Le rôle de la sérotonine sur le développement de traits anxieux : une étude de trajectoire longitudinale

Certains gènes, modulant la sérotonine (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), ont été associés aux tempéraments liés à l'anxiété. Une limitation dans la plupart de ces études est que les études sont de nature transversale et l'anxiété a été évaluée à un seul point dans le temps. De plus, seules quelques études ont été réalisées chez les enfants. Le but de la présente étude était d'étudier le rôle des gènes HTR2A et TPH2 dans le développement des trajectoires d’anxiété durant l’enfance. Les associations entre ces gènes, ces trajectoires, le diagnostic d’anxiété à l'âge adulte et les différences entre les sexes ont été examinées dans l'Étude Longitudinale des Enfants de Maternelle au Québec, composée de 3185 enfants recrutés en 1986-1987. Leur anxiété a été cotée par leur professeur annuellement entre 6 et 12 ans. Ces cotes ont été modélisées en trajectoires comportementales. Les données genotypées de 5-HT, disponibles pour 1068 personnes, ont été analysées en utilisant les statistiques du Chi-carré, des régressions logistiques et des analyses de variance. Sur les 37 polymorphismes étudiés, plusieurs ont été associés à la trajectoire de forte anxiété, tels le 5-HTR2A (rs1328684, rs95534511, rs1745837, rs7984966, 7330636) et TPH2 (rs11179050, rs11179052, rs1386498). Bien que les trajectoires d’anxiété en enfance n’aient pas prédit le diagnostic d'anxiété à 21 ans, les relations ont été trouvées entre ce diagnostic, HTR2A et les polymorphismes du nucléotide simple (PNS) de TPH2. On remarque que les PNS associés à l’anxiété durant l’enfance et l’âge adulte ne sont pas les mêmes. La force d'association entre les gènes étudiés et l'anxiété diffère entre les garçons et les filles. Cette étude est la première à identifier une association entre les variantes TPH2, 5-HTR2A et les trajectoires d’anxiété en enfance. Les études futures devraient reproduire les résultats dans d'autres échantillons, enquêter sur l'interaction avec les facteurs de stress, et étudier la pertinence fonctionnelle de la PNS.

Eag 1, Eag 2 and Kcnn3 gene brain expression of isolated reared rats

The Eag1 and Eag2, voltage-dependent potassium channels, and the small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Kcnn3) are highly expressed in limbic regions of the brain, where their function is still unknown. Eag1 co-localizes with tyrosine hydroxilase enzyme in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Kcnn3 deficiency leads to enhanced serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission accompanied by distinct alterations in emotional behaviors. As exposure to stress is able to change the expression and function of several ion channels, suggesting that they might be involved in the consequences of stress, we aimed at investigating Eag 1, Eag2 and Kcnn3 mRNA expression in the brains of rats submitted to isolation rearing. As the long-lasting alterations in emotional and behavioral regulation after stress have been related to changes in serotonergic neurotransmission, expressions of serotonin Htr1a and Htr2a receptors in male Wistar rats` brain were also investigated. Rats were reared in isolation or in groups of five for nine weeks after weaning. Isolated and socially reared rats were tested for exploratory activity in the open field test for 5 min and brains were processed for reverse-transcription coupled to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Isolated reared rats showed decreased exploratory activity in the open field. Compared to socially reared rats, isolated rats showed reduced Htr2a mRNA expression in the striatum and brainstem and reduced Eag2 mRNA expression in all examined regions except cerebellum. To our knowledge, this is the first work to show that isolation rearing can change Eag2 gene expression in the brain. The involvement of this channel in stress-related behaviors is discussed.

Associação entre resposta clínica e eventos adversos ao metilfenidato e genes dopaminérgicos e serotoninérgicos em crianças e adolescentes com transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade

Introdução: Poucos estudos sobre a farmacogenética do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) foram conduzidos até o momento, apesar da extensa literatura sobre a participação de genes na etiologia do TDAH. Os estudos farmacogenéticos podem auxiliar na identificação a priori dos indivíduos que se beneficiarão de determinados tratamentos e dos que possivelmente apresentarão intolerância aos agentes farmacológicos. A maior parte dos estudos, até o momento, avaliou genes do sistema dopaminérgico e resultou em achados tanto positivos quanto negativos. Métodos: em um estudo naturalístico avaliamos os efeitos dos polimorfismos dos genes candidatos dopaminérgicos (DRD4, DAT1) e serotoninérgicos (HTR1B, HTR2A e 5-HTT) na resposta ao tratamento em 111 pacientes para os quais foi prescrito metilfenidato. As medidas de desfecho (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham scale - versão IV – anexo I, Children Global Assessment Scale – anexo II, Barkley’s Stimulants Side Effects Rating Scale – anexo III) foram aplicadas no momento de avaliação e um mês após a intervenção. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 111 famílias de crianças e adolescentes eurobrasileiros de ambos os sexos que apresentavam TDAH segundo o DSM-IV. Estes pacientes foram consecutivamente triados no Programa de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre janeiro de 2003 e maio de 2004. Não foi detectada associação significativa entre os polimorfismos dos genes dopaminérgicos e serotoninérgicos avaliados e a resposta ao metilfenidato ou presença de eventos adversos. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo quanto aos genes dopaminérgicos são negativos, concordando com três outros estudos disponíveis na literatura. Este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar o efeito dos genes serotoninérgicos isolados na resposta ao metilfenidato e na presença de eventos adversos. Não foi encontrada nenhuma associação significativa. Os resultados dos estudos existentes são de difícil comparação devido à grande variabilidade metodológica existente entre os estudos. Assim, ensaios controlados multicêntricos prospectivos com maiores tamanhos amostrais são necessários para desvendar o papel dos genes candidatos na resposta ao tratamento para o TDAH.

