Selective removal of anomeric O-acetate groups in carbohydrates using HCl04-Si02-tr

A convenient methodology has been developed for the selective removal of the anomeric acyl group of carbohydrate derivatives using HCI04-Si02 under acidic reaction conditions. Anomeric benzoyl groups can also be removed selectively following similar reaction conditions. The yields were excellent in all cases.

Mild and efficient method for the cleavage of benzylidene acetals using HCl04-Si02 and directconversion of acetals to acetates

HCI04-Si02 has been used successfuIly for the deprotection of benzylidene acetals and the direct conversion of benzylidene acetals to the corresponding di-O-acetates. The reactions are very fast and yields are excellent

Gibbs energy of formation of nickel orthosilicate (Ni2SiO4)

Two solid state galvanic cells:Pt, Ni + Ni2Si04 + Si02/(Y203)Zr02/Ni + + NiO, Pt (1) and Pt, Ni + NizSiOj + Si02/CaF2/Ni + + NiO, Pt (11) have been employed for the determination of the Gibbs' energy of formation of nickel orthosilicate(Ni2Si04) from nickel oxide and quartz. The emf of cell (I) was reversible and reproducible in the temperature range 925 to 1375K whereas emf of cell (11) drifted with time and changed polarity. From the results of cell (I), the Gibbs' energy of formation of nickel silicate is obtained as,2Ni0 (r.s.) + Si02 (quartz) + Ni2Si04 (olivine)Gibbs' energy of formation of the spinel form of Ni2Si04 is obtained by combining the data for olivine obtained in this study with high pressure data on olivine to spinel transition reported in the literature. The complex time dependence of the emf of cell (11) can be rationalised on the basis of formation of calcium silicates from calcium oxide, generally present as an impurity in the calcium fluoride electrolyte, and silica. The emf of cell (11) is shown to be the function of the activity of calcium oxide at the electrolyte/ electrode interface. The results provide strong evidence against the recent suggestion of mixed anionic conduction in calcium fluoride.

新型后过渡金属铁系烯烃聚合催化剂的合成及乙烯聚合

合成了五种新型的含烯烃基的后过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂，并通过催化剂结构中的烯烃基，在自由基引发剂的作用下与苯乙烯共聚，生成高分子化烯烃聚合催化剂。详细研究了高分子化催化剂在不同条件下催化乙烯聚合的反应。用所合成的五种催化剂以及相应高分子化催化剂与MAO组成催化体系进行乙烯聚合得到以下结论：1.苯环邻位线型高分子链没有明显的大取代基的位阻效应。2.由于聚合物链对催化活性中心的包裹效应使得相同催化条件下，不同链结构的高分子化催化剂活性不同。为了提高聚乙烯的形态和堆密度设计合成了壳核结构催化剂，目的是将Si02的优良形态同高分子化催化剂的高活性结合在一起。表征表明催化剂形态得到很大提高，由不规则形态变成规整的球型。其催化乙烯聚合表明壳核催化剂具有很高的催化活性且得到意想不到的高分子量的聚乙烯。本论文根据铁系毗陡二亚胺化合物的结构可调的特点使之与茂金属催化剂结合设计并合成出两类双活性中心催化剂，其中一种催化剂催化所得聚乙烯具有独特的支链类型，另一种催化剂催化乙烯聚合得到分子量呈双峰分布的聚乙烯，但双峰之间距离略大，降低了材料的强度，为得到性能优越的聚乙烯材料需优化双中心之间的组合。

中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中层状硅质岩的地球化学特征及其成因意义

在中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中发育有数层的厚度不等的层状硅质岩，si02含量一般在90％ 以上，岩石富Fe，相对贫Mn、A1、Ti。亲石元素大量亏损，但富典型的热水沉积指示元素Ba、As、Sb，也有一定的铂族元素(PGE)的异常，稀土元素的配分模式呈左倾，有明显的Ce的负异常和轻微的Eu的正异常。63o si值变化范围为一0．7‰ ～1．2‰ ， O值变化范围为17．6％-29．0‰ 。硅质岩的地球化学表明其为热水沉积作用的产物。文章最后讨论了热水成因硅质岩的形成与硒富集的关系，认为形成硅质岩的构造环境可能是地壳深部se得以上升到浅部聚集的前提，而含硅热液则可能是硒的良好的”溶剂”。

FT-IR and MAS NMR analysis of montmorillonite K10 supported MF2 reagents and their activity as catalysis /

