Substituição do milho pela glicerina em suplementos múltiplos para novilhos Nelore em pastejo

The objective was to evaluate the performance and production costs of Nellore steers growing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu during the dry season receiving mineral supplements with partial replacement of corn by residual glycerin. 40 Nellore steers with initial body weight of 203.12 +/- 20.10 kg and average initial age of 12 months, distributed into eight paddocks of 1.6 ha each, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates and eight supplements. Supplements with levels of partial replacement of corn by glycerin were evaluated: 0% (G0), 10% (G10), 20% (G20), 30% (G30), 40% (G40), 50% (G50) and 60% (G60) provided on the amount of 1 kg/animal/day in the natural matter, and a mineral supplement (MS). The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P<0.05) in animals receiving supplements G30 (0.609 kg), G40 (0.588 kg) and G60 (0.611 kg) in relation to supplements G0 (0.546 kg), G10 (0.509 kg), G50 (0.561 kg) and MS (0.223 kg). There were differences (P <0.10) in ADG in supplemented animals when compared to MS. The supplemented animals showed higher ADG (P<0.05) compared to MS. The different levels provided positive financial return. It is concluded that the supply of multiple supplements replacing the corn by glycerol in production systems of steers in the dry period provides higher productive performance levels of 30, 40 and 60% and positive financial return to levels of 60% of replacement, demonstrating thus, its potential use for intensive systems of beef production on pasture.

Produção de lipídios microbianos a partir de glicerol bruto gerado na síntese de biodiesel

Diante da grande quantidade de glicerol bruto gerado na síntese do biodiesel e seu baixo valor comercial, torna-se fundamental encontrar formas alternativas para converter este substrato em produtos com valor agregado. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes leveduras oleaginosas capazes de metabolizar o glicerol bruto, gerado como coproduto na síntese de biodiesel, visando produzir biomassa como fonte de lipídios. Todos os cultivos foram realizados em frascos agitados, em condições estabelecidas de acordo com cada etapa do trabalho, sendo obtidos dados relativos ao crescimento celular e à produção de lipídios, tratados estatisticamente conforme o propósito. Lipomyces lipofer NRRL Y-1155 apresentou diferenças significativas em relação às outras leveduras oriundas de banco de cultura, atingindo 57,64% de lipídios na biomassa. Estas leveduras apresentarem perfis de ácidos graxos diferenciados, semelhantes aos dos principais óleos vegetais utilizadas na síntese de biodiesel, com predominância de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, especialmente ácido linoleico (68,3% na levedura Rhodotorula glutinis NRRL YB-252). O ácido gama-linolênico, um ácido graxo essencial ω6, foi detectado em todas as leveduras analisadas, sendo que na biomassa de Candida cylindracea NRRL Y-17506 chegou a 23,1%. Através de um planejamento experimental Plackett-Burman, verificou-se que as variáveis concentração de extrato de levedura e de MgSO4.7H20 demonstraram maior influência na produção de lipídios por uma linhagem silvestre de Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Para esta levedura, a partir da análise de efeitos foi possível estabelecer a seguinte condição para a produção de lipídios: 30,0 g.L-1 glicerol; 5,0 g.L-1 KH2PO4; 1,0 g.L-1 Na2HPO4; 3,0 g.L-1 MgSO4.7H2O; 1,2 g.L-1 extrato de levedura; pH inicial 4,5; temperatura 25°C. Nestas condições conseguiu-se um teor de lipídios de 59,96% e lipídios totais produzidos de 5,51 g.L-1 . Também foi possível observar aumento no teor de lipídios da biomassa ao longo do tempo de cultivo, bem como o aumento do teor relativo do ácido linoleico, que atingiu 52%. Dentre as leveduras isoladas a partir de amostras ambientais do Extremo Sul do Brasil, a levedura identificada como Cryptococcus humicola se destacou das demais, apresentando proporção de 23,5% de ácidos graxos saturados, 14,8% de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e 54,9% de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, destacando-se o ácido linoleico. O planejamento Plackett-Burman foi também utilizado para esta levedura, sendo que as variáveis concentração de extrato de levedura e glicerol bruto demonstraram maior influência na produção de lipídios. Posteriormente, um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) foi proposto visando à otimização da produção de lipídios. Os modelos empíricos preditivos obtidos para biomassa máxima e lipídios totais permitiram estabelecer para a produção de lipídios por Cryptococcus humicola a seguinte condição otimizada: 100,0 g.L-1 glicerol; 5,0 g.L-1 KH2PO4; 1,0 g.L-1 Na2HPO4; 4,8 g.L-1 extrato de levedura; pH inicial 4,5; temperatura 25°C. Esta condição representou um incremento de cerca de 2 vezes nos lipídios totais em relação à melhor condição estabelecida pelo planejamento Plackett-Burmann e um acréscimo de cerca de 4,8 vezes em relação às condições testadas inicialmente, atingindo 37,61% de lipídios e 8,85 g.L-1 de lipídios totais. Deste modo, os propósitos de valorização de um coproduto oriundo da síntese de biodiesel, bem como a produção de um óleo com potencial para a produção de biodiesel, foram cumpridos.