Distribution of mRNA coding for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of mRNA coding for 7 subtypes of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs) in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation (CDD). SAMPLE POPULATION: Full-thickness intestinal wall biopsy specimens were obtained from the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon, and external loop of the spiral colon (ELSC) of 15 cows with CDD (group 1) and 15 healthy dairy cows allocated to 2 control groups (specimens collected during routine laparotomy [group 2] or after cows were slaughtered [group 3]). PROCEDURE: Amounts of mRNA coding for 7 subtypes of 5-HTRs (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT4) were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Results were expressed as the percentage of mRNA expression of a housekeeping gene. RESULTS: Expression of mRNA coding for 5-HTR1B, 5-HTR2B, and 5-HTR4 was significantly lower in cows with CDD than in healthy cows. For 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR4, significant differences between cows with CDD and control cows were most pronounced for the ELSC. Expression of mRNA for 5-HTR1D, 5-HTR1F, and 5-HTR2A was extremely low in all groups, and mRNA for 5-HTR1A was not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Relative concentrations of mRNA coding for 5-HTR1B, 5-HT2B, and 5-HTR4 were significantly lower in the intestines of cows with CDD than in the intestines of healthy dairy cows, especially for 5-HT2B and 5-HTR4 in the ELSC. This supports the hypothesis that serotonergic mechanisms, primarily in the spiral colon, are implicated in the pathogenesis of CDD.

FISH mapping of 10 canine BAC clones harbouring genes and microsatellites in the arctic fox and the Chinese raccoon dog genomes

Cytogenetic mapping of the arctic fox and the Chinese raccoon dog were performed using a set of canine probes derived from the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library. Altogether, 10 BAC clones containing sequences of selected genes (PAX3, HBB, ATP2A2, TECTA, PIT1, ABCA4, ESR2, TPH1, HTR2A, MAOA) and microsatellites were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments to chromosomes of the canids studied. At present, the cytogenetic map on the arctic fox and Chinese raccoon dog consists of 45 loci each. Chromosomal localization of the BAC clones was in agreement with data obtained by earlier independent comparative chromosome painting. However, two events of telomere-to-centromere inversions were tentatively identified while compared with assignments in the dog karyotype.

Genetic variability and the hypothalamic control of energy balance

Background. Obesity is a major health problem throughout the industrialized world. Despite numerous attempts to curtail the rapid growth of obesity, its incidence continues to rise. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the etiology of obesity beyond the concept of energy balance.^ Aims. The first aim of this study was to first investigate the relationship between eating behaviors and body size. The second goal was to identify genetic variation associated with eating behaviors. Thirdly, this study aimed to examine the joint relationships between eating behavior, body size and genetic variation.^ Methods. This study utilized baseline data ascertained in young adults from the Training Interventions and Genetics of Exercise (TIGER) Study. Variables assessed included eating behavior (Emotional Eating Scale, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and the Block98 Food Frequency Questionnaire), body size (body mass index, waist and hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, and percent body fat), genetic variation in genes implicated related to the hypothalamic control of energy balance, and appropriate covariates (age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and physical activity. For the genetic association analyses, genotypes were collapsed by minor allele frequency, and haplotypes were estimated for each gene. Additionally, Bayesian networks were constructed in order to determine the relationships between genetic variation, eating behavior and body size.^ Results. We report that the EAT-26 score, Caloric intake, percent fat, fiber intake, HEAT index, and daily servings of vegetables, meats, grains, and fats were significantly associated with at least one body size measure. Multiple SNPs in 17 genes and haplotypes from 12 genes were tested for their association with body size. Variation within both DRD4 and HTR2A was found to be associated with EAT-26 score. In addition, variation in the ghrelin gene (GHRL) was significantly associated with daily Caloric intake. A significant interaction between daily servings of grains and the HEAT index and variation within the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) was shown to influence body size.^ Conclusion. This study has shown that there is a substantial genetic component to eating behavior and that genetic variation interacts with eating behavior to influence body size.^