16 resultados para Gloeophyllum
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The basidiomycete fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum causes a typical brown rot and is known to use reactive oxygen species in the degradation of cellulose. The extracellular Cel12A is one of the few endo-1,4-β-glucanase produced by G. trabeum. Here we cloned cel12A and heterologously expressed it in Aspergillus niger. The identity of the resulting recombinant protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. We used the purified GtCel12A to determine its substrate specificity and basic biochemical properties. The G. trabeum Cel12A showed highest activity on β-glucan, followed by lichenan, carboxymethylcellulose, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and filter paper. The optimal pH and temperature for enzymatic activity were, respectively, 4.5 and 50 °C on β-glucan. Under these conditions specific activity was 239.2 ± 9.1 U mg(-1) and the half-life of the enzyme was 84.6 ± 3.5 hours. Thermofluor studies revealed that the enzyme was most thermal stable at pH 3. Using β-glucan as a substrate, the Km was 3.2 ± 0.5 mg mL(-1) and the Vmax was 0.41 ± 0.02 µmol min(-1). Analysis of the effects of GtCel12A on oat spelt and filter paper by scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphological changes taking place during the process.
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In this study, we aimed evaluate the behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophylum trabeum and white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood. To this end, boards from five-year-eleven-month-old E. grandis trees, taken from the Duratex-SA company stock, were thermally-modified between 180 ºC and 220 ºC in the Laboratory of Wood Drying and Preservation at Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo state Brazil. Samples of each treatment were tested according to the ASTM D-2017 (2008) technical norm. The accelerated decay caused by the brown-rot fungus G. trabeum was compared with the decay caused by the white-rot fungus P. sanguineus, studied by Calonego et al. (2010). The results showed that (1) brown-rot fungus caused greater decay than white-rot fungus; and (2) the increase in temperature from 180 to 220 ºC caused reductions between 28.2% and 70.0% in the weight loss of E. grandis samples incubated with G. trabeum.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The brown rot fungus Wolfiporia cocos and the selective white rot fungus Perenniporia medulla-panis produce peptides and phenolate-derivative compounds as low molecular weight Fe(3+)-reductants. Phenolates were the major compounds with Fe(3+)-reducing activity in both fungi and displayed Fe(3+)-reducing activity at pH 2.0 and 4.5 in the absence and presence of oxalic acid. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified. Together with Fe(3+) and H(2)O(2) (mediated Fenton reaction) they produced oxygen radicals that oxidized lignocellulosic polysaccharides and lignin extensively in vitro under conditions similar to those found in vivo. These results indicate that, in addition to the extensively studied Gloeophyllum trabeum-a model brown rot fungus-other brown rot fungi as well as selective white rot fungi, possess the means to promote Fenton chemistry to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, and to modify lignin. Moreover, new information is provided, particularly regarding how lignin is attacked, and either repolymerized or solubilized depending on the type of fungal attack, and suggests a new pathway for selective white rot degradation of wood. The importance of Fenton reactions mediated by phenolates operating separately or synergistically with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in brown rot fungi, and lignin-modifying enzymes in white rot fungi is discussed. This research improves our understanding of natural processes in carbon cycling in the environment, which may enable the exploration of novel methods for bioconversion of lignocellulose in the production of biofuels or polymers, in addition to the development of new and better ways to protect wood from degradation by microorganisms.
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In this work, pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry analysis coupled with principal components analysis and (13)C-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis were used to study lignin oxidation, depolymerization, and demethylation of spruce wood treated by biomimetic oxidative systems. Neat Fenton and chelator-mediated Fenton reaction (CMFR) systems as well as cellulosic enzyme treatments were used to mimic the nonenzymatic process involved in wood brown-rot biodegradation. The results suggest that compared with enzymatic processes, Fenton-based treatment more readily opens the structure of the lignocellulosic matrix, freeing cellulose fibrils from the matrix. The results demonstrate that, under the current treatment conditions, Fenton and CMFR treatment cause limited demethoxylation of lignin in the insoluble wood residue. However, analysis of a water-extractable fraction revealed considerable soluble lignin residue structures that had undergone side chain oxidation as well as demethoxylation upon CMFR treatment. This research has implications for our understanding of nonenzymatic degradation of wood and the diffusion of CMFR agents in the wood cell wall during fungal degradation processes.