ZnF2, CdF2, and CUF2 have been adsorbed onto the surface of montmorillonite K10, and the infrared and 19F, 27 AI, and 29Si MAS NMR spectra of the reagents over a range of loadings have been obtained. CUF2 was observed to attack the Si02 layer and form the complex CuSiF6, Zn F2 tends to attack the aluminium oxide layer, in which Zn isomorphously replaces AI, and forms AIF3 and AIF4 - complexes. All the spectroscopic evidence ruled out the formation of any AI-F and/or Si-F free species as CdF2 is adsorbed on the surface of montmorillonite K10. The reactivity of MF2-K10 reagents towards Friedel-Crafts benzylation of benzene with benzyl chloride varied from one reagent to another. ZnF2-K10 was observed to be the most reactive and CUF2 was the least reactive.

An investigation of geological and geochemical characteristics of late-Quaternay sediments in the Georgian Bay Region, Southern Ontario

Core samples of postglacial sediments and sediment surface samples from Shepherd Lake on the Bruce Peninsula, Harts Lake on the Canadian Shield, and two cores from Georgian Bay (core P-l in the western deep part and core P-7 in the eastern shallow part) have been analyzed for pH, grain size distribution, water content, bulk density, loss on ignition at 4500C and 11000 C, major oxides (Si02 ,A1203,!FeO,MgO,CaO, Na20,K20,Ti02 ,MnO and P205) and trace elements (Ba,Zr,Sr,y,S, Zn,Cu,Ni,Ce and Rb). The sediment in Georgian Bay are generally fine grained (fine silt to very fine silty clay) and the grain size decreases from the Canadian Shield (core p-7) towards the Bruce Peninsula (core P-l) along the assumed direction of sediment transport. This trend coincides with a decrease in sorting coefficient and an increase in roundness. Other physical characteristics, such as water content, bulk density and loss on ignition are positively correlated with the composition of sediments and their compaction, as well as with the energy of the depositional environment. Analyses of sediment surface samples from Shepherd Lake and Harts Lake indicate the influence of bedrock and surficial deposits in the watershed on pH condition that is also influenced by the organic matter content and probably I ! I man's activities. Organic matter content increases significantly in the surface sediment in these small lakes as a result of either natural eutrophication or anthropogenic organic loading. The extremely high organic matter content in Shepherd Lake sediment indicates rapid natural eutrophication in this closed basin and high biological productivity during postglacial time, probably due to high nutrient levels and shallow depth. The chemical composition of the Canadian Shield bedrock is positively correlated with the chemical characteristics of predominantly inorganic lake sediments that were derived from the Shield rocks by glacial abrasion and by postglacial weathering and erosion of both bedrock and surficial deposits. High correlation coefficients were found between organic matter in lake sediments and major oxides (Si02,AI203,.~FeO, MgO,CaO,K20 and MnO) , as well as some trace elements (Ba,Y, S,Zn,Cu,Ni and Rb). The chemical composition of sediments in Harts Lake and core P-7 in Georgian Bay on the Canadian Shield differs from the chemistry of sediments in Shepherd Lake and core P-l in Georgian Bay on the Bruce Peninsula. The difference between cores P-l and P-7 is indicated by values of Si02 , AI203 ,:LFeo,Mgo,CaO,Ba,Zr,Sr,y and S, and also by the organic matter content. This study indicates that the processes of sediment transport, depositional environment, weathering of the rocks and surficial deposits in the watershed, as well as chemical composition of source rocks all affect the chemical characteristics of lake sediments. The stratigraphic changes and variations in lake sediment chemistry with regard to major oxides, trace elements, and organic matter content are probably related to the history of glacial and postglacial lake stages of the Georgian Bay Region and, therefore, the geochemical data can make a useful contribution to a better understanding of the Late-Quaternary history of the Great Lakes.

