The Effects of a DNA Virus Infection on the Reproductive Potential of Female Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans centralis and Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Reproductive anomalies associated with the tsetse DNA virus infection in the female tsetse hosts, Glossina morsitans centralis Machado and Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, inoculated with the virus during the 3rd instar larval stage were studied and the data compared to those obtained from the control females injected with sterile physiological saline. Virus infected flies had significantly longer first and second pregnancy cycles (P<0.0001) and produced pupae that were of significantly less weight in milligrams (P<0.0001) compared to controls. Transmission of the virus to progeny was not absolute and only 21% of G. m. centralis and 48% of G. m. morsitans first progeny flies from infected females developed salivary gland hypertrophy as a result of transmission from mother to progeny. The virus infected females produced significantly fewere pupae compared to the controls during the experimental period (P<0.00001).

MAP kinase kinase 1 (MKK1) is essential for transmission of Trypanosoma brucei by Glossina morsitans

MAP kinase kinase 1 (MKK1) is encoded by a single copy gene in Trypanosoma brucei. It has been shown recently that MKK1 is not essential for bloodstream forms [14]. To investigate the requirement for MKK1 in other life-cycle stages we generated null mutants in procyclic forms of a fly-transmissible strain. These grew normally in culture and were able to establish midgut infections in tsetse at normal rates and intensities, but were incapable of colonising the salivary glands. Transformation of null mutants with an ectopic copy of MKK1 enabled parasites to complete the life cycle in tsetse and infect mice. This is the first example of a gene that is indispensable for transmission of T. brucei. It also raises the possibility that activating the MKK1 signalling cascade in vitro might trigger the differentiation and proliferation of life-cycle stages of T. brucei that are currently refractory to culture.

Tsetse thrombin inhibitor: Bloodmeal-induced expression of an anticoagulant in salivary glands and gut tissue of Glossina morsitans morsitans

The tsetse thrombin inhibitor, a potent and specific low molecular mass (3,530 Da) anticoagulant peptide, was purified previously from salivary gland extracts of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). A 303-bp coding sequence corresponding to the inhibitor has now been isolated from a tsetse salivary gland cDNA library by using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. The full-length cDNA contains a 26-bp untranslated segment at its 5′ end, followed by a 63-bp sequence corresponding to a putative secretory signal peptide. A 96-bp segment codes for the mature tsetse thrombin inhibitor, whose predicted molecular weight matches that of the purified native protein. Based on its lack of homology to any previously described family of molecules, the tsetse thrombin inhibitor appears to represent a unique class of naturally occurring protease inhibitors. Recombinant tsetse thrombin inhibitor expressed in Escherichia coli and the chemically synthesized peptide are both substantially less active than the purified native protein, suggesting that posttranslational modification(s) may be necessary for optimal inhibitory activity. The tsetse thrombin inhibitor gene, which is present as a single copy in the tsetse genome, is expressed at high levels in salivary glands and midguts of adult tsetse flies, suggesting a possible role for the anticoagulant in both feeding and processing of the bloodmeal.

Experimental demonstration of possible cryptic female choice on male tsetse fly genitalia

artículo -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, 2009. Este documento es privado debido a restricciones de derechos de autor del publicador.

Wolbachia infections are distributed throughout insect somatic and germ line tissues

Wolbachia are intracellular microorganisms that form maternally-inherited infections within numerous arthropod species. These bacteria have drawn much attention, due in part to the reproductive alterations that they induce in their hosts including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), feminization and parthenogenesis. Although Wolbachia's presence within insect reproductive tissues has been well described, relatively few studies have examined the extent to which Wolbachia infects other tissues. We have examined Wolbachia tissue tropism in a number of representative insect hosts by western blot, dot blot hybridization and diagnostic PCR. Results from these studies indicate that Wolbachia are much more widely distributed in host tissues than previously appreciated. Furthermore, the distribution of Wolbachia in somatic tissues varied between different Wolbachia/host associations. Some associations showed Wolbachia disseminated throughout most tissues while others appeared to be much more restricted, being predominantly limited to the reproductive tissues. We discuss the relevance of these infection patterns to the evolution of Wolbachia/host symbioses and to potential applied uses of Wolbachia.

Tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement

Literature comparing salmon and wild type Glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type Glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. New information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type G. m. morsitans. The eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in G. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of G. p. palpalis. The salmon allele in G. m. morsitans is pleiotropic and profoundly affects many aspects of fly biology including longevity, reproductive capacity, vision, vectorial capacity and duration of flight, but not circadian rhythms. The tan allele in G. p. palpalis has little effect upon the biology of flies under laboratory conditions, except that tan flies appear less active than normal. Adult tsetse flies metabolize tryptophan to kynurenine which is excreted; fluctuations in activities of the enzymes producing kynurenine suggest this pathway is under metabolic control.

