O comércio intra-industrial brasileiro de 1990 a 2013: mensuração, decomposição e os determinantes

Em uma relação de bilateral,o comérciointra-industrial (CII)acontece quando os dois países exportam e importam produtos pertencentes a uma mesma indústria. Conforme apontam diversas pesquisas relacionadas a esse assunto, o intercâmbio intra-indústriade produtos tem aumentado sua participação nas transações bilaterais. Não obstante, os resultados mensurados para o comércio entre o Brasil e o resto do mundo revelam a predominância do engajamento inter-industrial em detrimento do intra-industrial. Observando dados de comércio que abrangem todos os produtos catalogados com seis dígitos no Sistema Harmonizado, esta dissertação investiga o comércio intra-industrial brasileiro entre o período de 1990 a 2013 sob suas duas formas: o intercâmbio de bens diferenciados horizontalmente e verticalmente. Ademais, a pesquisa de mensuração do CII vertical se dedica a definição dos lados superior e inferior, a fim de verificar se o Brasil é exportador ou importador líquido de bens verticalmente diferenciados de qualidade relativamente superior. Dentre a amostra de 57 países, as relações bilaterais em que o índice de Grubel e Lloyd (GL) se mostrou mais expressivo foram Argentina, Estados Unidos, México, Alemanha, Suécia, Uruguai, França, Itália, Reino Unido e Colômbia. Com relação aos setores que mais contribuíram para o índice que mensura o shareintra-industrial do comércio, destacam-se os ramos produtores de materiais de transporte e máquinas e materiais elétricos, também merecendo menção o setor de produtos químicos.Utilizando técnicas econométricas usuais da abordagem de dados em painel, a investigação dos determinantes do CII nos leva à aceitação da hipótese que relaciona o CII à presença de economias de escala. Além disso, os parâmetros estimados revelam que a distância geográfica que separa o Brasil de seu parceiro comercial prejudica mais o comércio intra-industrial vis-à-vis o inter-industrial. O processo de integração desencadeado pelo MERCOSUL, por sua vez, mostrou efeito positivo sobre o comércio intra-industrialvertical.

Holographic recording in [Sb(Po-3)(3)](n)-Sb2O3 glassy films by photoinduced volume and refraction index changes

Glassy films of 0.2[Sb(PO3)(3)]-0,8Sb(2)O(3) with 0.8 mum-thickness were deposited on quartz substrates by electron beam evaporation. A contraction in the film thickness (photoinduced decrease in volume) and photobleaching effect associated with a decrease of up to 25% in the index of refraction has been observed in the films after irradiation near the bandgap (3.89 eV), using the 350.7 nm (3.54 eV) Kr+ ion laser line with 2.5 W/cm(2) for 30 min. A loss of 30% in the phosphorus concentration was measured by wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis in the film after laser irradiation with 5.0 W/cm(2) for 1.0 h. These photoinduced changes in the samples are dependent on the power density and intensity profile of the laser beam. Using a Lloyd's mirror setup for continuous wave holography it was possible to record holographic gratings with period from 500 nm up to 20 mum and depth profile of similar to50 nm in the films after laser irradiation with 5.0 W/cm(2) for 1 h. Real-time diffraction efficiency measurements have shown that ultraviolet irradiation induces first a refractive index grating formation, and after this, the photocon traction effect takes place generating an irreversible relief grating. Diffraction efficiency up to 10% was achieved for the recorded gratings. 3D-refraction index measurements and atomic force microscopy images are presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A discussion of the research performance evaluation in building and construction management discipline : the journal impact factors and SCI-index journals

The trend of diminished funding, demands for greater efficiency and higher public accountability have led to a rapid expansion of interest in the bibliometric assessment of research performance of universities. A pilot research is conducted to provide a preliminary overview of the research performance of the building and construction schools or departments through the analysis of bibliometric indicators including the journal impact factor (JIF) published by Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). The suitability of bibliometric evaluation approaches as a measure of research quality in building and construction management research field is discussed.

Lens shape and refractive index distribution in type 1 diabetes

Purpose: To compare lens dimensions and refractive index distributions in type 1 diabetes and age-matched control groups. Methods: There were 17 participants with type 1 diabetes, consisting of two subgroups (7 young [23 ± 4 years] and 10 older [54 ± 4 years] participants), with 23 controls (13 young, 24 ± 4 years; 10 older, 55 ± 4 years). For each participant, one eye was tested with relaxed accommodation. A 3T clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner was used to image the eye, employing a multiple spin echo (MSE) sequence to determine lens dimensions and refractive index profiles along the equatorial and axial directions. Results: The diabetes group had significantly smaller lens equatorial diameters and larger lens axial thicknesses than the control group (diameter mean ± 95% confidence interval [CI]: diabetes group 8.65 ± 0.26 mm, control group 9.42 ± 0.18 mm; axial thickness: diabetes group 4.33 ± 0.30 mm, control group 3.80 ± 0.14 mm). These differences were also significant within each age group. The older group had significantly greater axial thickness than the young group (older group 4.35 ± 0.26 mm, young group 3.70 ± 0.25 mm). Center refractive indices of diabetes and control groups were not significantly different. There were some statistically significant differences between the refractive index fitting parameters of young and older groups, but not between diabetes and control groups of the same age. Conclusions: Smaller lens diameters occurred in the diabetes groups than in the age-matched control groups. Differences in refractive index distribution between persons with and without diabetes are too small to have important effects on instruments measuring axial thickness.

Coherent potential approximation, averaged T-matrix approximation and Lloyd's model

It is shown how the single-site coherent potential approximation and the averaged T-matrix approximation become exact in the calculation of the averaged single-particle Green function of the electron in the Anderson model when the site energy is distributed randomly with lorentzian distribution. Using these approximations, Lloyd's exact result is reproduced.

