Runaway Greenhouse Effect in a Semigray Radiative-Convective Model

The effects of the nongray absorption (i.e., atmospheric opacity varying with wavelength) on the possible upper bound of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) emitted by a planetary atmosphere have been examined. This analysis is based on the semigray approach, which appears to be a reasonable compromise between the complexity of nongray models and the simplicity of the gray assumption (i.e., atmospheric absorption independent of wavelength). Atmospheric gases in semigray atmospheres make use of constant absorption coefficients in finite-width spectral bands. Here, such a semigray absorption is introduced in a one-dimensional (1D) radiative– convective model with a stratosphere in radiative equilibrium and a troposphere fully saturated with water vapor, which is the semigray gas. A single atmospheric window in the infrared spectrum has been assumed. In contrast to the single absolute limit of OLR found in gray atmospheres, semigray ones may also show a relative limit. This means that both finite and infinite runaway effects may arise in some semigray cases. Of particular importance is the finding of an entirely new branch of stable steady states that does not appear in gray atmospheres. This new multiple equilibrium is a consequence of the nongray absorption only. It is suspected that this new set of stable solutions has not been previously revealed in analyses of radiative–convective models since it does not appear for an atmosphere with nongray parameters similar to those for the earth’s current state

The effect of atmospheric absorption of sunlight on the runaway greenhouse point

The longwave emission of planetary atmospheres that contain a condensable absorbing gas in the infrared (i.e., longwave), which is in equilibrium with its liquid phase at the surface, may exhibit an upper bound. Here we analyze the effect of the atmospheric absorption of sunlight on this radiation limit. We assume that the atmospheric absorption of infrared radiation is independent of wavelength except within the spectral width of the atmospheric window, where it is zero. The temperature profile in radiative equilibrium is obtained analytically as a function of the longwave optical thickness. For illustrative purposes, numerical values for the infrared atmospheric absorption (i.e., greenhouse effect) and the liquid vapor equilibrium curve of the condensable absorbing gas refer to water. Values for the atmospheric absorption of sunlight (i.e., antigreenhouse effect) take a wide range since our aim is to provide a qualitative view of their effects. We find that atmospheres with a transparent region in the infrared spectrum do not present an absolute upper bound on the infrared emission. This result may be also found in atmospheres opaque at all infrared wavelengths if the fraction of absorbed sunlight in the atmosphere increases with the longwave opacity

Carbon dioxide and climate [microform] : the greenhouse effect : hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment and the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, March 25, 1982.

"No. 115."

Ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and climate change : hearings before the Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth [-One Hundreth] Congress ...

"January 28, 1987"--Pt. 2.

Greenhouse effect and global climate change : hearings before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session ....

"June 23, 1988"--pt. 2.

Proposta d’una metodologia pràctica: càlcul de potencialitats de captació de carboni en sistemes agroforestals a l'APA Itacaré/Serra Grande, Bahía- Brasil

En aquest projecte s’ha treballat amb una entitat no governamental, que es troba en la regió de Bahia (Brasil). L’associació “Mecenas da Vida” és una ONG que treballa en l’àmbit de la conservació del medi natural, fent partícips la pròpia població local. Petits agricultors dels municipis d’Itacaré i Uruçuca a l’Estat de Bahia que formen part del projecte, realitzen pràctiques conservacionistes i en compensació reben un pagament, per aquests serveis. Aquests diners provenen d’una taxa voluntària que paguen alguns empresaris turístics dels mateixos municipis. Pagant aquest import, els empresaris obtenen un segell distintiu que acredita la compensació de les seves emissions de CO2. El projecte tracta d’aportar un model de càlcul més específic al seuprograma de neutralització de carboni, amb sistemes agroforestals (SAF).No s’han trobat fonts d’informació sobre monitoratge de carboni en SAF en aquesta regió

Analytical investigation of the atmospheric radiation limits in semigray atmospheres in radiative equilibrium

We model the wavelength-dependent absorption of atmospheric gases by assuming constant mass absorption coefficients in finite-width spectral bands. Such a semigray atmosphere is analytically solved by a discrete ordinate method. The general solution is analyzed for a water vapor saturated atmosphere that also contains a carbon dioxide-like absorbing gas in the infrared. A multiple stable equilibrium with a relative upper limit in the outgoing long-wave radiation is found. Differing from previous radiative–convective models, we find that the amount of carbon dioxide strongly modifies the value of this relative upper limit. This result is also obtained in a gray (i.e., equal absorption of radiation at all infrared wavelengths) water vapor saturated atmosphere. The destabilizing effect of carbon dioxide implies that massive carbon dioxide atmospheres are more likely to reach a runaway greenhouse state than thin carbon dioxide ones

Combining satellite data and models to estimate cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the atmosphere

Satellite measurements and numerical forecast model reanalysis data are used to compute an updated estimate of the cloud radiative effect on the global multi-annual mean radiative energy budget of the atmosphere and surface. The cloud radiative cooling effect through reflection of shortwave radiation dominates over the longwave heating effect, resulting in a net cooling of the climate system of –21 Wm-2. The shortwave radiative effect of cloud is primarily manifest as a reduction in the solar radiation absorbed at the surface of -53 Wm-2. Clouds impact longwave radiation by heating the moist tropical atmosphere (up to around 40 Wm-2 for global annual means) while enhancing the radiative cooling of the atmosphere over other regions, in particular higher latitudes and sub-tropical marine stratocumulus regimes. While clouds act to cool the climate system during the daytime, the cloud greenhouse effect heats the climate system at night. The influence of cloud radiative effect on determining cloud feedbacks and changes in the water cycle are discussed.

