Git-versiohallinnan matemaattiset perusteet

Työssä esitetään Git-versiohallintajärjestelmään liittyviä tietorakenteita ja toimintoja matemaattisesta näkökulmasta. Kuvaillaan Gitin käyttämä tietojen tallennustapa ja annetaan yleiskuva Gitin tärkeimmistä toiminnoista. Erityisen tarkasti Gitin toiminnoista esitetään pakkausmenetelmä, tiedostojen erojen vertailu ja pakettitiedostoissa käytettävä deltapakkaus. Deflate-pakkausmenetelmästä tutustutaan sen käyttämään Huffman-koodaukseen, LZ77- koodaukseen ja koodauskaavioiden pakkaukseen. Lisäksi määritellään deflate-pakatun tietovirran rakenne. Esitetään tiedostojen erojen vertailun matemaattinen määritelmä sekä näytetään miten tähän liittyvä pisimmän yhteisen alijonon hakeva algoritmi voidaan toteuttaa erilaisilla menetelmillä, joiden aikakompleksisuudet poikkeavat merkittävästi toisistaan. Kuvaillaan Gitin pakettitiedoston rakenne ja sen muodostamisen algoritmeja. Lisäksi annetaan matemaattinen määritelmä siinä käytetylle deltapakkaukselle ja esitetään deltapakkauksen algoritmi ja siinä käytetty Rabinin sormenjälki. Esitettävissä algoritmeissa esiintyy muutamia perusmenetelmiä kuten dynaaminen ohjelmointi, ahnas algoritmi sekä hajota ja hallitse -menetelmä.

COMP1204: Git (2013)

Pro-GIT book (please consider buying the ebook version to support the author)

Version Control (with git and SourceKettle)

Short introduction to version control, SourceKettle and git

Version Control with Git for beginners

A brief intro to version control concepts using Git

Exposé de l'état actuel de la société arabe, du gouvernement et de la législation qui la régit /

"Novembre 1944."

Comparison of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar hardjo in sows immunized with two commercial whole culture polivalent anti-leptospira bacterins

It was performed the comparison of the intensity and duration of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar Hardjo in swines vaccinated with two commercial anti-leptospira bacterins. Sows no reactive to 24 Leptospira sp serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were divided in three groups: Group A (n=08): received two vaccine A doses with 30 days interval, Group B (n=08) two vaccine B doses with 30 days interval and Group C (n=08): control no vaccinated against leptospirosis.Blood samples were collected each 30 days during six months following the first vaccination. The sera were tested by MAT and growth inhibition test (GIT) to serovar Hardjo in order to evaluate respectively agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies. It was found that neutralizing antibodies persisted for a longer time than the agglutinating ones and that the absence of agglutinating antibodies does not means in the absence of the neutralizing. The peaks of agglutinating antibodies was obtained at least 30 days earlier than that produced by neutralizing. The duration of both kinds of antibodies measured differed between the two bacterines tested. The period for inducing neutralizing antibodies against serovar Hardjo indicated that gilts must be immunized with two doses of whole culture anti-leptospira bacterines applied 30 days each other at least 90 days before the first mating. For the maintenance of hight levels of neutralizing antibodies the revaccinations must be performed every six months after the first vaccination.

Potential beneficial properties of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from smoked salmon

Aims: To evaluate the probiotic properties of strains isolated from smoked salmon and previously identified as bacteriocin producers. Methods and Results: Strains Lactobacillus curvatus ET06, ET30 and ET31, Lactobacillus fermentum ET35, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ET32, Pediococcus acidilactici ET34 and Enterococcus faecium ET05, ET12 and ET88 survived conditions simulating the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and produced bacteriocins active against several strains of Listeria monocytogenes, but presented very low activity against other lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Cell-free supernatants containing bacteriocins, added to 3-h-old cultures of L. monocytogenes 603, suppressed growth over 12 h. Auto-aggregation was strain-specific, and values ranged from 7 center dot 2% for ET35 to 12 center dot 1% for ET05. Various degrees of co-aggregation with L. monocytogenes 603, Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19443 were observed. Adherence of the bacteriocinogenic strains to Caco-2 cells was within the range reported for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a well-known probiotic. The highest levels of hydrophobicity were recorded for Lact. curvatus (61 center dot 9-64 center dot 6%), Lact. fermentum (78 center dot 9%), Lact. delbrueckii (43 center dot 7%) and Ped. acidilactici (51 center dot 3%), which are higher than the one recorded for Lact. rhamnosus GG (53 center dot 3%). These strains were highly sensitive to several antibiotics and affected by several drugs from different generic groups in a strain-dependent manner. Conclusions: Smoked salmon is a rich source of probiotic LAB. All strains survived conditions simulating the GIT and produced bacteriocins active against various pathogens. Adherence to Caco-2 cells was within the range reported for Lact. rhamnosus GG, a well-known probiotic. In addition, the high hydrophobicity readings recorded define the strains as good probiotics. Significance and Impact of the Study: Smoked salmon contains a number of different probiotic LAB and could be marketed as having a potential beneficial effect.