Estrutura Genética de Populações de Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) na República da Guiné-Bissau

Glossina palpalis gambiensis é o principal vector de Tripanossomose Humana Africana (THA) na África Ocidental e a mosca tsé-tsé mais comum na Guiné-Bissau. Apesar da sua ampla distribuição, nenhum caso de THA tem sido reportado no país desde finais dos anos 70 do século XX. Populações naturais do Grupo palpalis demonstraram diferentes níveis de variação intraespecífica que podem influenciar a sua capacidade vectorial. Portanto, o conhecimento exacto acerca da identidade das espécies e estrutura populacional é essencial para prever o possível restabelecimento e propagação da transmissão de THA na Guiné-Bissau. A variação genética foi analisada em amostras de Glossina palpalis gambiensis de cinco regiões da Guiné-Bissau, com recurso a microssatélites. Três das regiões pertencem à parte continental e duas representam a parte insular do país. No total, 261 moscas tsé-tsé do sexo feminino foram genotipadas para 11 loci microssatélites. Baixos níveis de diferenciação genética foram observados entre as populações de G. p. gambiensis da Guiné-Bissau (FST = 0,006, P = 0,002). Este resultado está de acordo com a análise de agrupamentos, que revelou a presença de um único cluster agrupando todas as amostras, independentemente da origem geográfica. De um modo geral, estes resultados sugerem uma baixa subestruturação populacional em G. p. gambiensis nesta região. Análises de equilíbrio mutação-deriva sugerem ainda a ocorrência de expansão populacional recente. As evidências genéticas sugerem consideráveis níveis de fluxo genético entre as populações continentais e entre as populações insulares e continentais da Guiné-Bissau. No caso do restabelecimento de focos de transmissão de THA, a possibilidade de disseminação do protozoário Trypanosoma, através da dispersão activa das moscas tsé-tsé, deve ser tida em conta no planeamento de estratégias de controlo vectorial na Guiné-Bissau. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Glossina, Tripanossomose Humana Africana, microssatélites, diferenciação genética.

"Estrutura Genética de Populações de Glossina Palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) na República da Guiné-Bissau"

Glossina palpalis gambiensis é o principal vector de Tripanossomose Humana Africana (THA) na África Ocidental e a mosca tsé-tsé mais comum na Guiné-Bissau. Apesar da sua ampla distribuição, nenhum caso de THA tem sido reportado no país desde finais dos anos 70 do século XX. Populações naturais do Grupo palpalis demonstraram diferentes níveis de variação intraespecífica que podem influenciar a sua capacidade vectorial. Portanto, o conhecimento exacto acerca da identidade das espécies e estrutura populacional é essencial para prever o possível restabelecimento e propagação da transmissão de THA na Guiné-Bissau. A variação genética foi analisada em amostras de Glossina palpalis gambiensis de cinco regiões da Guiné-Bissau, com recurso a microssatélites. Três das regiões pertencem à parte continental e duas representam a parte insular do país. No total, 261 moscas tsé-tsé do sexo feminino foram genotipadas para 11 loci microssatélites. Baixos níveis de diferenciação genética foram observados entre as populações de G. p. gambiensis da Guiné-Bissau (FST = 0,006, P = 0,002). Este resultado está de acordo com a análise de agrupamentos, que revelou a presença de um único cluster agrupando todas as amostras, independentemente da origem geográfica. De um modo geral, estes resultados sugerem uma baixa subestruturação populacional em G. p. gambiensis nesta região. Análises de equilíbrio mutação-deriva sugerem ainda a ocorrência de expansão populacional recente. As evidências genéticas sugerem consideráveis níveis de fluxo genético entre as populações continentais e entre as populações insulares e continentais da Guiné-Bissau. No caso do restabelecimento de focos de transmissão de THA, a possibilidade de disseminação do protozoário Trypanosoma, através da dispersão activa das moscas tsé-tsé, deve ser tida em conta no planeamento de estratégias de controlo vectorial na Guiné-Bissau.

Breeding activity of Scinax centralis (Anura, Hylidae) in Central Brazil

From January, 1997 to April, 1998, we studied breeding activity in a population of Scinax centralis Pombal & Bastos, 1996, in the state of Goiás, inside the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. The behavior of males and females in the choruses, the relationships between environmental variables and the presence of individuals, the spatial distribution pattern, amplexus and clutches were analyzed. The breeding season occurred from November to May. The majority of males began to call when they entered the chorus; they were defending their calling sites against other males. We found a positive correlation between the number of females and males in the choruses, but no significant correlation was observed between the operational sexual ratio (OSR, number of reproducing females/number of reproducing males) and the number of calling males. OSR was highly male-biased; on average, there were 40 males for each female. The presence of individuals was positively correlated with air temperature of two previous days and negatively correlated with rainfall on the observation day. Generally, males were non-randomly distributed and satellite males were observed. Females were larger and heavier than males. Egg number, but not diameter of the egg, was correlated with the female size.

Plantae Brasiliae centralis a Glaziou lectae = Liste des plantes du Brésil central recueillies en 1861-1895 / par A.-F.-M. Glaziou.

