Rotura de Aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva para a Aurícula Direita

Os autores apresentam um caso de rotura de aneurisma do seio de Valsalva, para a aurícula direita, com um quadro clínico atípico que levou a dificuldades de diagnóstico diferencial com insuficiência aórtica. Após confirmação hemodinâmica, atendendo à rápida deterioração do estado geral, procedeu-se a correcção cirúrgica de urgência. A propósito deste caso os autores procederam a uma revisão de patologia, etiopatogenia e clínica da entidade em causa.

O Volume da Aurícula Esquerda como Marcador Ecocardiográfico de Prognóstico em Doentes com Miocardiopatia Dilatada

Introdução: O aumento da aurícula esquerda (AE) é um marcador de mortalidade na população geral. Os doentes com miocardiopatia dilatada (MCD) têm um amplo espetro de tamanhos deAE, mas a importância clínica desta observação tem sido pouco estudada. Objectivo: Avaliar a importância prognóstica a longo prazo do volume da AE (VAE) em doentes com MCD. Métodos: Estudo prospetivo de doentes admitidos durante o ano de 2004 com o diagnóstico deMCD, em ritmo sinusal. Foi realizado estudo ecocardiográfico completo em repouso e após stress farmacológico. O endpoint composto considerou a assistência ventricular mecânica (AVM), a transplantação cardíaca ou a morte. Resultados: Foram incluídos 35 doentes (68,6% sexo masculino, idade média 52,0), 82,9% etiologia não isquémica. Fração ejeção em repouso 31,1 ± 9,4%.Durante o seguimento, oito doentes morreram, um foi colocado em AVM e um foi transplantado. A análise de Cox univariável revelou potenciais marcadores ecocardiográficos de prognóstico na amostra tais como a dimensão da AE em modo M (HR-1,12; IC: 0,99-1,26;p = 0,067); VAE (HR-1,02; IC: 1,00-1,04; p = 0,046); VAE ajustado à superfície corporal (HR-1,03;IC: 1,00-1,07; p = 0,049); E/A (HR-0,99; IC: 0,99-1,81; p = 0,060); E/A > 2 (HR-7,00; IC:1,48-32,43; p = 0,014) e E/E’ mitral (HR-1,04; IC: 1,00-1,09; p = 0,074). Na análise multivariável a única variável que permaneceu no modelo foi o VAE com o ponto de corte de 63 ml (HR-7,7, IC:0,97-60,61, p = 0,05).Conclusão: Nesta amostra, o VAE foi o único parâmetro ecocardiográfico determinante de AVM,transplantação cardíaca ou morte. Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos habitualmente utilizadospara estratificação de risco, tais como a fração ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, a dimensão do ventrículo esquerdo e a reserva contrátil não tiveram valor prognóstico na nossa amostra.

Angioplastia Primária na Mulher: Realidade Nacional

Objetivos: A mortalidade na mulher após angioplastia primária (ICP-P) é superior à do homem. Contudo, permanece contraditório o papel do sexo poder ser fator de risco independente para mortalidade no contexto de enfarte agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST (EAMST). Com base no Registo Nacional de Cardiologia de Intervenção (RNCI),pretendemos avaliar como é que o género feminino influencia o prognóstico a curto prazo nos doentes com EAMST submetidos a ICP-P a nível nacional. Métodos: De 60 158 doentes incluídos prospetivamente no RNCI de 2002-2012, incluímos na análise 7544 doentes com EAMST tratados por ICP-P, dos quais 25% foram mulheres. Utilizámos modelos de regressão logística e ajustamento por propensity score para avaliar o impacto do sexo na mortalidade hospitalar. Resultados: As mulheres foram mais idosas (68 ± 14 versus 61 ± 13, p < 0,001), mais diabéticas(30 versus 21%, p < 0,001) e hipertensas (69 versus 55%, p < 0,001). Os homens foram revascularizados mais cedo (71 versus 63% nas primeiras 6 horas, p < 0,001). Choque cardiogénico foi mais frequente nas mulheres (7,1 versus 5,7%, p = 0,032). Estas apresentaram um pior prognóstico a curto prazo, com 1,7 x maior risco de morte intra-hospitalar (4,3 versus 2,5%; IC 95% 1,30-2,27; p < 0,001). Utilizando um modelo de regressão ajustado através de um propensity score, o sexo deixa de ser preditor de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 1,00; IC 95% 0,68-1,48; p = 1,00). Conclusões: No RNCI as mulheres com EAMST tratadas com ICP-P apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular, um acesso menos atempado a ICP-P e um pior prognóstico. Contudo, após ajustamento do risco, o género feminino deixa de ser preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar.