Evaluation of the role of environmental factors in the human gastrointestinal tract on the behaviour of probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus casei LC01 by the use of a semi-dynamic in vitro model

This study evaluated the influence of gastrointestinal environmental factors (pH, digestive enzymes, food components, medicaments) on the survival of Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus casei LC01, using a semi-dynamic in vitro model that simulates the transit of microorganisms through the human GIT. The strains were first exposed to different simulated gastric juices for different periods of time (0, 30, 60 and 120 min), and then to simulated intestinal fluids for zero, 120, 180 and 240 min, in a step-wise format. The number of viable cells was determined after each step. The influence of food residues (skim milk) in the fluids and resistance to medicaments commonly used for varied therapeutic purposes (analgesics, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antihistaminics, proton pump inhibitors, etc.) were also evaluated. Results indicated that survival of both cultures was pH and time dependent, and digestive enzymes had little influence. Milk components presented a protective effect, and medicaments, especially anti-inflammatory drugs, influenced markedly the viability of the probiotic cultures, indicating that the beneficial effects of the two probiotic cultures to health are dependent of environmental factors encountered in the human gastrointestinal tract.

Enterococcus faecalis V583 prophages: Dynamic interactions and contribution to bacterial pathogenic traits

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology.

Diagnóstico da Tuberculose Latente na Região de Almada: Comparação dos resultados de utilização do Teste Tuberculínico com o Teste IGRA

A tuberculose, apesar de todos os avanços científicos e tecnológicos, continua a constituir, mais do que nunca, um grave e importante problema de saúde pública a nível mundial.1,2 Uma vez infectado por M.t., o indivíduo permanece infectado durante muitos anos, provavelmente para o resto da vida.4 Nestes indivíduos infectados mas saudáveis e assintomáticos, a única evidência de infecção pode ser um teste cutâneo de tuberculina ou teste interferão-gamma positivos.5 Este estudo é constituído por 32 indivíduos, com uma média de idades de 34 anos, a maior parte dos indivíduos em idade activa. Da população estudada, 43,8% tinha comportamentos de risco, a maior percentagem referiu o consumo de tabaco como o principal comportamento de risco. Verifica-se que todos os indivíduos com comportamentos de risco tiveram um resultado positivo no TST (n=14), esse resultado só se manteve positivo em cerca de 1/3 do mesmo número de indivíduos quando utilizado o teste IGRA. Os conviventes representam cerca de 2/3 da população estudada (n=19), referindo, na sua maioria, terem um contacto próximo com o caso índice (n=17). Destes, 14 tiveram contacto com um doente com baciloscopias positivas. Dos inquiridos, 84,4% tinham registo ou cicatriz vacinal do BCG, em 9,4% a vacina BCG era desconhecida e 6,3% não tinham registo nem cicatriz do BCG. Dos indivíduos vacinados mais de metade (n=14) teve um resultado negativo para IGRA. Enquanto que, o inverso se verifica no resultado final do TST. Mais de 50% dos indivíduos tiveram um resultado negativo para IGRA, apenas 37,5% teve um resultado positivo e 9,4% um resultado indeterminado. Sendo o IGRA determinante na maior parte dos indivíduos para o resultado final do rastreio, e dada a alta especificidade do QFT-GIT, o estudo denota um desempenho mais favorável para detectar exposição ao M.t. do QFT-GIT comparando com o TST. Apenas 34,4% da população total iniciou tratamento para ILTB e 12,5% quimioprofilaxia. Foram detectados dois casos de TB doença, mas cujo resultado final do rastreio de um deles não teve qualquer influência do IGRA, uma vez que este foi negativo. Este trabalho é apenas uma pequena parte do fenómeno em estudo e os resultados obtidos podem constituir uma base para o desenvolvimento de outros estudos de investigação.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DE MADEIRAS AMAZÔNICAS PARA A CONSTRUÇÃO PESADA.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com seis (seis) espécies florestais, gitó (Guarea trichilioides),louro-chumbo (Licaria canela),cumarurana (Dypteryx pollyphylla),louro-aritu (Licaria arltu),macucu-fofo (Licania oblongifolia)e melancieira (Alexa grandiflora),oriundas da área da Hidrelétrica de Balbina no município de Presidente Figueiredo-AM, as quais foram submetidas aos ensaios de densidade básica, flexão estática, compressão paralela e perpendicular às fibras, dureza Janka e testes de tratabilidade, alem de levantamentos bibliográficos acerca da durabilidade natural dae mesmas, objetivando uma classificação em categorias de usos finais, tais como: pontes, carrocerias, dormentes e pilares. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que somente a espécie denominada melancieira não apresentou os requisitos exigidos para as utilizações mencionadas.

