The influence of handling and exposure to a ferret on body temperature and running wheel activity of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

In order to determine a stress response, two groups of twenty male golden hamsters were either exposed to a ferret or handled by a human. The hamsters' body temperature and running wheel activity were measured as stress correlates. Half of the hamsters' cages were equipped with a functional running wheel to determine whether the presence of a running wheel might reduce stress. Exposure to the ferret was followed by a significant increase in body temperature and running wheel revolutions: however, running wheel activity did not change after handling. Body temperature increased less after handling in hamsters living in a cage with a functional running wheel than in those with a non-revolving running wheel. This suggests that hamsters with a functional running wheel reacted less strongly to acute stress caused by handling. On the other hand, temperature increase after the exposure to a ferret was not affected by the presence of a running wheel. Both exposure to a ferret and handling caused stress in golden hamsters, as demonstrated by an increase in body temperature (emotional fever). Stress caused by handling was much milder than stress caused by the ferret. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Effects of Apomorphine on Sexual Behavior and Aggression in Male Golden Hamsters

The general dopamine agonist apomorphine has been shown to have mostly facilitative effects on sexual behavior in rodents (Domingues & Hull, 2005; Bitran & Hull, 1987). A study looking at the effectsof apomorphine on sexual behavior in male golden hamsters observed that after systemic injections of apomorphine the males became aggressive towards the estrous females (Floody, unpublished). Studies on aggressive behavior have shown that apomorphine has facilitative effects on aggression in rodents (Nelson & Trainor, 2007; van Erp & Miczek, 2000; Ferrari, van Erp, Tornatzky, & Miczek, 2003). The studies presented here attempt to unravel the effects that apomorphine has on sexual and aggressive behavior in male golden hamsters. Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 focused on the effects of apomorphine on aggression and Study 5 focused on the effects of apomorphine on sexual behavior. It was important for the purposes ofthis study to have separate, specific measures of aggression and sexual behavior that did not involve a social context that would involve multiple behaviors and motivations. The measure used to assessaggression was flank marking behavior. The measure used to assess sexual behavior was the number of vocalizations in response to sexual stimuli. The results from Studies 1, 2, and 3 suggested thatapomorphine increased aggressive motivation in a dose-dependent manner. In Studies 1 and 2 there was a high occurrence of stereotyped cheek pouching that interfered with the flank marking behavior. In Study 3 the procedure was modified to prevent cheek pouching and flank marking was observed uninhibited. Study 5 suggested a decrease in vocalizations after apomorphine treatment. However, this decrease may have been a result of the increase in stereotyped licking behavior. Results suggested that systemic apomorphine treatments increase aggressive motivation in hamsters. The increase in aggressive motivation may confuse the perception of the sensory signals that the males receive from the estrous females. They may haveperceived the estrous female as a nonestrous female which they would normally associate with an aggressive interaction (Lehman, Powers, & Winans, 1983).

Hereditary hydrocephalus in laboratory-reared golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

A colony of golden hamsters had an ongoing problem with hydrocephalus. In an attempt to clear the colony of the problem, new breeders from another supplier had been purchased. At termination of a behavioral study, the brain was collected from 35 animals (four of which had died with hydrocephalus during the study) and was examined macroscopically and by light microscopy. Although no animals manifested obvious behavioral changes, 31 of 35 (88.6%, 13/15 males and 18/20 females in control and manipulated groups) had hydrocephalus. Twenty-five animals had macroscopically identifiable hydrocephalus, and six had hydrocephalus identified microscopically. Neither teratogenic concentrations of metals nor mycotoxins were detected in tissues or food, and sera from breeders tested negative for antibodies to Sendai virus, reovirus 3, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Trial matings of breeders expected to produce hydrocephalic offspring resulted in affected offspring, and mating of breeders expected to produce normal offspring resulted in normal or less-affected offspring. Hydrocephalus was confirmed retrospectively in some breeders. Hereditary hydrocephalus appears to be widespread in hamster stocks in Central Europe. Affected animals do not manifest signs of disease and usually die without obvious premonitory signs. Despite severe hydrocephalus, the animals can breed, and animal handlers do not identify motor deficits or abnormal behavioral activity. This entity is unlike the previously described, hereditary hydrocephalus of hamsters that is phenotypically identifiable and usually is lethal before they attain breeding age.

