Fast reconstruction of harmonic functions from Cauchy data using the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map and integral equations

We propose and investigate a method for the stable determination of a harmonic function from knowledge of its value and its normal derivative on a part of the boundary of the (bounded) solution domain (Cauchy problem). We reformulate the Cauchy problem as an operator equation on the boundary using the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. To discretize the obtained operator, we modify and employ a method denoted as Classic II given in [J. Helsing, Faster convergence and higher accuracy for the Dirichlet–Neumann map, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009), pp. 2578–2576, Section 3], which is based on Fredholm integral equations and Nyström discretization schemes. Then, for stability reasons, to solve the discretized integral equation we use the method of smoothing projection introduced in [J. Helsing and B.T. Johansson, Fast reconstruction of harmonic functions from Cauchy data using integral equation techniques, Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng. 18 (2010), pp. 381–399, Section 7], which makes it possible to solve the discretized operator equation in a stable way with minor computational cost and high accuracy. With this approach, for sufficiently smooth Cauchy data, the normal derivative can also be accurately computed on the part of the boundary where no data is initially given.

Fast reconstruction of harmonic functions from Cauchy data using integral equation techniques

We consider the problem of stable determination of a harmonic function from knowledge of the solution and its normal derivative on a part of the boundary of the (bounded) solution domain. The alternating method is a procedure to generate an approximation to the harmonic function from such Cauchy data and we investigate a numerical implementation of this procedure based on Fredholm integral equations and Nyström discretization schemes, which makes it possible to perform a large number of iterations (millions) with minor computational cost (seconds) and high accuracy. Moreover, the original problem is rewritten as a fixed point equation on the boundary, and various other direct regularization techniques are discussed to solve that equation. We also discuss how knowledge of the smoothness of the data can be used to further improve the accuracy. Numerical examples are presented showing that accurate approximations of both the solution and its normal derivative can be obtained with much less computational time than in previous works.

Some Distortion Theorems for Starlike Harmonic Functions

MSC 2010: 30C55, 30C45

Harmonische Funktionen auf dem Bruhat-Tits-Gebäude der PGL_3 über Funktionenkörpern

Harmonische Funktionen auf dem Bruhat-Tits-Gebäude der PGL(3) über Funktionenkörpern lassen sich als ein Analogon zu den auf der oberen Halbebene definierten klassischen Spitzenformen verstehen. An die Stelle des starken Abklingens der Spitzenformen tritt hier die Endlichkeit des Trägers modulo einer gewissen Untergruppe. Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Untersuchung und Charakterisierung dieses Trägers. Im weiteren Verlauf werden gewisse Konzepte der klassischen Theorie auf harmonische Funktionen übertragen. So wird gezeigt, daß diese sich ebenfalls als Fourierreihe darstellen lassen und es werden explizite Formeln für die Fourierkoeffizienten hergeleitet. Es stellt sich heraus, daß sich die Harmonizität in gewissen Relationen zwischen den Fourierkoeffizienten widerspiegelt und sich umgekehrt aus einem Satz passender Koeffizienten eine harmonische Funktion erzeugen läßt. Dies wird zur expliziten Konstruktion zweier quasi-harmonischer Funktionen genutzt, die ein Pendant zu klassischen Poincaré-Reihen darstellen. Abschließend werden Hecke-Operatoren definiert und Formeln für die Fourierkoeffizienten der Hecke-Transformierten einer harmonischen Funktion hergeleitet.

On the concept of electrical impedance for an electrolytic cell

The analysis of the electrical impedance of an electrolytic cell in the shape of a slab is performed. We have solved, numerically, the differential equations governing the phenomenon of the redistribution of the ions in the presence of an external electric field, and compared the results with the ones obtained by solving the linear approximation of these equations. The control parameters in our study are the amplitude and the frequency of the applied voltage, assumed a simple harmonic function of the time. We show that for the large amplitudes of the applied voltage, the actual current is no longer harmonic at low frequencies. From this result it follows that the concept of electrical impedance of a cell is a useful quantity only in the case where the linear approximation of the fundamental equations of problem work well.