Physical volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and petrochemistry of the Berry Creek metavolcanics: an Archean calc-alkaline complex, Lake of the Woods, Ontario

The steeply dipping, isoclinally folded early Precambrian (Archean) Berry Creek Metavolcanic Complex comprises primary to resedimented pyroclastic, epiclastic and autoclastic deposits. Tephra erupted from central volcanic edifices was dumped by mass flow mechanisms into peripheral volcanosedimentary depressions. Sedimentation has been essentially contemporaneous with eruption and transport of tephra. The monolithic to heterolithic tuffaceous horizons are interpreted as subaerial to subaqueous pumice and ash flows, secondary debris flows, lahars, slump deposits and turbidites. Monolithic debris flows, derived from crumble breccia and dcme talus, formed during downslope collapse and subsequent gravity flowage. Heterolithic tuff, lahars and lava flow morphologies suggest at least temporary emergence of the edifice. Local collapse may have accompanied pyroclastic volcanism. The tephra, produced by hydromagmatic to magmatic eruptions, were rapidly transported, by primary and secondary mechanisms, to a shallow littoral to deep water subaqueous fan developed upon the subjacent mafic metavolcanic platform. Deposition resulted from traction, traction carpet, and suspension sedimentation from laminar to turbulent flows. Facies mapping revealed proximal (channel to overbank) to distal facies epiclastics (greywackes, argillite) intercalated with proximal vent to medial fan facies crystal rich ash flows, debris flows, bedded tuff and shallow water to deep water lava flows. Framework and matrix support debris flows exhibit a variety of subaqueous sedimentary structures, e.g., coarse tail grading, double grading, inverse to normal grading, graded stratified pebbly horizons, erosional channels. Pelitic to psammitic AE turbidites also contain primary stru~tures, e.g., flames, load casts, dewatering pipes. Despite low to intermediate pressure greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism and variably penetrative deformation, relicts of pumice fragments and shards were recognized as recrystallized quartzofeldspathic pseudomorphs. The mafic to felsic metavolcanics and metasediments contain blasts of hornblende, actinolite, garnet, pistacitic epidote, staurolite, albitic plagioclase, and rarely andalusite and cordierite. The mafic metavolcanics (Adams River Bay, Black River, Kenu Lake, Lobstick Bay, Snake Bay) display _holeiitic trends with komatiitic affinities. Chemical variations are consistent with high level fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, amphibole, and later magnetite from a parental komatiite. The intermediate to felsic (64-74% Si02) metavolcanics generally exhibit calc-alkaline trends. The compositional discontinuity, defined by major and trace element diversity, can be explained by a mechanism involving two different magma sources. Application of fractionation series models are inconsistent with the observed data. The tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites are probably derived by low pressure fractionation of a depleted (high degree of partial melting) mantle source. The depleted (low Y, Zr) calc-alkaline metavolcanics may be produced by partial melting of a geochemically evolved source, e.g., tonalitetrondhjemite, garnet amphibolite or hydrous basalt.

The Effect of Glass Additives on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of Ba(Mg 1 /3Ta2/3)03 Ceramics

The effect of glass additives on the densification , phase evolution, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Mg1;3 Ta2i3)03 (BMT) was investigated . Different weight percentages of quenched glass such as B203 , Si02, B203-SiO2, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B2O3, Al203-SiO2, Na20-2B203.10H20, BaO-B203-SiO2, MgO-B203-SiO2, PbO-B203-SiO2 , ZnO-B203-SiO2 and 2MgO-Al203-5SiO2 were added to calcined BMT precursor . The sintering temperature of the glass -added BMT samples were lowered down to 1300 °C compared to solid-state sintering where the temperature was 1650 °C. The formation of high temperature satellite phases such as Ba5Ta4O15 and Ba7Ta6O22 were found to be suppressed by the glass addition . Addition of glass systems such as B203, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B203 and ZnO-B203-SiO2 improved the densification and microwave dielectric properties. Other glasses were found to react with BMT to form low-Q phases which prevented densification . The microwave dielectric properties of undoped BMT with a densification of 93 . 1 % of the theoretical density were Cr = 24 . 8, Tr = 8 ppm/°C and Q„ x f= 80,000 GHz. The BMT doped with 1.0 wt% of B203 has Q„ x f = 124,700GHz, Cr = 24.2, and T f = -1.3 ppm /°C. The unloaded Q factor of 0.2 wt% ZnO-B203-doped BMT was 136,500 GHz while that of 1.0 wt% of 5ZnO-2B203 added ceramic was Q„ x f= 141,800 GHz . The best microwave quality factor was observed for ZnO -B203-SiO2 (ZBS) glass-added ceramics which can act as a perfect liquid-phase medium for the sintering of BMT. The microwave dielectric properties of 0.2wt% ZBS-added BMT dielectric was Q„ x f= 152,800 GHz, F,= 25.5, and Tr = - 1.5 ppm/°C

Propionylation of anisole to 4-methoxypropiophenone over zeolite H-beta

The results of a detailed study of the propionylation of anisole over various medium and large pore zeolites such as H-ZSM-5, H-beta, H-Na-beta. H-mordenite. H-Y and H-RE- Y are presented and discussed. In addition, homogenous catalysts and amorphous Si02-Al2O3 are also included for comparison, The catalyst and process parameters are optimised to enhance the conversion of propionyl chloride(PC) and selectivity to 4-methoxypropiophenone(4-MOPP).

Linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites.

We present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. Obvious enhancement of ultraviolet (UV) emission of the samples is observed, and the strongest UV emission of a typical ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite is over three times stronger than that of pure ZnO. The nonlinearity of the silica colloid is low, and its nonlinear response can be improved by making composites with ZnO. These nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behavior. The observed nonlinear absorption is explained through two photon absorption followed by weak free carrier absorption and nonlinear scattering. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increase with increasing ZnO volume fraction and can be attributed to the enhancement of exciton oscillator strength. ZnO-SiO2 is a potential nanocomposite material for the UV light emission and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.

Petrologia do macico mafico-ultramafico passo do ivo, sao gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul

o Maciço Máfico-ultramáfico Passo do Ivo, localizado ao sul de São Gabriel (RS), é um corpo de forma alongada,encaixado nos metamorfitos do Grupo Vacacaí e o conjunto está encravado tectonicamente, em litologias graníticas. Foram distinguidas zonas de concentração preferencial de minerais dentro do maciço, constituindo as seguintes litologias: olivina acumulados, clinopiroxênio-olivina acumulados, clinopiroxênio, ottopiroxênio-olivina acumulados e gabros. Na parte central do corpo, a mineralogia e as texturas ígneas estão preservadas. Nas partes externas, predomina a mineralogia metamórfica: actinolita, clorita, tremolita e cumingtonita. Os estudos petrográficos revelaram texturas acumuladas, características dos complexos estratiformes. As análises químicas mostram que MgO, Fe203 apresentam correlação negativa com Si02; FeO, Ti02, Na20, CaO e A1203 apresentam correlação positiva com Si02; Cr, Ni e Co apresentam valores médios de, respectivamente, 4288 ppm, 656 ppm e 175 ppm nos ultramafitos. Infere-se que o corpo tenha-se formado a partir da cristalização fracionada de minerais máficos de um magma toleítico magnesiano que se diferenciou,segundo um "trend" komatiitico. Após o emplaçamento do corpo máfico-ultramáfico nos metamorfitos, os granitos circundantes, provavelmente intrusivos, provocaram um metamorfismo de contato nas rochas do maciço que atingiram o facies xistos-verdes e localmente anfibolito. A formação de xistos magnesianos em algumas partes do corpo, sugere metamorfismo dinâmico associado aos extensos falhamentos NE que cortam a região.

Filmes finos dielétricos para dispositivos microeletrônicos avançados

Apresentamos mecanismos de formação e de degradação térmica de filmes fi- nos (espessura da ordem de 10 nm) de diferentes dielétricos sobre substrato de silício monocristalino. Tendo em vista a aplicação dessas estruturas em MOSFETs (transistores de efeito de campo metal-óxido-semicondutor), estudamos o consagrado óxido de silício (SiO2), os atuais substitutos oxinitretos de silício (SiOxNy) e o possível substituto futuro óxido de alumínio (Al2O3). Nossos resultados experimentais baseiam-se em técnicas preparativas de substituição isotópica e de caracterização física com feixes de íons (análise com reações nucleares) ou raios- X (espectroscopia de fotoelétrons). Observamos que: (a) átomos de silício não apresentam difusão de longo alcance (além de ~ 2 nm) durante o crescimento de SiO2 por oxidação térmica do silício em O2; (b) nitretação hipertérmica é capaz de produzir filmes finos de oxinitreto de silício com até dez vezes mais nitrogênio que o resultante do processamento térmico usual, sendo que esse nitrogênio tende a se acumular na interface SiOxNy/Si; e (c) átomos de oxigênio, alumínio e silício migram e promovem reações químicas durante o recozimento térmico de estruturas Al2O3/SiO2/Si em presença de O2. Desenvolvemos um modelo de difusão-reação que poderá vir a permitir o estabelecimento de condições ótimas de processamento térmico para filmes finos de Al2O3 sobre silício a serem empregados na fabricação de MOSFETs.

