Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, pour une révolution bioéconomique

Sobriété, promotion de l'agriculture biologique, chasse au gaspillage... Ces principes bioéconomiques énoncés par Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen dans les années 1970 ont été à l'origine de l'association communément faite entre ses travaux et le mouvement de la décroissance. Cette affiliation s'avère pourtant réductrice. La participation de Georgescu-Roegen aux premiers débats écologiques et son appel à une réforme profonde de la théorie économique en font un acteur majeur des débats intellectuels de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle, bien au-delà des controverses de l'écologie radicale. La pensée de Georgescu-Roegen, à travers ses inspirations, sa clairvoyance, ses subtilités, mais aussi ses ambiguités et contradictions, offre un cadre de réflexion privilégié pour enraciner la réflexion économique dans la dynamique ­écologique. Cet ouvrage contient par ailleurs la réédition d'un texte méconnu de Georgescu-Roegen publié en 1978, « De la science économique à la bioéconomie », et riche en enseignements dans le contexte des préoccupations environnementales actuelles.

A economia ecológica e evolucionária de Georgescu-Roegen

The ecological and evolutionary economics of Georgescu-Roegen. The main argument of this paper is that Georgescu-Roegen's contributions represent a major disruption with economics' pre-analytic vision. He rejected at the same time both the closed and circular view of the economy and the mechanic analogies that oriented economics in the past century. Even though his influence has been felt mainly in the field of ecological economics, his epistemological contributions represent a major challenge to equilibrium thinking. Nowadays, treating economic systems as complex and evolutionary systems is becoming not only acceptable, but also a trend in the way political economy is made. We defend that Georgescu-Roegen's disruption represents a scientific revolution in economics, in the sense attributed by Kuhn.

Globalisation and sustainability: environmental Kuznets curve and the WTO

Economic globalisation is seen by many as a driving force for global economic growth. Yet opinion is divided about the benefits of this process, as highlighted by the WTO meeting in Seattle in late 1999. Proponents of economic globalisation view it as a positive force for environmental improvement and as a major factor increasing the likelihood of sustainable development through its likely boost to global investment. These proponents mostly appeal to analysis based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) to support their views about environmental improvement. But EKC-analysis has significant deficiencies. Furthermore, it is impossible to be confident that the process of economic globalisation will result in sustainable development, if 'weak conditions' only are satisfied. 'Strong conditions' probably need to be satisfied to achieve sustainable development, and given current global institutional arrangements, these are likely to be violated by the economic globalisation process. Global political action seems to be needed-to avert a deterioration in the global environment and to prevent unsustainability of development. This exposition demonstrates the limitations of EKC-analysis, identifies positive and negative effects of economic globalisation on pollution levels, and highlights connections between globalisation and the debate about whether strong or weak conditions are required for sustainable development. The article concludes with a short discussion of the position of WTO in relation to trade and the environment and the seemingly de facto endorsement of WTO of weak conditions for sustainable development. It suggests that WTO's relative neglect of environmental concerns is no longer politically tenable and needs to be reassessed in the light of recent developments in economic analysis. The skew of economic growth, e.g. in favour of developing countries, is shown to be extremely important from a global environmental perspective. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Why Catalonia will see its energy metabolism increase in the near future: an application of MuSIASEM

This paper applies the so-called Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) to the economy of the Spanish region of Catalonia. By applying Georgescu-Roegen's fund-flow model, it arrives at the conclusion that within a context of the end of cheap oil, the current development model based on the growth of low productivity sectors such as services and construction must change. The change is needed not only because of the increasing scarcity of affordable energy carriers, or because of the increasing environmental impact that the present development represents, but also because of an ageing population that demands labour productivity gains. This will imply industry requiring more energy consumption per worker in order to increase its productivity, and therefore its competitiveness. Thus, we conclude that energy intensity, and exosomatic energy metabolism of Catalonia will increase dramatically in the near future unless major conservation efforts are implemented in both the household and transport sectors.

Sustainable development: conceptualizations and measurement

The paper builds up from a review of some expected, but other quite surprising results regarding country estimates for the year 2000 of genuine saving, a sustainability indicator developed by a World Bank research team. We examine this indicator, founded on neoclassical welfare theory, and discuss one of its major problems. Theoretical developments from ecological economics are then considered, together with insights from Georgescu-Roegen's approach to the production process, in search for an alternative approach. A model with potentially fruitful contributions in this direction is reviewed; it points the course efforts could take enable sustainability evaluations based on a more realistic set of interrelated monetary and biophysical indicators.