Interpolação de dados de campo potencial através da camada equivalente

O uso da técnica da camada equivalente na interpolação de dados de campo potencial permite levar em consideração que a anomalia, gravimétrica ou magnética, a ser interpolada é uma função harmônica. Entretanto, esta técnica tem aplicação computacional restrita aos levantamentos com pequeno número de dados, uma vez que ela exige a solução de um problema de mínimos quadrados com ordem igual a este número. Para viabilizar a aplicação da técnica da camada equivalente aos levantamentos com grande número de dados, nós desenvolvemos o conceito de observações equivalentes e o método EGTG, que, respectivamente, diminui a demanda em memória do computador e otimiza as avaliações dos produtos internos inerentes à solução dos problemas de mínimos quadrados. Basicamente, o conceito de observações equivalentes consiste em selecionar algumas observações, entre todas as observações originais, tais que o ajuste por mínimos quadrados, que ajusta as observações selecionadas, ajusta automaticamente (dentro de um critério de tolerância pré-estabelecido) todas as demais que não foram escolhidas. As observações selecionadas são denominadas observações equivalentes e as restantes são denominadas observações redundantes. Isto corresponde a partir o sistema linear original em dois sistemas lineares com ordens menores. O primeiro com apenas as observações equivalentes e o segundo apenas com as observações redundantes, de tal forma que a solução de mínimos quadrados, obtida a partir do primeiro sistema linear, é também a solução do segundo sistema. Este procedimento possibilita ajustar todos os dados amostrados usando apenas as observações equivalentes (e não todas as observações originais) o que reduz a quantidade de operações e a utilização de memória pelo computador. O método EGTG consiste, primeiramente, em identificar o produto interno como sendo uma integração discreta de uma integral analítica conhecida e, em seguida, em substituir a integração discreta pela avaliação do resultado da integral analítica. Este método deve ser aplicado quando a avaliação da integral analítica exigir menor quantidade de cálculos do que a exigida para computar a avaliação da integral discreta. Para determinar as observações equivalentes, nós desenvolvemos dois algoritmos iterativos denominados DOE e DOEg. O primeiro algoritmo identifica as observações equivalentes do sistema linear como um todo, enquanto que o segundo as identifica em subsistemas disjuntos do sistema linear original. Cada iteração do algoritmo DOEg consiste de uma aplicação do algoritmo DOE em uma partição do sistema linear original. Na interpolação, o algoritmo DOE fornece uma superfície interpoladora que ajusta todos os dados permitindo a interpolação na forma global. O algoritmo DOEg, por outro lado, otimiza a interpolação na forma local uma vez que ele emprega somente as observações equivalentes, em contraste com os algoritmos existentes para a interpolação local que empregam todas as observações. Os métodos de interpolação utilizando a técnica da camada equivalente e o método da mínima curvatura foram comparados quanto às suas capacidades de recuperar os valores verdadeiros da anomalia durante o processo de interpolação. Os testes utilizaram dados sintéticos (produzidos por modelos de fontes prismáticas) a partir dos quais os valores interpolados sobre a malha regular foram obtidos. Estes valores interpolados foram comparados com os valores teóricos, calculados a partir do modelo de fontes sobre a mesma malha, permitindo avaliar a eficiência do método de interpolação em recuperar os verdadeiros valores da anomalia. Em todos os testes realizados o método da camada equivalente recuperou mais fielmente o valor verdadeiro da anomalia do que o método da mínima curvatura. Particularmente em situações de sub-amostragem, o método da mínima curvatura se mostrou incapaz de recuperar o valor verdadeiro da anomalia nos lugares em que ela apresentou curvaturas mais pronunciadas. Para dados adquiridos em níveis diferentes o método da mínima curvatura apresentou o seu pior desempenho, ao contrário do método da camada equivalente que realizou, simultaneamente, a interpolação e o nivelamento. Utilizando o algoritmo DOE foi possível aplicar a técnica da camada equivalente na interpolação (na forma global) dos 3137 dados de anomalia ar-livre de parte do levantamento marinho Equant-2 e 4941 dados de anomalia magnética de campo total de parte do levantamento aeromagnético Carauari-Norte. Os números de observações equivalentes identificados em cada caso foram, respectivamente, iguais a 294 e 299. Utilizando o algoritmo DOEg nós otimizamos a interpolação (na forma local) da totalidade dos dados de ambos os levantamentos citados. Todas as interpolações realizadas não seriam possíveis sem a aplicação do conceito de observações equivalentes. A proporção entre o tempo de CPU (rodando os programas no mesmo espaço de memória) gasto pelo método da mínima curvatura e pela camada equivalente (interpolação global) foi de 1:31. Esta razão para a interpolação local foi praticamente de 1:1.

On a Singular Value Problem for the Fractional Laplacian on the Exterior of the Unit Ball

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 26A33; Secondary 47G20, 31B05

Numerical solution of a Cauchy problem for Laplace equation in 3-dimensional domains by integral equations

A numerical method based on integral equations is proposed and investigated for the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in 3-dimensional smooth bounded doubly connected domains. To numerically reconstruct a harmonic function from knowledge of the function and its normal derivative on the outer of two closed boundary surfaces, the harmonic function is represented as a single-layer potential. Matching this representation against the given data, a system of boundary integral equations is obtained to be solved for two unknown densities. This system is rewritten over the unit sphere under the assumption that each of the two boundary surfaces can be mapped smoothly and one-to-one to the unit sphere. For the discretization of this system, Weinert’s method (PhD, Göttingen, 1990) is employed, which generates a Galerkin type procedure for the numerical solution, and the densities in the system of integral equations are expressed in terms of spherical harmonics. Tikhonov regularization is incorporated, and numerical results are included showing the efficiency of the proposed procedure.