Evolução mineralógica da alteração laterítica em rochas vulcânicas básicas na borda sudeste da Bacia do Paraná (Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina)

Perfis de alteração em basaltos com baixos teores de Ti02 (LTiB) da Parte Sudeste da Bacia do Paraná (SPB) associam-se a superfícies aplainadas, nos planaltos das Araucárias (Ab' Saber, 1973), entre altitudes de 950 m a 750 m (Vacaria) e 1000m a 920m (a Sul de Lages). Em domínios mais dissecados do relevo, que crescem de Este para Oeste, e nas encostas intensamente dissecadas destes planaltos a Sul (calha do rio Antas) e a Norte (calha do rio Pelotas), os perfis de alteração são truncados ou inexistentes. A associação dos perfis de alteração com superfícies geomorfológicamente mais antigas (aplainadas e elevadas) faz supor que o início dos processos de alteração seja correlativo às superfícies aplainadas, antigo e, provável mente, Terciário. As sequências de alteração mais completas localizam-se em morros de topo plano e apresentam as seguintes fácies: Rocha mãe, saprólito, alterito argiloso, alterito esferoidal, "stone line", coberturas móveis e solo atual. Químicamente os produtos de alteração intempérica dos basaltos são "lateritas" segundo definição de Schellmann (1981), com enriquecimento em Fe2D.3 e H20; perdas em Si02, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na20 e K20; prováveis pequenas perdas emA12D.3. No saprólito, os pedaços de rocha fragmentada permitiram a descrição das alterações hidrotermais refletidas nas para gêneses dos sítios intersticiais, constitui dos por materiais cristalinos e criptocristalinos. Os cristais de titanomagnetita aparecem com manchas azuis irregulares que sugerem variações cristaloquímicas contínuas dentro de um mesmo cristal, típicas da maghemitização. O alterito argiloso é sede de pseudomorfoses dos minerais magmáticos e hidrotermais. Esmectitas, ocupam os sítios das camadas mistas hidrotermais; halloysitas 7 e 10 Á são dominantes nos plasmas das pseudomorfoses de plagioclásios e plasmas ricos em ferro e sílica predominam nas pseudomorfoses de piroxênios. Observa-se a transição halloysita -caolinita desordenada rica em ferro estrutural nas partes superiores do conjunto. Os plasmas secundários são silico-aluminosos, nas partes baixas do conjunto, e predominantemente opacos no topo. Estes plasmas constituem-se de halloysita, litioforita (ou plasma rico em Mn), goethita e maghemita. O alterito esferoidal apresenta o núcleo de rocha e um córtex de cor amarelo -alaranjada em que se verifica a presença dominante da goethita aluminosa. Secundáriamente, aparecem cristobalita, maghemita e gibbsita. As coberturas móveis, são constitui das de plasma caolinítico e plasmas ricos em hematita e goethita. Aparecem ainda grânulos, pisólitos e nódulos herdados de antigas couraças desmanteladas. Os minerais, formados em condições lateritizantes, são os filossilicatos halloysita 7Á e lOÁ, caolinita desordenada e os óxidos e hidróxidos, hematita, goethita, gibbsita e litioforita.Observou-se que a mineralogia de alteração está intimamente associada à textura da rocha original. Encontram-se, ainda, nestes horizontes de alteração intempérica, a cristobalita (metaestável) e a titanomaghemita. As titanomaghemitas identificadas nos saprólitos e alteritos apresentam as características de maghemitização: diminuição da taxa 32(Fe+ Ti)/O, aumento de lacunas na malha cristalina e diminuição do parâmetro ~. Mg diminui com o intemperismo, Mn e AI se concentram nas fases magnéticas. A halloysita 7Á predomina sobre a lOÁ, na fração < 2Jlm, do alterito argiloso, alterito esferoidal e no sistema fissural. A caolinita predomina no horizonte "tacheté". No alterito esferoidal, ocorre também caolinita e esmectita. As argilas halloysíticas apresentam quatro morfologias: esferas, tubos, lamelas planares e cones. A halloysita forma-se preferencialmente à caolinita no córtex de alteração do alterito esferoidal e na fácies argilosa, constituindo um primeiro estágio de intemperismo. Os tubos e cones têm os menores teores de Fe2Ü3 enquanto as halloysitas planares têm os mais altos teores de Fe2Ü3. O teor de Fe das partículas esferoidais é variado. Os óxidos e hidróxidos destes perfis caracterizaram variações da atividade a água, de atividade da sílica dissolvida e temperatura, refletindo as paleocondições (climáticas) de formação destas coberturas fósseis.

The effect of cooling rate during hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)