Caracterização físico-quimica da glicerina proveniente de usinas de biodiesel e determinação de metanol residual por CG com amostragem por headspace estático

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

A framework for predicting the residual load carrying capacity of concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments

Reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to a variety of deterioration mechanisms due to creep and shrinkage, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), carbonation, and corrosion of the reinforcement. The deterioration problems can affect the integrity and load carrying capacity of the structure. Substantial research has been dedicated to these various mechanisms aiming to identify the causes, reactions, accelerants, retardants and consequences. This has improved our understanding of the long-term behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. However, the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures for durability has to date been mainly undertaken after expert assessment of field data followed by the development of a scheme to both terminate continuing degradation, by separating the structure from the environment, and strengthening the structure. The process does not include any significant consideration of the residual load-bearing capacity of the structure and the highly variable nature of estimates of such remaining capacity. Development of performance curves for deteriorating bridge structures has not been attempted due to the difficulty in developing a model when the input parameters have an extremely large variability. This paper presents a framework developed for an asset management system which assesses residual capacity and identifies the most appropriate rehabilitation method for a given reinforced concrete structure exposed to aggressive environments. In developing the framework, several industry consultation sessions have been conducted to identify input data required, research methodology and output knowledge base. Capturing expert opinion in a useable knowledge base requires development of a rule based formulation, which can subsequently be used to model the reliability of the performance curve of a reinforced concrete structure exposed to a given environment.

Challenges in residual service life assessment for refurbishment

A need for an efficient life care management of building portfolio is becoming increasingly due to increase in aging building infrastructure globally. Appropriate structural engineering practices along with facility management can assist in optimising the remaining life cycle costs for existing public building portfolio. A more precise decision to either demolish, refurbish, do nothing or rebuilt option for any typical building under investigation is needed. In order to achieve this, the status of health of the building needs to be assessed considering several aspects including economic and supply-demand considerations. An investment decision for a refurbishment project competing with other capital works and/or refurbishment projects can be supported by emerging methodology residual service life assessment. This paper discusses challenges in refurbishment projects of public buildings and with a view towards development of residual service life assessment methodology

Application of electrical resistivity method to detect deep cracks in unsaturated residual soil slope

Crack is a significant influential factor in soil slope that could leads to rainfall-induced slope instability. Existence of cracks at soil surface will decrease the shear strength and increase the hydraulic conductivity of soil slope. Although previous research has shown the effect of surface-cracks in soil stability, the influence of deep-cracks on soil stability is still unknown. The limited availability of deep crack data due to the difficulty of effective investigate methods could be one of the obstacles. Current technology in electrical resistivity can be used to detect deep-cracks in soil. This paper discusses deep cracks in unsaturated residual soil slopes in Indonesia using electrical resistivity method. The field investigation such as bore hole and SPT tests was carried out at multiple locations in the area where the electrical resistivity testing have been conducted. Subsequently, the results from bore-hole and SPT test were used to verify the results of the electrical resistivity test. This study demonstrates the benefits and limitations of the electrical resistivity in detecting deep-cracks in a residual soil slopes.

Intensity dependent residual amplitude modulation in electro-optic phase modulators

Residual amplitude modulation (RAM) mechanisms in electro-optic phase modulators are detrimental in applications that require high purity phase modulation of the incident laser beam. While the origins of RAMare not fully understood, measurements have revealed that it depends on the beam properties of the laser as well as the properties of the medium. Here we present experimental and theoretical results that demonstrate, for the first time, the dependence of RAM production in electro-optic phase modulators on beam intensity. The results show an order of magnitude increase in the level of RAM, around 10 dB, with a fifteenfold enhancement in the input intensity from 12 to 190 mW/mm 2. We show that this intensity dependent RAM is photorefractive in origin. © 2012 Optical Society of America.

Residual Soil Properties of South East Queensland

This project sought to investigate parameters of residual soil materials located in South East Queensland (SEQ), as determined from a large number of historical site investigation records. This was undertaken to quantify material parameter variability and to assess the validity of using commonly adopted correlations to estimate "typical" soil parameters for this region. A dataset of in situ and laboratory derived residual soil parameters was constructed and analysed to identify potential correlations that related either to the entire area considered, or to specific residual soils that were derived from a common parent material. The variability of SEQ soil parameters were generally found to be greater than the results of equivalent studies that analysed transported soil dominant datasets. Noteworthy differences in material properties also became evident when residual soils weathered from different parent materials were considered independently. Large variation between the correlations developed for specific soil types was found, which highligted both heterogeneity of the studied materials and the incompatibility of generic correlations to residual soils present in SEQ. Region and parent material specific correlations that estimate shear strength from in situ penetration tests have been proposed for the various residual soil types considered.

Reducing residual amplitude modulation in electro-optic phase modulators by erasing photorefractive scatter

Residual amplitude modulation (RAM) is an unwanted noise source in electro-optic phase modulators. The analysis presented shows that while the magnitude of the RAM produced by a MgO:LiNbO3 modulator increases with intensity, its associated phase becomes less well defined. This combination results in temporal fluctuations in RAM that increase with intensity. This behaviour is explained by the presented phenomenological model based on gradually evolving photorefractive scattering centres randomly distributed throughout the optically thick medium. This understanding is exploited to show that RAM can be reduced to below the 10-5 level by introducing an intense optical beam to erase the photorefractive scatter.