Numerical solution of an elliptic 3-dimensional Cauchy problem by the alternating method and boundary integral equations

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in 3-dimensional doubly-connected domains, that is the reconstruction of a harmonic function from knowledge of the function values and normal derivative on the outer of two closed boundary surfaces. We employ the alternating iterative method, which is a regularizing procedure for the stable determination of the solution. In each iteration step, mixed boundary value problems are solved. The solution to each mixed problem is represented as a sum of two single-layer potentials giving two unknown densities (one for each of the two boundary surfaces) to determine; matching the given boundary data gives a system of boundary integral equations to be solved for the densities. For the discretisation, Weinert's method [24] is employed, which generates a Galerkin-type procedure for the numerical solution via rewriting the boundary integrals over the unit sphere and expanding the densities in terms of spherical harmonics. Numerical results are included as well.

Latent representations for traditional music analysis and generation

We create and study a generative model for Irish traditional music based on Variational Autoencoders and analyze the learned latent space trying to find musically significant correlations in the latent codes' distributions in order to perform musical analysis on data. We train two kinds of models: one trained on a dataset of Irish folk melodies, one trained on bars extrapolated from the melodies dataset, each one in five variations of increasing size. We conduct the following experiments: we inspect the latent space of tunes and bars in relation to key, time signature, and estimated harmonic function of bars; we search for links between tunes in a particular style (i.e. "reels'") and their positioning in latent space relative to other tunes; we compute distances between embedded bars in a tune to gain insight into the model's understanding of the similarity between bars. Finally, we show and evaluate generative examples. We find that the learned latent space does not explicitly encode musical information and is thus unusable for musical analysis of data, while generative results are generally good and not strictly dependent on the musical coherence of the model's internal representation.

A comparison of low-storage strategies for spectral analysis in dissipative systems: filter diagonalisation in the Lanczos representation and harmonic inversion of the Chebychev-order-domain autocorrelation function

We compare the performance of two different low-storage filter diagonalisation (LSFD) strategies in the calculation of complex resonance energies of the HO2, radical. The first is carried out within a complex-symmetric Lanczos subspace representation [H. Zhang, S.C. Smith, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 3 (2001) 2281]. The second involves harmonic inversion of a real autocorrelation function obtained via a damped Chebychev recursion [V.A. Mandelshtam, H.S. Taylor, J. Chem. Phys. 107 (1997) 6756]. We find that while the Chebychev approach has the advantage of utilizing real algebra in the time-consuming process of generating the vector recursion, the Lanczos, method (using complex vectors) requires fewer iterations, especially for low-energy part of the spectrum. The overall efficiency in calculating resonances for these two methods is comparable for this challenging system. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Cavity QED analog of the harmonic-oscillator probability distribution function and quantum collapses

We establish a connection between the simple harmonic oscillator and a two-level atom interacting with resonant, quantized cavity and strong driving fields, which suggests an experiment to measure the harmonic-oscillator's probability distribution function. To achieve this, we calculate the Autler-Townes spectrum by coupling the system to a third level. We find that there are two different regions of the atomic dynamics depending on the ratio of the: Rabi frequency Omega (c) of the cavity field to that of the Rabi frequency Omega of the driving field. For Omega (c)

The vibrational spectra of natural and perdeuterated monochlorogallane, H2Ga([mu]-Cl)2GaH2, and an empirical harmonic potential function

The infrared and Raman spectra of monochlorogallane and its fully deuterated isotopomer are recorded and assigned on the basis of the dimeric structures. H2Ga(μ-Cl)2GaH2 and D2Ga(μ-Cl)2GaD2, conforming to D2 symmetry. The observed frequencies are corrected for anharmonicity and fitted to a potential function in which 19 of the 33 independent force constants are refined.

Use of correlated potential harmonic basis functions for the description of the (4)He trimer and small clusters

A correlated many-body basis function is used to describe the (4)He trimer and small helium clusters ((4)HeN) with N = 4-9. A realistic helium dimer potential is adopted. The ground state results of the (4)He dimer and trimer are in close agreement with earlier findings. But no evidence is found for the existence of Efimov state in the trimer for the actual (4)He-(4)He interaction. However, decreasing the potential strength we calculate several excited states of the trimer which exhibit Efimov character. We also solve for excited state energies of these clusters which are in good agreement with Monte Carlo hyperspherical description. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3583365]

Harmonic distortion of 2-MOS structures for MOSFET-C filters implemented with n-type unstrained and strained FINFETS

This work investigates the harmonic distortion (HD) in 2-MOS balanced structures composed of triple gate FinFETs. HD has been evaluated through the determination of the third-order harmonic distortion (HD3), since this represents the major non-linearity source in balanced structures. The 2-MOS structures with devices of different channel lengths (L) and fin widths (W(fin)) have been studied operating in the linear region as tunable resistors. The analysis was performed as a function of the gate voltage, aiming to verify the correlation between operation bias and HD3. The physical origins of the non-linearities have been investigated and are pointed out. Being a resistive circuit, the 2-MOS structure is generally projected for a targeted on-resistance, which has also been evaluated in terms of HD3. The impact of the application of biaxial strain has been studied for FinFETs of different dimensions. It has been noted that HD3 reduces with the increase of the gate bias for all the devices and this reduction is more pronounced both in narrower and in longer devices. Also, the presence of strain slightly diminishes the non-linearity at a similar bias. However, a drawback associated with the use of strain engineering consists in a significant reduction of the on-resistance with respect to unstrained devices. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.