The duration of capture and restraint during anesthesia and euthanasia influences glucocorticoid levels in male golden hamsters

Deep litter has been shown to decrease stereotypic wire-gnawing in male golden hamsters, suggesting that increased litter depth may be associated with decreased chronic stress levels. To determine the relationship between litter depth and stress levels in hamsters, the authors measured serum levels of corticosterone, cortisol, and ACTH in male golden hamsters kept in cages with three different depths of litter. The duration of handling the hamsters significantly increased the concentrations of corticosterone, cortisol, and the ratio of cortisol/corticosterone. It took longer to catch hamsters housed in cages with deep litter and the ACTH levels were higher in these hamsters. The positive effect of the enrichment (deep litter) was diminished by methodological problems during handling/anesthesia.

Daidzin suppresses ethanol consumption by Syrian golden hamsters without blocking acetaldehyde metabolism.

Daidzin is a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that suppresses free-choice ethanol intake by Syrian golden hamsters. Other ALDH inhibitors, such as disulfiram (Antabuse) and calcium citrate carbimide (Temposil), have also been shown to suppress ethanol intake of laboratory animals and are thought to act by inhibiting the metabolism of acetaldehyde produced from ingested ethanol. To determine whether or not daidzin inhibits acetaldehyde metabolism in vivo, plasma acetaldehyde in daidzin-treated hamsters was measured after the administration of a test dose of ethanol. Daidzin treatment (150 mg/kg per day i.p. for 6 days) significantly suppresses (> 70%) hamster ethanol intake but does not affect overall acetaldehyde metabolism. In contrast, after administration of the same ethanol dose, plasma acetaldehyde concentration in disulfiram-treated hamsters reaches 0.9 mM, 70 times higher than that of the control. In vitro, daidzin suppresses hamster liver mitochondria-catalyzed acetaldehyde oxidation very potently with an IC50 value of 0.4 microM, which is substantially lower than the daidzin concentration (70 microM) found in the liver mitochondria of daidzin-treated hamsters. These results indicate that (i) the action of daidzin differs from that proposed for the classic, broad-acting ALDH inhibitors (e.g., disulfiram), and (ii) the daidzin-sensitive mitochondrial ALDH is not the one and only enzyme that is essential for acetaldehyde metabolism in golden hamsters.

The golden hamster manual; a message to raisers and users of Syrian golden hamsters.

Mode of access: Internet.

The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the golden hamster model

New therapeutic alternatives against leishmaniasis remain a priority. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Leishmania) major has been previously demonstrated. Different responses among species of Leishmania make species-specific drug screening necessary. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was evaluated in golden hamsters infected through footpad injections of metacyclic promastigotes, and compared with untreated controls and animals treated with meglumine antimoniate. Footpad thickness, lesion cultures and dissemination sites were analyzed. Treatment of golden hamsters with oral azithromycin at 450mg/kg had no activity against infections with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. For infections due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, azithromycin demonstrated significant activity relative to untreated controls, but inferior to meglumine antimoniate, for controlling lesion size. Neither drug was able to totally eliminate parasites from the lesions. It was concluded that azithromycin has activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis but not against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in this model.

Persistence of experimental Rocio virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Rocio virus (ROCV) is an encephalitic flavivirus endemic to Brazil. Experimental flavivirus infections have previously demonstrated a persistent infection and, in this study, we investigated the persistence of ROCV infection in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The hamsters were infected intraperitoneally with 9.8 LD50/0.02 mL of ROCV and later anaesthetised and sacrificed at various time points over a 120-day period to collect of blood, urine and organ samples. The viral titres were quantified by real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The specimens were used to infect Vero cells and ROCV antigens in the cells were detected by immunefluorescence assay. The levels of antibodies were determined by the haemagglutination inhibition technique. A histopathological examination was performed on the tissues by staining with haematoxylin-eosin and detecting viral antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ROCV induced a strong immune response and was pathogenic in hamsters through neuroinvasion. ROCV was recovered from Vero cells exposed to samples from the viscera, brain, blood, serum and urine and was detected by qRT-PCR in the brain, liver and blood for three months after infection. ROCV induced histopathological changes and the expression of viral antigens, which were detected by IHC in the liver, kidney, lung and brain up to four months after infection. These findings show that ROCV is pathogenic to golden hamsters and has the capacity to cause persistent infection in animals after intraperitoneal infection.

