88 resultados para Glicerólise (esterificação)


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A produção de energia a partir de fontes renováveis tornou-se num objectivo essencial para a sustentabilidade económica, social e ambiental do mundo actual. O biodiesel é uma dessas fontes renováveis que pode substituir o diesel fóssil. A principal via de produção do biodiesel é através de uma reacção de transesterificação de óleos vegetais, óleos alimentares usados ou gorduras animais por reacção com um álcool na presença de um catalisador alcalino. Contudo, a utilização de matérias-primas com um teor em ácidos gordos livres superior a cerca de 4% (8mg KOH/g óleo) inviabiliza a possibilidade de efectuar directamente a reacção de transesterificação básica das gorduras e obriga à realização de um pré-tratamento para redução da acidez inicial da amostra. Assim, este trabalho teve como principal objectivo estudar a possibilidade de produzir diesel a partir de matérias-primas alternativas como as gorduras vegetais com elevados teores em ácidos gordos livres após esterificação com glicerina e uma gordura animal de baixa acidez, conseguindo-se assim a valorização de um resíduo e ao mesmo tempo a diminuição do custo de produção do biodiesel. Após ensaios preliminares, a esterificação com glicerina foi estudada aplicando a metodologia do planeamento factorial dos ensaios. Nos ensaios preliminares foi analisado o efeito da temperatura, da percentagem de catalisador, da velocidade de agitação, da percentagem de excesso de glicerina e do tipo de catalisador na acidez da amostra. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível reduzir o índice de acidez de 30% (60 mg KOH/g gordura) para 8% (4 mg KOH/g gordura) trabalhando a 220° C, 10% de excesso de glicerina e 0,2% de catalisador (zinco) em apenas 90 minutos de reacção. A transesterificação básica do produto obtido na esterificação com glicerina não permitiu produzir um biodiesel que cumprisse a Norma Europeia de qualidade do biodiesel no que diz respeito à pureza, acidez e teor em água. De facto, nas condições mais favoráveis, que corresponderam à utilização da razão molar de metanol/gordura de 12:1 e 1% de catalisador, foi possível produzir um biodiesel com um teor em ésteres metílicos de 94.7% e 1.1% de ácidos gordos livres. Por último, os ensaios de transesterificação com a gordura animal mostraram que estas gorduras são uma matéria-prima com grandes potencialidades para serem utilizadas na produção de biodiesel. Assim, utilizando condições operatórias idênticas às utilizadas para os óleos virgens (0.6% de metóxido de sódio catalisador e uma razão molar de metanol de 6:1) foi possível produzir em apenas 30 minutos de reacção um biodiesel com um teor em ésteres superior a 98%.

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Óleo de grãos de café verde (Coffea arábica L.) variedade Mundo Novo, foi extraído com éter de petróleo e analisado quanto a composição em ácidos graxos. Foram utilizados três métodos de esterificação e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os métodos de LUDDY et alii (1969) e da A.O.A.C. (1965). O método que utilizou a saponificação prévia apresentou diferença significativa no teor de linolêico em relação ao método A.O.A.C. (1965).

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An experiment for the synthesis of isobutylene from tert-butanol dehydratation using oxalic acid as catalyst, followed by preparations of tert-butyl benzoate and tert-butyl cinnamate is described. The synthesis are simple, requiring two periods of 4 hours and are suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry experimental courses.

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Monoacilglycerides and diacilglycerides are produced through lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of soybean oil using Candida antarctica B in a solvent-free system. The reaction was carried out at a glycerol to triacylglycerol molar ratio of 8:1 with 2% of lipase. Acylglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol produced were separated employing the molecular distillation process. Starting from a product of enzymatic reaction 25.06% of triacylglycerols, 46.63% of diacylglycerides, 21.72% of monoacylglycerides, 5.38% of FFA and 1.21% of glycerol and after consecutively distillations, monoacylglycerides with 80% of purity was obtained and also oil with 54% of diacylglycerides to be used in human dietary.

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A laboratory experiment that enables the professor to introduce the problematic of sustainable development in pharmaceutical chemistry to undergraduate students is proposed, using a simple synthetic procedure. Cholesteryl acetate is prepared by the esterification of cholesterol using Montmorillonite K10 as heterogeneous catalyst. Cholesterol and cholesteryl acetate are characterized by spectroscopic (¹H RMN, 13C RMN, FTIR) and thermal analysis techniques. The thermal methods are used to introduce the concepts of polymorphism and the nature of mesophases.

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Esterification reactions of glycerol with lauric acid in solvent free system were carried out using lipases from several sources. All lipases were immobilized on polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol particles by covalent binding with high activity recovered. Among the tested enzymes, the Candida antarctica lipase allowed to attain the highest molar conversion (76%), giving similar proportions of monolaurin, dilaurin and low amount of trilaurin. To further improve the process, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used and optima temperature and molar ratio glycerol to lauric acid were found to be 45 ºC and 5:1, respectively. Under these conditions, 31.35% of monolaurin concentrations were attained and this result was in close agreement with the statistical model prediction.