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Fenton reaction is thought to play an important role in wood degradation by brown-rot fungi. In this context, the effect of oxalic acid and pH on iron reduction by a biomimetic fungal chelator and on the adsorption/desorption of iron to/from wood was investigated. The results presented in this work indicate that at pH 2.0 and 4.5 and in the presence of oxalic acid, the phenolate chelator 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) is capable of reducing ferric iron only when the iron is complexed with oxalate to form Fe mono-oxalate (Fe(C(2)O(4))(+)). Within the pH range tested in this work, this complex formation occurs when the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio is less than 20 (pH 2.0) or less than 10 (pH 4.5). When aqueous ferric iron was passed through a column packed with milled red spruce (Picea rubens) wood equilibrated at pH 2.0 and 4.5. it was observed that ferric iron binds to wood at pH 4.5 but not at pH 2.0, and the bound iron could then be released by application of oxalic acid at pH 4.5. The release of bound iron was dependent on the amount of oxalic acid applied in the column. When the amount of oxalate was at least 20-fold greater than the amount of iron bound to the wood, all bound iron was released. When Fe-oxalate complexes were applied to the milled wood column equilibrated in the pH range of 2-4.5, iron from Fe-oxalate complexes was bound to the wood only when the pH was 3.6 or higher and the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio was less than 10. When 2,3-DHBA was evaluated for its ability to release iron bound to the milled wood, it was found that 2,3-DHBA possessed a greater affinity for ferric iron than the wood as 2,3-DHBA was capable of releasing the ferric iron bound to the wood in the pH range 3.6-5.5. These results further the understanding of the mechanisms employed by brown-rot fungi in wood biodegradation processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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This study aimed at evaluating the mechanical, physical and biological properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl (PO) and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (PK) and at providing a nondestructive characterization thereof. Four PO and four PK LVL boards from 22 randomly selected 2-mm thickness veneers were produced according to the following characteristics: phenol-formaldehyde (190 g/m(2)), hot-pressing at 150A degrees C for 45 min and 2.8 N/mm(2) of specific pressure. After board production, nondestructive evaluation was conducted, and stress wave velocity (v (0)) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E (Md) ) were determined. The following mechanical and physical properties were then evaluated: static bending modulus of elasticity (E (M) ), modulus of rupture (f (M) ), compression strength parallel to grain (f (c,0)), shear strength parallel to glue-line (f (v,0)), shear strength perpendicular to glue-line (f (v,90)), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and permanent thickness swelling (PTS) for 2, 24, and 96-hour of water immersion. Biological property was also evaluated by measuring the weight loss by Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilat (white-rot) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon ex Fries.) Murrill (brown-rot). After hot-pressing, no bubbles, delamination nor warping were observed for both species. In general, PK boards presented higher mechanical properties: E (M) , E (Md) , f (M) , f (c,0) whereas PO boards were dimensionally more stable, with lower values of WA, TS and PTS in the 2, 24, and 96-hour immersion periods. Board density, f (v,0), f (v,90) and rot weight loss were statistically equal for PO and PK LVL. The prediction of flexural properties of consolidated LVL by the nondestructive method used was not very efficient, and the fitted models presented lower predictability.