Prosthetic Mitral Valve Thrombosis in Pregnancy: From Thrombolysis to Anticoagulation

INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves are at increased risk for valve thrombosis. Management decisions for this life-threatening complication are complex. Open-heart surgery has a very high risk of maternal mortality and fetal loss. Bleeding and embolic risks associated with thrombolytic agents, the limited efficacy of thrombolysis in certain subgroups, and a lack of experience in the setting of pregnancy raise important concerns. CASE REPORT: We report a case of mitral prosthetic valve thrombosis in early pregnancy, which was successfully treated with streptokinase. Ten years later, the same patient had an uneventful pregnancy, throughout which acenocoumarol was maintained. CONCLUSION: With this case we review the prevention (with oral anticoagulant therapy) and treatment of prosthetic valve thrombosis during pregnancy, which is important for both obstetrician and cardiologist.

Multiple Mechanical Complications in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction with Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries

This case report discusses an unusual presentation of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with normal coronary arteries and severe mechanical complications successfully treated with surgery. An 82-year-old man presented STEMI with angiographically normal coronary arteries and no major echocardiographic alterations at discharge. At the first month follow-up, he complained of fatigue and dyspnea, and contrast echocardiography complemented by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large left ventricular apical aneurysm with a thrombus communicating by two jets of a turbulent flow to an aneurysmatic formation of the right ventricular apex. The patient underwent a Dor procedure, which was successful. Ventricular septal defects and ventricular aneurysms are rare but devastating complications of STEMI, with almost all patients presenting multivessel coronary artery disease. Interestingly in this case, the angiographic pattern was normal.

Impact of Syncope on Quality of Life: Validation of a Measure in Patients Undergoing Tilt Testing

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recurrent syncope has a significant impact on quality of life. The development of measurement scales to assess this impact that are easy to use in clinical settings is crucial. The objective of the present study is a preliminary validation of the Impact of Syncope on Quality of Life questionnaire for the Portuguese population. METHODS: The instrument underwent a process of translation, validation, analysis of cultural appropriateness and cognitive debriefing. A population of 39 patients with a history of recurrent syncope (>1 year) who underwent tilt testing, aged 52.1 ± 16.4 years (21-83), 43.5% male, most in active employment (n=18) or retired (n=13), constituted a convenience sample. The resulting Portuguese version is similar to the original, with 12 items in a single aggregate score, and underwent statistical validation, with assessment of reliability, validity and stability over time. RESULTS: With regard to reliability, the internal consistency of the scale is 0.9. Assessment of convergent and discriminant validity showed statistically significant results (p<0.01). Regarding stability over time, a test-retest of this instrument at six months after tilt testing with 22 patients of the sample who had not undergone any clinical intervention found no statistically significant changes in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that this instrument is of value for assessing quality of life in patients with recurrent syncope in Portugal.

The Hybrid Approach for Palliation of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Intermediate Results of a Single-Center Experience

INTRODUCTION: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a major cause of cardiac death during the first week of life. The hybrid approach is a reliable, reproducible treatment option for patients with HLHS. Herein we report our results using this approach, focusing on its efficacy, safety and late outcome. METHODS: We reviewed prospectively collected data on patients treated for HLHS using a hybrid approach between July 2007 and September 2014. RESULTS: Nine patients had a stage 1 hybrid procedure, with seven undergoing a comprehensive stage 2 procedure. One patient completed the Fontan procedure. Five patients underwent balloon atrial septostomy after the hybrid procedure; in three patients, a stent was placed across the atrial septum. There were three deaths: two early after the hybrid procedure and one early after stage two palliation. Overall survival was 66%. CONCLUSIONS: In our single-center series, the hybrid approach for HLHS yields intermediate results comparable to those of the Norwood strategy. The existence of dedicated teams for the diagnosis and management of these patients, preferably in high-volume centers, is of major importance in this condition.