backimap : backup del correu IMAP

El correu electrònic ha esdevingut una eina molt important per a la societat i crítica per a molts negocis. Amb la proliferació dels proveïdors de correu gratuït a la web, hom pot accedir fàcilment al correu des de qualsevol lloc, fins i tot seguir accedint-hi amb les eines de sempre. Així, moltes empreses i particulars han deixat de tenir serveis de correu propis i han passat a utilitzar el que ofereixen d'altres proveïdors. Però què passa amb les còpies de seguretat del correu? Quins proveïdors ofereixen recuperar correus esborrats? En quines condicions? Durant quant de temps guarden les còpies de seguretat? Què passa si el proveïdor deixa d'oferir el servei? Amb backimap hom pot recuperar el control de les còpies de seguretat del correu i romandre una mica més tranquil.

Trypanosoma cruzi: parasite persistence in tissues in chronic chagasic Brazilian patients

Chagas disease in the chronic phase may develop into cardiac and/or digestive forms. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet clear and studies have been carried out to elucidate the role of parasite persistence in affected organs. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify Trypanosoma cruzi in paraffin-embedded tissue samples from chronic patients using NPCR (nested polymerase chain reaction) and QPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) methods. These results were correlated to anatomopathological alterations in the heart and gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Of the 23 patients studied, 18 presented the cardiac form and five presented the cardiodigestive form of Chagas disease. DNA samples were randomly isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of heart and GIT tissue of 23 necropsies and were analyzed through NPCR amplification. T. cruzi DNA was detected by NPCR in 48/56 (85.7%) heart and 35/42 (83.3%) GIT samples from patients with the cardiac form. For patients with the cardiodigestive form, NPCR was positive in 12/14 (85.7%) heart and in 14/14 (100%) GIT samples. QPCR, with an efficiency of 97.6%, was performed in 13 samples (11 from cardiac and 2 from cardiodigestive form) identified previously as positive by NPCR. The number of T. cruzi copies was compared to heart weight and no statistical significance was observed. Additionally, we compared the number of copies in different tissues (both heart and GIT) in six samples from the cardiac form and two samples from the cardiodigestive form. The parasite load observed was proportionally higher in heart tissues from patients with the cardiac form. These results show that the presence of the parasite in tissues is essential to Chagas disease pathogenesis.

Exploring the mechanisms regulating nutrient bioavailability and lipid metabolism through a nutrigenomics approach