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A resistência natural ao apodrecimento se constitui numa importante propriedade da madeira. Em se tratando das madeiras provenientes do gênero Eucalyptus, tal atributo se torna ainda mais importante, uma vez que tais madeiras são, na grande maioria das vezes, de difícil tratabilidade pelos métodos de tratamento convencionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a resistência natural da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto em ensaio acelerado de laboratório ao fungo causador da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. Foram ensaiadas madeiras das espécies de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. paniculata, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana, E. urophylla e E. grandis com 16 anos de idade, que cresceram na Estação Experimental de Anhembi, em São Paulo, pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ/USP. No que diz respeito ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo Gloeophyllum trabeum, a madeira de eucalipto das sete espécies pode ser considerada resistente, uma vez que os valores de perda de massa foram sempre inferiores a 10%.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da extração da madeira de seis espécies, quatro nativas (candeia, cedro, cerejeira e jacarandá-caviúna) e duas exóticas (E. citriodora e E. gumifera), em diferentes solventes, na resistência ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. O material foi ensaiado na forma de serragem, em face da maior facilidade para os procedimentos de extração. Dentre os resultados, pode-se destacar a baixa perda de massa ocorrida na madeira de cedro (Cedrela fissilis), evidenciando sua elevada resistência natural ao fungo testado e, ainda, à incapacidade dos solventes utilizados na retirada de compostos que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento. As madeiras de candeia (Vanillosmopsis erythropappa), cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), jacarandá-caviúna (Machaerium scleroxylon) e de eucaliptos (Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus gummifera) também apresentaram elevada resistência natural, em função da baixa perda de massa ocorrida, quando expostas ao fungo G. trabeum. Essas madeiras, quando totalmente extraídas, apresentaram elevados valores de perda de massa. No que diz respeito ao material extraído por diferentes solventes de forma isolada, observou-se, na candeia, que o solvente mais eficiente na retirada de substâncias que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento foi o diclorometano. Com relação ao cedro, o mais eficiente foi o metanol. Na cerejeira, por meio da mistura de etanol/tolueno retiraram-se mais substâncias, ao passo que no jacarandá-caviúna foi o metanol. Nas madeiras de eucaliptos, o metanol foi mais eficiente na retirada de componentes tóxicos ao fungo utilizado neste estudo, devendo destacar ainda, no E. gummifera, a eficiência da água quente na retirada de tais compostos. No C. citriodora, os valores de perda de massa, em razão das extrações em água fria, em água quente, em diclorometano e ao natural (não-extraída), foram muito baixos.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da extração da madeira de seis espécies, quatro nativas (candeia, cedro, cerejeira e jacarandá-caviúna) e duas exóticas (E. citriodora e E. gumifera), em diferentes solventes, na resistência ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. O material foi ensaiado na forma de serragem, em face da maior facilidade para os procedimentos de extração. Dentre os resultados, pode-se destacar a baixa perda de massa ocorrida na madeira de cedro (Cedrela fissilis), evidenciando sua elevada resistência natural ao fungo testado e, ainda, à incapacidade dos solventes utilizados na retirada de compostos que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento. As madeiras de candeia (Vanillosmopsis erythropappa), cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), jacarandá-caviúna (Machaerium scleroxylon) e de eucaliptos (Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus gummifera) também apresentaram elevada resistência natural, em função da baixa perda de massa ocorrida, quando expostas ao fungo G. trabeum. Essas madeiras, quando totalmente extraídas, apresentaram elevados valores de perda de massa. No que diz respeito ao material extraído por diferentes solventes de forma isolada, observou-se, na candeia, que o solvente mais eficiente na retirada de substâncias que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento foi o diclorometano. Com relação ao cedro, o mais eficiente foi o metanol. Na cerejeira, por meio da mistura de etanol/tolueno retiraram-se mais substâncias, ao passo que no jacarandá-caviúna foi o metanol. Nas madeiras de eucaliptos, o metanol foi mais eficiente na retirada de componentes tóxicos ao fungo utilizado neste estudo, devendo destacar ainda, no E. gummifera, a eficiência da água quente na retirada de tais compostos. No C. citriodora, os valores de perda de massa, em razão das extrações em água fria, em água quente, em diclorometano e ao natural (não-extraída), foram muito baixos.