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Alternatives à l'assainissement centralisé dans les pays en développement: le cas des zones périurbaines du Vietnam

Dans le contexte d’urbanisation fulgurante de l’Asie du sud-est, les zones périurbaines agricoles vietnamiennes subissent des pressions environnementales croissantes et sont loin d’être équipées en infrastructures. L’assainissement présente un important manque d’investissement. La thèse s’est intéressée aux stratégies et aux mécanismes de financement qui aideront à réduire l’écart entre l’offre et la demande d’assainissement. Deux hypothèses principales ont été posées. D’abord, des fonds supplémentaires doivent provenir des ressources nationales, locales et celles des utilisateurs. La seconde hypothèse pose qu’il faudra investir avantage dans des activités qui augmenteront la durabilité des services d’assainissement, comme l’éducation et la promotion, qui en plus favorisent les contributions locales. La thèse a tenté de répondre à la question suivante : Dans le contexte périurbain d’Hanoi, comment mettre à contribution les ressources locales pour améliorer l’accès et la durabilité de l’assainissement? L’étude de cas est un projet communautaire pilote de gestion des eaux usées en banlieue d’Hanoi. Les facteurs de demande pour de l’assainissement et leurs effets sur la durabilité du projet ont été analysés auprès des ménages, des acteurs du village et des acteurs nationaux liés à l’assainissement. La thèse a d’abord permis d’actualiser les connaissances sur deux aspects importants : le cadre institutionnel qui encadre le financement de l’assainissement et les coûts et bénéfices de l’assainissement alternatif au Vietnam. Ces deux sujets présentaient une lacune sérieuse au niveau de la documentation. Puis, malgré de faibles capacités au niveau local, la demande réelle pour de l’assainissement était beaucoup plus importante que celle relevée dans la littérature. La recherche a permis de conclure que les institutions gouvernementales pourraient compter sur une plus grande contribution du milieu local si la planification ciblait ces facteurs : l’éducation et promotion, une grande part de décision et de gestion au niveau local et des technologies plus simples.

Psychophysische Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Fovea centralis bei der Bewegungswahrnehmung

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, ausgehend von der Bewegungswahrnehmung des Menschen durch psychophysische Methoden eine mögliche geometrische retinale Struktur der Bewegungswahrnehmung ähnlich der Fovea für räumliche Auflösung mit verschiedenen Mustern zu bestimmen. Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurde die Induktion von Scheinbewegungen in unbewegten Objekten näher untersucht. Diese Bewegungswahrnehmung muss bei solchen Objekten aus dem detektierenden System selber generiert sein. Die Eigenschaften der zu untersuchenden Bewegungsdetektion sollten dabei durch die Veränderung der Eingangsreizmuster charakterisiert werden. Hierzu wurde auf einem PC und einem Videoprojektor eine bewegte, großflächige, geometrisch modifizierbare Reizung benutzt. Durch unterschiedliche psychophysische Versuchsmethoden wurden voneinander differenzierbare Ergebnisse gewonnen. Die Reizmuster wurden dabei im Rahmen der vorhandenen Technik optimiert. Aufgrund dieser Versuchsmethode konnte das Zusammenspiel von Objekterkennung und Bewegungsdetektion in psychophysischen Versuchen gezeigt werden. Es wurde dabei bestätigt, dass eine Objekterkennung und die Wahrnehmung von Tiefe, auch wenn es sich dabei um Scheintiefe handelt, die differenzierte Bewegungswahrnehmung an sich beeinflussen oder sogar vollständig unterdrücken kann. Die vergleichende Betrachtung aller Ergebnisse zeigt, dass auch schon bei sehr langsamen Bewegungen mehr als nur ein System mit nur einer geometrischen retinalen Struktur die Bewegung detektieren muss. Diese Systeme lassen sich mit psychophysischen Methoden kaum voneinander trennen. Im Verlauf der Untersuchungen stellte sich so heraus, dass die von Rodieck postulierte Hypothese, dass jede visuelle Funktion des Gehirns eine eigene spezifische retinale Struktur aufweist, auf diesen Bereich der Bewegungswahrnehmung nicht direkt übertragen lässt, da sie einerseits der wesentlich genauer arbeitenden Objekterkennung streng untergeordnet ist und stets mindestens zwei verschiedene Mechanismen diese Art von Bewegung wahrnehmen. Eine eigene Art von Fovea für die Bewegungswahrnehmung, also einen besonders empfindlichen Bereich für langsame Bewegungen ist mit den untersuchten Scheinbewegungen nicht feststellbar. Dies liegt vor allem an der kaum quantifizierbaren Größe der induzierten Scheinbewegung. Mit mehr Computerrechenleistung, einem feiner aufgelösten Videoprojektor mit deutlich mehr Kontrast und feineren chromatischen Abstufungen könnte mit der hier angewendeten Methode die Arbeitsweise der an der räumlichen Bewegungswahrnehmung beteiligten subkortikalen Verarbeitungswege mit Hilfe farbiger, geometrisch angepasster Reizmuster eventuell genauer aufgeschlüsselt werden.