SUMMARY Following the complete sequencing of the human genome, the field of nutrition has begun utilizing this vast quantity of information to comprehensively explore the interactions between diet and genes. This approach, coined nutrigenomics, aims to determine the influence of common dietary ingredients on the genome, and attempts to relate the resulting different phenotypes to differences in the cellular and/or genetic response of the biological system. However, complementary to defining the biological outcomes of dietary ingredients, we must also understand the influence of the multiple factors (such as the microbiota, bile, and function of transporters) that may contribute to the bioavailability, and ultimately bioefficacy, of these ingredients. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the body's foremost tissue boundary, interacting with nutrients, exogenous compounds and microbiota, and whose condition is influenced by the complex interplay between these environmental factors and genetic elements. In order to understand GIT nutrient-gene interactions, our goal was to comprehensively elucidate the region-specific gene expression underlying intestinal functions. We found important regional differences in the expression of members of the ATP-binding cassette family of transporters in the mouse intestine, suggesting that absorption of dietary compounds may vary along the GIT. Furthermore, the influence of the microbiota on host gene expression indicated that this luminal factor predominantly influences immune function and water transport throughout the GIT; however, the identification of region-specific functions suggest distinct host-bacterial interactions along the GIT. Thus, these findings reinforce that to understand nutrient bioavailability and GIT function, one must consider the physiologically distinct regions of the gut. Nutritional molecules absorbed by the enterocytes of the GIT enter circulation and will be selectively absorbed and metabolised by tissues throughout the body; however, their bioefficacy in the body will depend on the unique and shared molecular mechanisms of the various tissues. Using a nutrigenomic approach, the biological responses of the liver and hippocampus of mice fed different long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids diets revealed tissue-specific responses. Furthermore, we identified stearoyl-CoA desaturase as a hepatic target for arachidonic acid, suggesting a potentially novel molecular mechanism that may protect against diet-induced obesity. In summary, this work begins to unveil the fundamentally important role that nutrigenomics will play in unravelling the molecular mechanisms, and those exogenous factors capable of influencing these mechanisms, that regulate the bioefficacy of nutritional molecules. RÉSUMÉ Suite au séquençage complet du génome humain, le domaine de la nutrition a commencé à utiliser cette vaste quantité d'information pour explorer de manière globale les interactions entre la nourriture et les gènes. Cette approche, appelée « nutrigenomics », a pour but de déterminer l'influence d'ingrédients couramment utilisés dans l'alimentation sur le génome, et d'essayer de relier ces différents phénotypes, ainsi révélés, à des différences de réponses cellulaires et/ou génétiques. Cependant, en plus de définir les effets biologiques d'ingrédients alimentaires, il est important de comprendre l'influence des multiples facteurs (telle que la microflore, la bile et la fonction des transporteurs) pouvant contribuer à la bio- disponibilité et par conséquent à l'efficacité de ces ingrédients. Le tractus gastro-intestinal (TGI), qui est la première barrière vers les tissus, interagit avec les nutriments, les composés exogènes et la microflore. La fonction de cet organe est influencée par les interactions complexes entre les facteurs environnementaux et les éléments génétiques. Dans le but de comprendre les interactions entre les nutriments et les gènes au niveau du TGI, notre objectif a été de décrire de manière globale l'expression génique spécifique de chaque région de l'intestin définissant leurs fonctions. Nous avons trouvé d'importantes différences régionales dans l'expression des transporteurs de la famille des « ATP-binding cassette transporter » dans l'intestin de souris, suggérant que l'absorption des composés alimentaires puisse varier le long de l'intestin. De plus, l'étude des effets de la microflore sur l'expression des gènes hôtes a indiqué que ce facteur de la lumière intestinale influence surtout la fonction immunitaire et le transport de l'eau à travers l'intestin. Cependant, l'identification des fonctions spécifiques de chaque région suggère des interactions distinctes entre l'hôte et les bactéries le long de l'intestin. Ainsi, ces résultats renforcent l'idée que la compréhension de la bio-disponibilité des nutriments, et par conséquent la fonction du TGI, doit prendre en considération les différences régionales. Les molécules nutritionnelles transportées par les entérocytes jusqu'à la circulation sanguine, sont ensuite sélectivement absorbées et métabolisées par les différents tissus de l'organisme. Cependant, leur efficacité biologique dépendra du mécanisme commun ou spécifique de chaque tissu. En utilisant une approche « nutriogenomics », nous avons pu mettre en évidence les réponses biologiques spécifiques du foie et de l'hippocampe de souris nourris avec des régimes supplémentés avec différents acides gras poly-insaturés à chaîne longue. De plus, nous avons identifié la stearoyl-CoA desaturase comme une cible hépatique pour l'acide arachidonique, suggérant un nouveau mécanisme moléculaire pouvant potentiellement protéger contre le développement de l'obésité. En résumé, ce travail a permis de dévoiler le rôle fondamental qu'une approche telle que la « nutrigenomics » peut jouer dans le décryptage des mécanismes moléculaires et de leur régulation par des facteurs exogènes, qui ensemble vont contrôler l'efficacité biologique des nutriments.