Infecção persistente pelos flavivírus Ilhéus e Rocio em hamsters dourados jovens (Mesocricetus auratus)

Os arbovírus Ilhéus (VILH) e Rocio (VROC) são flavivirus (família Flaviviridae, gênero Flavivirus) de grande importância para a saúde pública no Brasil por estar relacionados a casos de encefalites em humanos. Sabe-se que outros flavivírus estão envolvidos com a infecção persistente in vitro, in vivo e em relatos clínicos. Deste modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a possível ocorrência de infecção persistente in vivo dos VILH e VROC utilizando hamsters dourados jovens (Mesocricetus auratus) como modelo experimental. Os hamsters foram inoculados com suspensão de cérebros de camundongos recém-nascidos infectados com títulos de 9,8 e 9,6 DL₅₀ /0,02 mL do VROC e VILH respectivamente, pela via intraperitoneal, sendo em seguida a intervalos pré-determinados, anestesiados e sacrificados para coleta de amostras de sangue, soro, urina e órgãos durante quatro meses (120 dias) pós-inoculação (p.i.). A quantificação viral foi calculada em amostras de cérebro, fígado e sangue, pela técnica de RT-PCR em tempo real (qRT-PCR). Todas as amostras coletadas foram inoculadas em célula VERO para confirmação de replicação viral, sendo detectados antígenos virais pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação. Exame histopatológico por hematoxilina-eosina e detecção de antígenos virais por imunohisquímica foram avaliados nas amostras de vísceras e encéfalos coletados durante a cinética. O estudo demonstrou que hamsters dourados jovens constituem um bom modelo experimental para infecção persistente pelos flavivírus VILH e VROC. Os dois vírus induziram uma forte resposta imune, embora os níveis de anticorpos para o VILH tenham sido maior do que para o VROC; já o VROC mostrou-se mais patogênico nestes animais, sugerindo uma capacidade de neurovirulência maior que o VILH. Das amostras coletadas dos hamsters infectados e inoculadas em células VERO foi possível isolar ambos os vírus a partir de todos os órgãos, sangue, soro e urina, sendo confirmada a replicação viral por IFI. Quanto à infecção persistente, o VROC foi detectado, pela técnica de qRT PCR, por três meses p.i., no cérebro, fígado e sangue, enquanto o VILH apresentou persistência viral apenas no cérebro durante 30 dias p.i. por qRT PCR. O VROC foi capaz de produzir alterações histopatológicas e células imuno-marcadas expressando antígenos virais nas amostras de fígado, rim, pulmão e cérebro por quatro meses. Ao passo que para o VILH, as alterações histopatológicas e a expressão de antígenos virais nas amostras de fígado, rim e pulmão ocorreram por 30 dias p.i.; e no cérebro por quatro meses p.i.; Os achados deste estudo demonstraram que ambos os vírus apresentaram capacidade de causar infecção persistente em hamsters infectados por via periférica, sendo necessários mais estudos para determinar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos e a patogênese de estabelecimento dessas infecções persistentes.

Persistence of experimental Rocio virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

ABSTRACT: Rocio virus (ROCV) is an encephalitic flavivirus endemic to Brazil. Experimental flavivirus infections have previously demonstrated a persistent infection and, in this study, we investigated the persistence of ROCV infection in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The hamsters were infected intraperitoneally with 9.8 LD50/0.02 mL of ROCV and later anaesthetised and sacrificed at various time points over a 120-day period to collect of blood, urine and organ samples. The viral titres were quantified by real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The specimens were used to infect Vero cells and ROCV antigens in the cells were detected by immunefluorescence assay. The levels of antibodies were determined by the haemagglutination inhibition technique. A histopathological examination was performed on the tissues by staining with haematoxylin-eosin and detecting viral antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ROCV induced a strong immune response and was pathogenic in hamsters through neuroinvasion. ROCV was recovered from Vero cells exposed to samples from the viscera, brain, blood, serum and urine and was detected by qRT-PCR in the brain, liver and blood for three months after infection. ROCV induced histopathological changes and the expression of viral antigens, which were detected by IHC in the liver, kidney, lung and brain up to four months after infection. These findings show that ROCV is pathogenic to golden hamsters and has the capacity to cause persistent infection in animals after intraperitoneal infection.