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In this work sulfated zirconia (SZr) and activated carbon/SZr composites produced by impregnation method with or without heating treatment step (CABC/SZr-I and CABC/SZr-I SC) and by the method of synthesis of SZr on the carbon (CABC/SZr-S) was used as catalysts in the esterification reactions of fatty acids. The SZr presented very active, conversions higher than 90% were obtained after 2 h of reaction. The activity of the composite CABC/SZr-I20%SC was up to 92%, however, this was directly related to time and temperature reactions. CABC/SZr-I and CABC/SZr-S were less active in esterification reactions, what could be attributed to its low acidity

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ABSTRACT Montmorillonite was modified with zirconium polyoxycations in the presence of ammonium sulphate. The material was characterized and used as a catalyst in the esterification of lauric acid, the reactions being accompanied by 2³ factorial design. Conversions of up to 95.33 and 83.35% were observed for the methyl and ethyl esterification reactions respectively, proving superior to results obtained by thermal conversion. The material was submitted to three reaction cycles and similar conversions were observed, indicating the catalyst is not significantly deactivated after reuse. The catalyst was also tested under reflux conditions, yielding a maximum conversion of 36.86%.

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Omega-3 enriched partial acylglycerols are beneficial for human health. The aim of this study was to obtain monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) by means of glycerolysis of fish oil catalyzed by a lipase from Rhizomucor miehei in the presence of food grade surfactants (Tween 65, 80 or 85). Glycerolysis was successful in the reaction media for all the tested surfactants, showing their potential for use as additives in such a system. The best results, however, were obtained for the reaction medium in the absence of surfactant whose peroxide value was the lowest after glycerolysis.

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The application of Lipozyme (Termomyces lanuginosus) immobilized in gelatin gel in aliphatic ester synthesis was investigated taking the esterification of hexanoic acid with n-butanol as a model reaction. Conditions were optimized by factorial design and the highest conversion was obtained under the following conditions: molar ratio alcohol: acid of 2:1, reaction time of 48 h and biocatalyst weight of 7.0 g. Under these conditions the esterification yield was around 98 %. The operational stability of the immobilized lipase was assessed and results showed that after 12 batch runs, the enzyme showed no significant loss of activity.

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The aim of this work was to study monoalkyl ester synthesis catalyzed by immobilized lipase Lipozyme RM IM via the esterification reaction. Yields of over 90% were obtained with butanol in esterification reactions with oleic acid. In the reactions with deodorizer distillates of vegetable oils and butanol, the conversion obtained was greater than 80% after 2.5 h. For the esterification reaction of palm fatty acid deodorizer distillate (PFAD) and butanol, seven reuse cycles of Lipozyme RM IM were carried out and the final conversion was 42% lower than the initial conversion.

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Materials obtained by the immobilization of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (PTA) on silica using the method of impregnation with excess solution in distinct solvents (aqueous HCl, methanol:H2O, and acetonitrile) were evaluated for use as catalysts in the methyl esterification of stearic acid. Optimum conditions were established for the impregnation of 0.5 g (w/w) of PTA on amorphous silica, under stirring at 150 rpm for 24 h, using 20 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 HCl as the solvent. After calcination at 200 ºC, high conversions were obtained under mild reaction conditions, resulting in high turnover numbers. The catalyst was evaluated in ten catalytic cycles of use, where the activity was reduced only slightly, attesting its stability and the possibility to apply it to industrial production of methylesters.

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Filamentous fungi were cultured under solid state fermentation of soybean residues to produce lipases. Enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger esterified oleic and butyric acids in the presence of ethanol, while enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated no esterification activity toward lauric acid. In case of A. niger, direct lyophilization of fermented bran led to higher esterification activity. The esterification of oleic acid by enzymes of A. fumigatus was neither influenced by pH adjustment nor by the extraction process. Conversions to ethyl esters were higher after pH adjustment with lyophilized liquid extract of A. niger.

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Palm oil containing 40% fatty acids was converted to methyl esters using zinc carboxylates as the esterification/transesterification catalyst. The reaction was optimized using a factorial design in which the effects of the alcohol:fatty acids molar ratio (MRAG) and the catalyst concentration (CAT) were assessed. The best conversion was achieved with CAT at 4 wt% and MRAG at 4:1. However, the solid catalyst presented significant structural changes after use. For instance, laurate anions were replaced by carboxylates of higher molecular mass, leading to the formation of a new catalytically active layered structure. Also, the glycerin obtained as a co-product contained 86 wt% glycerol.

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Este trabalho investiga o comportamento da reação de esterificação direta de butenos com ácido acético em fase líquida a partir de uma carga contendo butenos e butano. O estudo faz parte de um projeto que visa desenvolver uma rota alternativa para a produção do acetato de sec-butila, um solvente amplamente utilizado na indústria de tintas e vernizes e de elevado valor agregado. Foram testados três tipos de catalisadores para a reação de interesse: zeólitas, resinas de troca iônica e um catalisador a base de óxido de nióbio. As resinas mostraram-se mais eficientes sendo que, entre as resinas, aquela que apresentou maior conversão a acetato foi a resina Amberlyst 36 Dry. O estudo avaliou também a desativação do catalisador num tempo de aproximadamente 300h de operação a 90 ºC. Observou-se que, além do acetato de sec-butila, os principais sub-produtos formados foram o álcool sec-butílico, o éter butílico e oligômeros provenientes do buteno. Foram realizados experimentos a 50 ºC, 70 ºC, 90 ºC e 110 ºC com a razão molar inicial de ácido/buteno variando entre 0,6 e 2,6. Os testes foram conduzidos em um reator batelada com volume útil de um litro acoplado a um cromatógrafo, na ausência de efeitos difusivos. Foi proposto um modelo pseudo-homogêneo para descrever o comportamento da reação e foram estimadas as energias de ativação e os coeficientes pré-exponenciais das reações direta e inversa. A constante de equilíbrio termodinâmico também foi calculada, utilizando o modelo UNIFAC para a determinação dos coeficientes de atividade. Finalmente, os dados de equilíbrio foram comparados com os dados cinéticos, observando-se boa correlação principalmente para as temperaturas de trabalho mais altas.