Improvement of sensitivity and refractive-index changes in LiNbO3 : Ce : Cu crystals with UV light

A nonvolatile recording scheme is proposed using LiNbO3:Ce:Cu crystals and modulated UV light to record gratings simultaneously in two centres and using red light to bleach the grating in the shallow centre to realize persistent photorefractive holographic storage. Compared with the normal UV-sensitized nonvolatile holographic system, the amplitude of refractive-index changes is greatly increased and the recording sensitivity is significantly enhanced by recording with UV light in the LiNbO3:Ce:Cu crystals. Based on jointly solving the two-centre material equations and the coupled-wave equations, temporal evolutions of the photorefractive grating and the diffraction effciency are effectively described and numerically analysed. Roles of doping levels and recording-beam intensity are discussed in detail. Theoretical results confirm and predict experimental results.

Valence state change and refractive index change induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in Sm3+ doped fluoroaluminate glass

We report femtosecond laser induced valence state and refractive index change in transparent Sin(3+)-doped fluoroaluminate glass. The effect of annealing on the induced changes was studied and the thermal stability of these changes was discussed. The results show that the femtosecond laser induced valence state change is more stable than the induced refractive index change. The observed phenomenon could be applied to design the thermally erasable or stable storage medium. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Some aspects on growth and condition index of Saccostrea cucullata (Born), Cerithium rubus (Desh) and Tellina angulata Gmelin from Bombay coast

Size variation, growth, condition index and spawning periodicities of three species of molluscs were studied for a period of 15 months from a polluted and a relatively clean marine habitat near Bombay, Maharashtra, India. Growth of Saccostrea cucullata was 1.2 times and of Cerithium rubus was 1.6 times higher in unpolluted habitat than the polluted water. Spawning was during premonsoon in S. cucullata, post monsoon in C. rubus and monsoon in Tellina angulata. Condition index and percentage edibility values were higher at less polluted stations.

Measurement of chirp parameter and modulation index of a semiconductor laser based on optical spectrum analysis

A novel and simple method for measuring the chirp parameter, frequency, and intensity modulation indexes of directly modulated lasers is proposed in a small-signal modulation scheme. A graphical approach is presented. An analytical solution to the measurement of low chirp parameters is also given. The measured results agree well with those obtained using the conventional methods.

Structural and optical characterization of InAs nanostructures grown on (001) and high index InP substrates

The effects of InP substrate orientations on self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) have been investigated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A comparison between atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows that a high density of smaller InAs islands can be obtained by using such high index substrates. On the other hand, by introducing a lattice-matched underlying In0.52Al0.24Ga0.24As layer, the InAs QDs can be much more uniform in size and have a great improvement in PL properties. More importantly, 1.55-mu m luminescence at room temperature (RT) can be realized in InAs QDs deposited on (001) InP substrate with underlying In0.52Al0.24Ga0.24As layer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of InGaAs quantum dots with an underlying InGaAlAs layer on GaAs(100) and high index substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper, InGaAs quantum dots with an adjusting InGaAlAs layer underneath are grown on (n 1 1)A/B (n = 2-5) and the reference (1 0 0) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Small and dense InGaAs quantum dots are formed on (1 0 0) and (n 1 1)B substrates. A comparative study by atomic force microscopy shows that the alignment and uniformity for InGaAs quantum dots are greatly improved on(5 1 1)B but deteriorated on (3 1 1)B surface, demonstrating the great influence of the buried InGaAlAs layer. There is an increase in photoluminescence intensity and a decrease in the full-width at half-maximum when n varies from 2 to 5. Quantum dots formed on (3 1 1)A and (5 1 1)A surfaces are large and random in distribution, and no emission from these dots can be detected. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessing the potential of VEGETATION sensor data for mapping snow and ice cover: a Normalized Difference Snow and Ice Index

The VEGETATION (VGT) sensor in SPOT 4 has four spectral bands that are equivalent to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands (blue, red, near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral bands) and provides daily images of the global land surface at a 1-km spatial resolution. We propose a new index for identifying and mapping of snow ice cover, namely the Normalized Difference Snow/Ice Index (NDSII), which uses reflectance values of red and mid-infrared spectral bands of Landsat TM and VGT. For Landsat TM data, NDSII is calculated as NDSIITM =(TM3 -TM5)/(TM3 +TM5); for VGT data, NDSII is calculated as NDSIIVGT =(B2- MIR)/(B2 + MIR). As a case study we used a Landsat TM image that covers the eastern part of the Qilian mountain range in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau of China. NDSIITM gave similar estimates of the area and spatial distribution of snow/ice cover to the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI=(TM2-TM5)/(TM2+TM5)) which has been proposed by Hall et al. The results indicated that the VGT sensor might have the potential for operational monitoring and mapping of snow/ice cover from regional to global scales, when using NDSIIVGT.

Relationship Between Infestation By Mytilicola-Intestinalis Steuer (Copepoda Cyclopoidea) And Condition Index Of Mytilus-Edulis In Southwest England

Seasonal cycles in the condition index of Mytilus edulis from three sites in southwest England are described. These are analysed in relation to host length, stage of gonad development and parasite burden by linear regression analysis. An effect on the condition index due to the presence of Mytilicola intestinalis can be detected only in the sublittoral mussels in those few winter months when the mean intensity of infestation is over about 25 parasites per host. In all cases studied, the magnitude of the effect due to variation in host length, stage of gonad development, seasonal cycles and environmental factors is greater than that due to parasitism.