Crecimiento económico y medio ambiente

Incluye Bibliografía

Economic growth and the environment

Includes bibliography

La economía y el ambiente : Ortodoxias y heterodoxias para la aplicación al territorio

El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los enfoques principales del debate sobre el tratamiento que debe dar la economía al impacto ambiental. El tema se relaciona con toda la discusión sobre el desarrollo y sobre la relación entre territorio y desarrollo, y atraviesa la problemática de la geografía económica y regional en cuestiones como la planificación regional o el análisis de impacto, sobre todo en territorios con fuerte influencia de la explotación de recursos naturales. Se analiza la manera de incorporar el problema en las bases de la economía neoclásica aceptando sus principios y utilizando sus instrumentos. Luego se aborda la economía ecológica desde el trabajo de Georgescu-Roegen de 1971, el primero que intenta introducir en el razonamiento económico las leyes de la irreversibilidad de los procesos, por fuera de la visión neoclásica y fundando una corriente heterodoxa. Más allá de estas posiciones, están las visiones que analizan la relación entre ambiente y desarrollo manteniendo el concepto de centro-periferia o asumiendo la necesidad de construir discursos contra-hegemónicos, enmarcando la cuestión ambiental en esa lógica: se mencionan la postura del marxismo y el aporte del poscolonialismo -este último, fundamental, por la importancia que asigna a la necesidad de reconstruir la perspectiva ambiental desde las identidades y el territorio-. Las conclusiones plantean el desafío de retomar este tipo de puntos de vista -lo que limita enormemente el uso del herramental de la economía ambiental- y también algunas propuestas neoinstitucionalistas de la economía ecológica

La economía y el ambiente : Ortodoxias y heterodoxias para la aplicación al territorio

El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los enfoques principales del debate sobre el tratamiento que debe dar la economía al impacto ambiental. El tema se relaciona con toda la discusión sobre el desarrollo y sobre la relación entre territorio y desarrollo, y atraviesa la problemática de la geografía económica y regional en cuestiones como la planificación regional o el análisis de impacto, sobre todo en territorios con fuerte influencia de la explotación de recursos naturales. Se analiza la manera de incorporar el problema en las bases de la economía neoclásica aceptando sus principios y utilizando sus instrumentos. Luego se aborda la economía ecológica desde el trabajo de Georgescu-Roegen de 1971, el primero que intenta introducir en el razonamiento económico las leyes de la irreversibilidad de los procesos, por fuera de la visión neoclásica y fundando una corriente heterodoxa. Más allá de estas posiciones, están las visiones que analizan la relación entre ambiente y desarrollo manteniendo el concepto de centro-periferia o asumiendo la necesidad de construir discursos contra-hegemónicos, enmarcando la cuestión ambiental en esa lógica: se mencionan la postura del marxismo y el aporte del poscolonialismo -este último, fundamental, por la importancia que asigna a la necesidad de reconstruir la perspectiva ambiental desde las identidades y el territorio-. Las conclusiones plantean el desafío de retomar este tipo de puntos de vista -lo que limita enormemente el uso del herramental de la economía ambiental- y también algunas propuestas neoinstitucionalistas de la economía ecológica

La economía y el ambiente : Ortodoxias y heterodoxias para la aplicación al territorio

El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los enfoques principales del debate sobre el tratamiento que debe dar la economía al impacto ambiental. El tema se relaciona con toda la discusión sobre el desarrollo y sobre la relación entre territorio y desarrollo, y atraviesa la problemática de la geografía económica y regional en cuestiones como la planificación regional o el análisis de impacto, sobre todo en territorios con fuerte influencia de la explotación de recursos naturales. Se analiza la manera de incorporar el problema en las bases de la economía neoclásica aceptando sus principios y utilizando sus instrumentos. Luego se aborda la economía ecológica desde el trabajo de Georgescu-Roegen de 1971, el primero que intenta introducir en el razonamiento económico las leyes de la irreversibilidad de los procesos, por fuera de la visión neoclásica y fundando una corriente heterodoxa. Más allá de estas posiciones, están las visiones que analizan la relación entre ambiente y desarrollo manteniendo el concepto de centro-periferia o asumiendo la necesidad de construir discursos contra-hegemónicos, enmarcando la cuestión ambiental en esa lógica: se mencionan la postura del marxismo y el aporte del poscolonialismo -este último, fundamental, por la importancia que asigna a la necesidad de reconstruir la perspectiva ambiental desde las identidades y el territorio-. Las conclusiones plantean el desafío de retomar este tipo de puntos de vista -lo que limita enormemente el uso del herramental de la economía ambiental- y también algunas propuestas neoinstitucionalistas de la economía ecológica

Gerogescu-Roegen versus Solow/Stiglitz and the convergence to the Cobb-Douglas

The value of the elasticity of substitution of capital for resources is a crucial element in the debate over whether continual growth is possible. It is generally held that the elasticity has to be at least one to permit continual growth and that there is no way of estimating this outside the range of the data. This paper presents a model in which the elasticity is determined endogenously and may converge to one. It is concluded that the general opinion is wrong: that the possibility of continual growth does not depend on the exogenously given value of the elasticity and that the value of the elasticity outside the range of the data can be studied by econometric methods.

