susceptible to experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni, has not been found naturally infected so far in the area. B. straminea has been incriminated as...

Egg-laying induced by insemination in Biomphalaria snails

Contrasting with many populations of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. straminea previously dealt with in this laboratory, which when reared in isolation deposit self-fertilized eggs without apparent restraint, isolated individuals of the former species from São Sebastião do Passé, Bahia state, and of the latter from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state, show a high degree of self-sterility, laying egg capsules with a few usually abortive, rarely viable egg cells, or just jellylike masses without egg cells. When two individuals are paired they readily copulate, usually withing 24 hr deposit one of more egg capsules containing many eggs, and egg-laying continues up to exhaustion of stored allosperm. So far this aspect of reproductive biology has been only observed in a number of populations of the planorbid species Helisoma duryi, and should be viewed as a populational rather than specific characteristic. Since sterility is not overcome by courtship, copulation and insemination by individuals of a different species, the stimulating factor that causes ovulation in the studied self-sterile individuals is considered to be present in the conspecific allosperm.

Invading freshwater snails and biological control in Martinique Island, French West Indies

Eight alien freshwater snail species were introduced into Martinique Island during the last 50 years. The introduced snails include four planorbids (Biomphalaria straminea, Helisoma duryi, Amerianna carinata and Gyraulus sp.), three thiarids (Melanoides tuberculata, M. amabilis and Tarebia granifera) and one ampullarid (Marisa cornuarietis). Four of these species rapidly colonized the whole Martinican hydrographic system whereas the other four remained restricted to some particular sites. The invasion processes were documented during the last 20 years and showed (i) a rapid invasion of the island by several morphs of M. tuberculata at the beginning of the 80's; (ii) the introduction of T. granifera in 1991 and M. amabilis in 1997; and (iii) the rapid spread of these last two species throughout the island. In the years following its introduction, M. tuberculata was used in biological control experiments against the snail hosts of schistosomiasis, B. glabrata and B. straminea. Experiments were conducted with success in several groups of water-cress beds which constituted the latest transmission sites for schistosomiasis at the beginning of the 80's. A malacological survey carried out in 2000 all over the island showed the absence of B. glabrata but the presence of some residual populations of B. straminea. Long-term studies carried out in Martinique have shown that the thiarids are able to maintain relatively stable populations over a long period of time, thus preventing recolonization by the snail hosts. Within this context the invasion of the hydrographic system of Martinique by thiarid snails has resulted in an efficient and sustainable control of the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis.

Possible competitive displacement of planorbids by Melanoides tuberculata in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Several species of snails, including Pomacea haustrum, Marisa cornuarietis and Helisoma duryi, have been identified as probable competitors and/or predators of planorbid intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. During the last few years, studies carried out in the Caribbean region have shown reductions and even disappearances of populations of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. straminea in breeding places where the snail Melanoides tuberculata was introduced. Observations made over a period of 10 years in two lakes close to Belo Horizonte, MG, showed that there were marked reductions in autochthonous populations of B. glabrata and B. straminea after the arrival of M. tuberculata, both Biomphalaria species disappearing completely after eight years.