Can we delay a greenhouse warming? : the effectiveness and feasibility of options to slow a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere /

Mode of access: Internet.

Redes Neuronais Artificiais na Otimização do Processo de Digestão Anaeróbia - Aplicação a uma ETAR da AdCL

Numa sociedade com elevado consumo energético, a dependência de combustíveis fósseis em evidente diminuição de disponibilidades é um tema cada vez mais preocupante, assim como a poluição atmosférica resultante da sua utilização. Existe, portanto, uma necessidade crescente de recorrer a energias renováveis e promover a otimização e utilização de recursos. A digestão anaeróbia (DA) de lamas é um processo de estabilização de lamas utilizado nas Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR) e tem, como produtos finais, a lama digerida e o biogás. Maioritariamente constituído por gás metano, o biogás pode ser utilizado como fonte de energia, reduzindo, deste modo, a dependência energética da ETAR e a emissão de gases com efeito de estufa para a atmosfera. A otimização do processo de DA das lamas é essencial para o aumento da produção de biogás. No presente relatório de estágio, as Redes Neuronais Artificiais (RNA) foram aplicadas ao processo de DA de lamas de ETAR. As RNA são modelos simplificados inspirados no funcionamento das células neuronais humanas e que adquirem conhecimento através da experiência. Quando a RNA é criada e treinada, produz valores de output aproximadamente corretos para os inputs fornecidos. Uma vez que as DA são um processo bastante complexo, a sua otimização apresenta diversas dificuldades. Foi esse o motivo para recorrer a RNA na otimização da produção de biogás nos digestores das ETAR de Espinho e de Ílhavo da AdCL, utilizando o software NeuralToolsTM da PalisadeTM, contribuindo, desta forma, para a compreensão do processo e do impacto de algumas variáveis na produção de biogás.

Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation

Global warming has potentially catastrophic impacts in Amazonia, while at the same time maintenance of the Amazon forest offers one of the most valuable and cost-effective options for mitigating climate change. We know that the El Niño phenomenon, caused by temperature oscillations of surface water in the Pacific, has serious impacts in Amazonia, causing droughts and forest fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature oscillations in the Atlantic also provoke severe droughts (as in 2005). We also know that Amazonian trees die both from fires and from water stress under hot, dry conditions. In addition, water recycled through the forest provides rainfall that maintains climatic conditions appropriate for tropical forest, especially in the dry season. What we need to know quickly, through intensified research, includes progress in representing El Niño and the Atlantic oscillations in climatic models, representation of biotic feedbacks in models used for decision-making about global warming, and narrowing the range of estimating climate sensitivity to reduce uncertainty about the probability of very severe impacts. Items that need to be negotiated include the definition of "dangerous" climate change, with the corresponding maximum levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation of global warming must include maintaining the Amazon forest, which has benefits for combating global warming from two separate roles: cutting the flow the emissions of carbon each year from the rapid pace of deforestation, and avoiding emission of the stock of carbon in the remaining forest that can be released by various ways, including climate change itself. Barriers to rewarding forest maintenance include the need for financial rewards for both of these roles. Other needs are for continued reduction of uncertainty regarding emissions and deforestation processes, as well as agreement on the basis of carbon accounting. As one of the countries most subject to impacts of climate change, Brazil must assume the leadership in fighting global warming.

Estudi de les càrregues ambientals del compostatge casolà. Simulació d'un sistema de compostatge domèstic i determinació d'emissions de gasos contaminants

Aquest treball s’enfoca cap l’anàlisi de les emissions de gasos amb un potencial impacte negatiu sobre l’entorn que es poden emetre a l’atmosfera durant el compostatge casolà com són el metà i l’òxid nitrós pel seu paper de gasos d’efecte hivernacle i l’amoníac, però sense oblidar el seguiment dels paràmetres del procés en si i la determinació de la qualitat del compost produït. Durant poc més de 6 mesos s’ha simulat un sistema de compostatge casolà tal i com podria donar‐se en un domicili particular i s’ha confirmat la seva eficàcia en la reducció en pes del residu tractat així com l’obtenció d’un producte final altament estable i d’una qualitat més que acceptable. Pel que fa a les emissions de gasos, les quantitats determinades no són menyspreables. L’experiment s’ha realitzat per triplicat. Les emissions són molt erràtiques i no s’han trobat patrons clars en la seva evolució durant el procés de compostatge més enllà d’una certa correlació entre les emissions d’amoníac i la diferència de temperatures entre l’ambient i l’interior dels compostadors. Cal destacat un elevat grau de biaix en la determinació d’emissions gasoses a petita escala, com és el cas del compostatge casolà. Finalment constatar que la generació de lixiviats en el compostatge domèstic pot ser important donat el contingut en aigua de la matèria orgànica tractada a nivell casolà i el limitat accés a material estructurant sec que es té per a compensar‐les.