Caracterização molecular do vírus Melao cepas BE AR 633512 e BE AR 8033 (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) e infecção experimental em hamsters dourados (Mesocricetus auratus)

As cepas do Virus Melao (VMEL), BE AR 8033 e BE AR 633512 foram isoladas de mosquitos Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) scapularis, em Belém- PA (1955) e Alta Floresta do Oeste- RO (2000), respectivamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar molecularmente as cepas BE AR 633512 e BE AR 8033 e realizar estudos histopatológicos, bioquímicos e imunológicos comparativos em hamsters dourados (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters mostraram suscetibilidade às cepas do VMEL. A viremia em hamsters para BE AR 633512 ocorreu do 3º ao 6º dias pós-infecção (dpi.), e para a cepa BE AR 8033 ocorreu no 2º dpi. Anticorpos neutralizantes para ambas as cepas foram detectados a partir de 5 dpi., e se mantiveram até 30 dpi. As cepas testadas alteraram os marcadores bioquímicos AST, ALT e uréia, enquanto que a creatinina só apresentou alteração estatisticamente significante nos animais infectados com a cepa viral BE AR 633512, em comparação aos animais controles não infectados. Alterações histopatológicas foram observadas no SNC, fígado, rim e baço dos hamsters infectados pelas cepas do VMEL, sendo a infecção nesses órgãos confirmada por imunohistoquímica. A cepa BE AR 633512 foi mais virulenta e patogênica para hamsters que a cepa BE AR 8033. A análise genética dos genes N, Gn e Gc revelou que para os genes N e Gn, a cepa BE AR 8033 e do protótipo VMEL (TRVL 9375) são mais geneticamente relacionados. Para o gene Gc, a cepa BE AR 8033 é mais relacionada com a cepa BE AR 633512, sendo que esta última cepa apresentou maior variabilidade genética, principalmente no gene Gn com várias substituições de aminoácidos, mas as mutações no gene Gc provavelmente foram responsáveis pelo aumento da virulência e patogenicidade em hamsters.

The change of behavior of two strains of Leishmania after cultivation in a defined medium

Attempts have been made to characterize two strains of Leishmania that became infective to golden hamsters only after they had been maintained for several years in a chemically defined culture medium. Observations were made on the growth rates of promastigotes in vitro, course of infection in hamsters, morphology of amastigotes, and electrophoretic mobility patterns of eight isoenzymes. Information was obtained about the buoyant densities of n-DNA and k-DNA, and one strain was tested against monoclonal antibodies. The identity of both strains remains obscure.

Resistance to oxidative stress is associated with metastasis in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in South and Central America is characterized by the dissemination (metastasis) of Leishmania Viannia subgenus parasites from a cutaneous lesion to nasopharyngeal tissues. Little is known about the pathogenesis of MCL, especially with regard to the virulence of the parasites and the process of metastatic dissemination. We previously examined the functional relationship between cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin and metastatic phenotype using highly, infrequently, and nonmetastatic clones isolated from an L. (V.) guyanensis strain previously shown to be highly metastatic in golden hamsters. Distinct forms of cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin were identified and found to be associated with the metastatic phenotype. We report here that peroxidase activity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and infectivity differs between metastatic and nonmetastatic L. (V.) guyanensis clones. After hydrogen peroxide treatment or heat shock, peroxiredoxin was detected preferentially as dimers in metastatic L. (V.) guyanensis clones and in L. (V.) panamensis strains from patients with MCL, compared with nonmetastatic parasites. These data provide evidence that resistance to the first microbicidal response of the host cell by Leishmania promastigotes is linked to peroxiredoxin conformation and may be relevant to intracellular survival and persistence, which are prerequisites for the development of metastatic disease.