Influences of alternative fuels and EGR on thermodynamic parameters and emissions of a heavy duty engine

Heavy duty Diesel engine, alternative fuels, EGR, exhaust emissions, HC, NOx, FSN

Energy harvesting methods for wireless sensor nodes in heavy-duty vehicles

The number of autonomous wireless sensor and control nodes has been increasing rapidly during the last decade. Until recently, these wireless nodes have been powered with batteries, which have lead to a short life cycle and high maintenance need. Due to these battery-related problems, new energy sources have been studied to power wireless nodes. One solution is energy harvesting, i.e. extracting energy from the ambient environment. Energy harvesting can provide a long-lasting power source for sensor nodes, with no need for maintenance. In this thesis, various energy harvesting technologies are studied whilst focusing on the theory of each technology and the state-of-the-art solutions of published studies and commercial solutions. In addition to energy harvesting, energy storage and energy management solutions are also studied as a subsystem of a whole energy source solution. Wireless nodes are also used in heavy-duty vehicles. Therefore a reliable, long-lasting and maintenance-free power source is also needed in this kind of environment. A forestry harvester has been used as a case study to study the feasibility of energy harvesting in a forestry harvester’s sliding boom. The energy harvester should be able to produce few milliwatts to power the target system, an independent limit switch.

Heavy Duty ilmarenkaiden hinnasto

kuv., 12 x 14 cm

Heavy Duty Speed Wagon

kuv., 10 x 23 cm

Effects of life cycle profits on the profitability of industrial heavy duty cranes

The goal of the thesis was to investigate how much after-sales profits a crane sale generates over the life cycle of the crane and the effects of these after-sales profits on the overall profitability of the crane. The thesis utilizes theories about life cycle costing from an equipment and service supplier’s point of view. However, instead of costs, the thesis is focused on the life cycle after-sales profits from maintenance services and spare parts provided for the sold crane. The case study approach was chosen and a total of five cranes from three different segments were investigated. An eight-step life cycle profit calculation model was developed in order to analyze the chosen cases’ life cycle profits systematically. The results of the investigation suggest that the life cycle after-sales profits are significant in value. In the case analyses they accounted for between 20% and 44% of the overall life cycle profits of the case cranes. The after-sales profits should be taken into account already in the pricing when offering a crane to a customer.

Particle emission from heavy-duty engine fuelled with blended diesel and biodiesel

In this study, particulate matter (PM) were characterized from a place impacted by heavy-duty vehicles (Bus Station) fuelled with diesel/biodiesel fuel blend (B3) in the city of Londrina, Brazil. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations were analyzed in the samples by their association with atmospheric PM, mass size distributions and major ions (fluorite, chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, nitrite, oxalate; fumarate, formate, succinate and acetate; lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium). Results indicate that major ions represented 21.2% particulate matter mass. Nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, respectively, presented the highest concentration levels, indicating that biodiesel may also be a significant source for these ions, especially nitrate. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene were the main PAH found, and a higher fraction of PAH particles was found in diameters lower than 0.25 mu m in Londrina bus station. The fine and ultrafine particles were dominant among the PM evaluated, suggesting that biodiesel decreases the total PAH emission. However, it does also increase the fraction of fine and ultrafine particles when compared to diesel.

A Decision-Tree-Based Approach to Smoke Spike Detection in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Smoke spikes occurring during transient engine operation have detrimental health effects and increase fuel consumption by requiring more frequent regeneration of the diesel particulate filter. This paper proposes a decision tree approach to real-time detection of smoke spikes for control and on-board diagnostics purposes. A contemporary, electronically controlled heavy-duty diesel engine was used to investigate the deficiencies of smoke control based on the fuel-to-oxygen-ratio limit. With the aid of transient and steady state data analysis and empirical as well as dimensional modeling, it was shown that the fuel-to-oxygen ratio was not estimated correctly during the turbocharger lag period. This inaccuracy was attributed to the large manifold pressure ratios and low exhaust gas recirculation flows recorded during the turbocharger lag period, which meant that engine control module correlations for the exhaust gas recirculation flow and the volumetric efficiency had to be extrapolated. The engine control module correlations were based on steady state data and it was shown that, unless the turbocharger efficiency is artificially reduced, the large manifold pressure ratios observed during the turbocharger lag period cannot be achieved at steady state. Additionally, the cylinder-to-cylinder variation during this period were shown to be sufficiently significant to make the average fuel-to-oxygen ratio a poor predictor of the transient smoke emissions. The steady state data also showed higher smoke emissions with higher exhaust gas recirculation fractions at constant fuel-to-oxygen-ratio levels. This suggests that, even if the fuel-to-oxygen ratios were to be estimated accurately for each cylinder, they would still be ineffective as smoke limiters. A decision tree trained on snap throttle data and pruned with engineering knowledge was able to use the inaccurate engine control module estimates of the fuel-to-oxygen ratio together with information on the engine control module estimate of the exhaust gas recirculation fraction, the engine speed, and the manifold pressure ratio to predict 94% of all spikes occurring over the Federal Test Procedure cycle. The advantages of this non-parametric approach over other commonly used parametric empirical methods such as regression were described. An application of accurate smoke spike detection in which the injection pressure is increased at points with a high opacity to reduce the cumulative particulate matter emissions substantially with a minimum increase in the cumulative nitrogrn oxide emissions was illustrated with dimensional and empirical modeling.

Truck noise IV-G. Field test results on a heavy duty, diesel truck having reduced noise emissions. Seventh report.

Transportation Department, Office of Noise Abatement, Washington, D.C.

A computer program (HEVSIM) for heavy duty vehicle fuel economy and performance simulation. Volume II: users' manual. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

A computer program (HEVSIM) for heavy duty vehicle fuel economy and performance simulation. Volume III: appendices A through F. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

A computer program (HEVSIM) for heavy duty vehicle fuel economy and performance simulation. Volume I: description and analysis. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Evaluation of Hunter heavy duty plate brake tester. Interim final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

NHTSA's Heavy Duty Vehicle Brake Research Program - report Number 10: evaluation of trailer antilock braking systems electrical powering. Interim final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Transformation toughened ceramics for the Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Technology Program.

Energy Department, Office of Vehicle and Engine Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Heavy duty vehicles.

Mode of access: Internet.