Reconsideration of dimensions and curve fitting practice in economics ellaborating on Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology

This paper is to examine the proper use of dimensions and curve fitting practices elaborating on Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology in relation to the three main concerns of his epistemological orientation. Section 2 introduces two critical issues in relation to dimensions and curve fitting practices in economics in view of Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology. Section 3 deals with the logarithmic function (ln z) and shows that z must be a dimensionless pure number, otherwise it is nonsensical. Several unfortunate examples of this analytical error are presented including macroeconomic data analysis conducted by a representative figure in this field. Section 4 deals with the standard Cobb-Douglas function. It is shown that the operational meaning cannot be obtained for capital or labor within the Cobb-Douglas function. Section 4 also deals with economists "curve fitting fetishism". Section 5 concludes thispaper with several epistemological issues in relation to dimensions and curve fitting practices in economics.

miR-29b and miR-125a Regulate Podoplanin and Suppress Invasion in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor, characterized by an elevated capacity for cellular proliferation and invasion. Recently, it was demonstrated that podoplanin membrane sialo-glycoprotein encoded by PDPN gene is over-expressed and related to cellular invasion in astrocytic tumors; however the mechanisms of regulation are still unknown. MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and several biological processes and diseases, including cancer. Nevertheless, their roles in invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis of glioblastoma are not completely understood. In this study, we focused on miR-29b and miR-125a, which were predicted to regulate PDPN, and demonstrated that these microRNAs directly target the 30 untranslated region of PDPN and inhibit invasion, apoptosis, and proliferation of glioblastomas. Furthermore, we report that miR-29b and miR-125a are downregulated in glioblastomas and also in CD133-positive cells. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-29b and miR-125a represent potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MUSIASEM): an outline of rationale and theory

This paper presents an outline of rationale and theory of the MuSIASEM scheme (Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism). First, three points of the rationale behind our MuSIASEM scheme are discussed: (i) endosomatic and exosomatic metabolism in relation to Georgescu-Roegen’s flow-fund scheme; (2) the bioeconomic analogy of hypercycle and dissipative parts in ecosystems; (3) the dramatic reallocation of human time and land use patterns in various sectors of modern economy. Next, a flow-fund representation of the MUSIASEM scheme on three levels (the whole national level, the paid work sectors level, and the agricultural sector level) is illustrated to look at the structure of the human economy in relation to two primary factors: (i) human time - a fund; and (ii) exosomatic energy - a flow. The three levels representation uses extensive and intensive variables simultaneously. Key conceptual tools of the MuSIASEM scheme - mosaic effects and impredicative loop analysis - are explained using the three level flow-fund representation. Finally, we claim that the MuSIASEM scheme can be seen as a multi-purpose grammar useful to deal with sustainability issues.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of panobacumab: specific adjunctive immunotherapy in critical patients with nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 pneumonia.

Objectives Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia remains a major concern in critically ill patients. We explored the potential impact of microorganism-targeted adjunctive immunotherapy in such patients. Patients and methods This multicentre, open pilot Phase 2a clinical trial (NCT00851435) prospectively evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics and potential efficacy of three doses of 1.2 mg/kg panobacumab, a fully human monoclonal anti-lipopolysaccharide IgM, given every 72 h in 18 patients developing nosocomial P. aeruginosa (serotype O11) pneumonia. Results Seventeen out of 18 patients were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. In 13 patients receiving three doses, the maximal concentration after the third infusion was 33.9 ± 8.0 μg/mL, total area under the serum concentration-time curve was 5397 ± 1993 μg h/mL and elimination half-life was 102.3 ± 47.8 h. Panobacumab was well tolerated, induced no immunogenicity and was detected in respiratory samples. In contrast to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) prediction, all 13 patients receiving three doses survived, with a mean clinical resolution in 9.0 ± 2.7 days. Two patients suffered a recurrence at days 17 and 20. Conclusions These data suggest that panobacumab is safe, with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that in healthy volunteers. It was associated with high clinical cure and survival rates in patients developing nosocomial P. aeruginosa O11 pneumonia. We concluded that these promising results warrant further trials.