Resumo:
A resistência natural ao apodrecimento se constitui numa importante propriedade da madeira. Em se tratando das madeiras provenientes do gênero Eucalyptus, tal atributo se torna ainda mais importante, uma vez que tais madeiras são, na grande maioria das vezes, de difícil tratabilidade pelos métodos de tratamento convencionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a resistência natural da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto em ensaio acelerado de laboratório ao fungo causador da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. Foram ensaiadas madeiras das espécies de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. paniculata, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana, E. urophylla e E. grandis com 16 anos de idade, que cresceram na Estação Experimental de Anhembi, em São Paulo, pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ/USP. No que diz respeito ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo Gloeophyllum trabeum, a madeira de eucalipto das sete espécies pode ser considerada resistente, uma vez que os valores de perda de massa foram sempre inferiores a 10%.
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Foi realizado levantamento das espécies de fungos poliporóides que ocorrem no perímetro urbano do município de São José do Rio Preto (20º49'12" S, 49º22'44" W), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram identificadas 18 espécies pertencentes a 11 gêneros de Agaricales (Schizophyllaceae), Hymenochaetales (Hymenochaetaceae) e Polyporales (Ganodermataceae, Gloeophyllaceae, Meruliaceae e Polyporaceae): Coriolopsis floccosa (Jungh.) Ryvarden, C. polyzona (Pers.) Ryvarden, Datronia caperata (Berk.) Ryvarden, D. mollis (Somf.:Fr.) Donk., Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat., Gloeophyllum striatum (Sw.) Murrill, Gloeoporus thelephoroides (Hook.) G. Cunn., Hexagonia hirta (P. Beauv.) Fr., H. hydnoides (Sw.) M. Fidalgo, H. papyracea Berk., Polyporus tenuiculus (P. Beauv.) Fr., Phellinus callimorphus (Lév.) Ryvarden, P. gilvus (Schwein.) Pat., P. umbrinellus (Bres.) Herrera & Bondartseva, Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Schizophyllum commune Fr., S. umbrinum Berk. e Trametes modesta (Kunze:Fr.) Ryvarden. Datronia mollis é nova citação para o Estado de São Paulo. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições e comentários para cada táxon estudado.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Seventy-five fungal strains from different groups of basidiomycetes, newly isolated from rotten wood, were screened for pectinolytic activity. Despite the fact that basidiomycetes are scarcely referred to as pectinase producers, the polygalacturonase (PG) activity was detected in 76 % of the strains; 16 % with activity higher than 40 nkat/g, 40 % between 13.3 and 40 nkat/g, and 44 % with activity lower than 13.3 nkat/g. The highest productions were obtained among the fungi from order Aphyllophorales, family Polyporaceae. The characterization of the enzymes from the highest PG producers (Lentinus sp., Gloeophyllum striatum, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Schizophyllum commune) showed optimum temperature for catalytic activity at 60-70°C and two peaks of pH optimum (3.5-4.5 and 8.5-9.5). The enzymes exhibited high pH stability (3.0-11.0) but after incubation at 40°C for 1 h their activity dropped by 18-73 %.
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Aqueous extracts from wood biotreated with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora were evaluated for their Fe3+- and Cu2+-reducing activities and their anti- or prooxidant properties in Fenton-like reactions to decolorize the recalcitrant dye Azure B. The decolorization of Azure B was strongly inhibited in the presence of 10% (v/v) wood extracts. Only 0.1% (v/v)-diluted extracts provided some enhancement of the Azure B decolorization. The iron-containing reactions decolorized more Azure B and consumed substantially more H2O2 than the reactions containing copper. This study demonstrates that water-soluble wood phenols exert anti- or prooxidant effects that depend on their concentration in the reactions and on the type of cation, Fe3+ or Cu2+, used to convert H2O2 to OH radicals. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.