Aortic and Tricuspid Endocarditis in Hemodialysis Patient with Systemic and Pulmonary Embolism

This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Duração dos Episódios de Fibrilhação Auricular e Implicações no Risco Tromboembólico

Introdução: A fibrilhação auricular é uma arritmia comum e com risco tromboembólico bem documentado, estando definidas nas recomendações internacionais indicações referentes ao uso de anticoagulantes orais. Existem, contudo, lacunas de informação nomeadamente no que se refere à duração dos episódios de fibrilhação auricular e sua relação com o risco de tromboembolismo. Esta questão tem particular interesse em doentes com dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantados com documentação contínua da duração de episódios de taquidisritmias auriculares, que são frequentemente curtos e assintomáticos. Material e Métodos: Foi feita uma análise crítica da evidência disponível sobre a relação da duração dos episódios de FA paroxística e a ocorrência de eventos embólicos, com base numa pesquisa na base de dados bibliográfica PubMed. Resultados: Foram selecionados oito artigos com abordagens diferentes no estudo deste tema; sete com recurso a monitorização cardíaca com dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantados (pacemakers, cardioversores-desfibilhadores implantáveis e ressincronizadores cardíacos) e um com base em registo de Holter. Metade destas publicações, correspondendo globalmente às maiores amostragens, aborda a questão do ponto de vista do somatório diário de episódios de fibrilhação auricular (carga diária) e não da duração de cada episódio. O risco tromboembólico aumenta gradualmente com a carga arrítmica, tendo sido demonstrado um aumento significativo do risco quando esta ultrapassa os cinco minutos num dia. Discussão: A formação de um trombo intracavitário, e consequente potencial embólico, é um processo dinâmico que resulta da interacção de várias condicionantes anatómicas e funcionais. O risco individual dependerá da interacção destes factores. A associação entre fenómenos embólicos e curtos períodos de fibrilhação auricular é inequívoca, apesar do mecanismo não ser óbvio, tendo em conta a discrepância frequentemente observada entre os períodos de fibrilhação auricular e os eventos clínicos. Conclusões: O risco de eventos tromboembólicos aumenta significativamente mesmo para períodos curtos de fibrilhação auricular (≥ cinco minutos de fibrilhação auricular em um dia), apesar da relação causa-efeito não estar definida. A decisão final sobre o recurso à anticoagulação oral deve basear-se na avaliação clínica individualizada.

Percutaneous Treatment of Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Initial Experience with the MitraClip Device

INTRODUCTION: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular disease and has recently become the target of a number of percutaneous approaches. The MitraClip is virtually the only device for which there is considerable experience, with more than 20,000 procedures performed worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To describe our initial experience of the percutaneous treatment of MR with the MitraClip device. METHODS: We describe the first six MitraClip cases performed in this institution (mean age 58.5 ± 13.1 years), with functional MR grade 4+ and New York Heart Association (NYHA) heart failure class III or IV (n=3), with a mean follow-up of 290 ± 145 days. RESULTS: Procedural success (MR ≤ 2+) was 100%. Total procedure time was 115.8 ± 23.7 min, with no in-hospital adverse events and discharge between the fourth and eighth day, and consistent improvement in the six-minute walk test (329.8 ± 98.42 vs. 385.33 ± 106.95 m) and in NYHA class (three patients improved by two NYHA classes). During follow-up there were two deaths, in two of the four patients who had been initially considered for heart transplantation. CONCLUSION: In patients with functional MR the MitraClip procedure is safe, with both a high implantation and immediate in-hospital success rate. A longer follow-up suggests that the clinical benefit decreases or disappears completely in patients with more advanced heart disease, namely those denied transplantation or on the heart transplant waiting list.

Acute Kidney Injury after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Outcomes. Proposal for a Predictive Model

Objectives: To characterize the epidemiology and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after pediatric cardiac surgery in our center, to determine its association with poor short-term outcomes, and to develop a logistic regression model that will predict the risk of AKI for the study population. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included consecutive pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2010 and December 2012. Exclusion criteria were a history of renal disease, dialysis or renal transplantation. Results: Of the 325 patients included, median age three years (1 day---18 years), AKI occurred in 40 (12.3%) on the first postoperative day. Overall mortality was 13 (4%), nine of whom were in the AKI group. AKI was significantly associated with length of intensive care unit stay, length of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital death (p<0.01). Patients’ age and postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were included in the logistic regression model as predictor variables. The model accurately predicted AKI in this population, with a maximum combined sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 75.4%. Conclusions: AKI is common and is associated with poor short-term outcomes in this setting. Younger age and higher postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were powerful predictors of renal injury in this population. The proposed model could be a useful tool for risk stratification of these patients.