A new Peruvian land planarian species of the genus Gigantea (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae)

A new species of Geoplaninae land planarian from south Peru, Gigantea urubambensis sp. nov., is described. The most outstanding features of the new species are the very dorsal location of the testes, between the dorsal diagonal and the supra-intestinal parenchymatic muscle layers; a penis papilla projecting from the roof of the male atrium and acentrally traversed by the ejaculatory duct; and the absence of glandular ridges on the penis papilla.

Reflections on the genus Amaga Ogren and Kawakatsu 1990, and description of a new genus of land planarian (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae)

Amaga amagensis, the type species of the genus Amaga, and Amaga bogotensis are re-described. Detailed analysis of the morphology of A. amagensis revealed important taxonomic features, such as testes located dorsally to the supraintestinal parenchymal muscular layer, and secretory accumulations opening through the lateral margins of the body. These characters, as well as other morphological features, are discussed, culminating in an emendation of the generic diagnosis of Amaga. Amaga bogotensis exhibits a characteristic set of morphological features, namely an eversible penis, a male atrium lined with large musculosecretory papillae, and independent muscular coats around both male and female atrium. Therefore, a new genus is proposed for this species.

A new species of land planarian of Gigantea Ogren and Kawakatsu, 1990 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) from Colombia, with taxonomic remarks on the genus

A new species of land planarian from Colombia, Gigantea maupoi sp. nov., is described herein. The penis papilla of the new species is provided with numerous accessory genital organs, or mgo. These mgo are of a unique morphology, consisting of a very strong barrel-shaped circular muscle coat and an underlying longitudinal one, both derived from the subepithelial musculature of the penis papilla. The central mass of each mgo contains secretions and 8-15 canalicula that open to the male atrium on the central region of the organ. Differences in structures constituting the mgo and details of the muscular systems and of the reproductive organs among the 11 Gigantea species from literature and from type material of G. bistriata (Hyman, 1962), G. chiriquii (Hyman, 1962), and G. sandersoni (Prudhoe, 1949) reexamined here show that the genus is heterogeneous.

Composição das comunidades de planárias terrestres (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) do Parque Nacional dos Aparados da Serra, Brasil

O Parque Nacional dos Aparados da Serra (PNAS), localizado na borda oriental do Planalto das Araucárias, é uma das principais unidades de conservação do sul do Brasil, caracterizando-se pela ocorrência de fragmentos de floresta ombrófila mista, intermediada por campos secos e úmidos, e por uma área contínua de floresta ombrófila densa. Registraram-se, para o PNAS, 35 espécies de planárias terrestres, distribuídas em cinco gêneros (Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, Choeradoplana Graff, 1896, Notogynaphallia Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990, Pasipha Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 e Cephaloflexa Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2003), pertencentes à família Geoplanidae, subfamília Geoplaninae. Observaram-se 23 e 21 espécies, respectivamente, nas áreas de floresta ombrófila mista e floresta ombrófila densa. O coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard entre as duas formações foi de 0,42. Em áreas de campo nativo foi observada apenas uma espécie. Sete espécies foram coletadas em áreas abertas antropizadas, sendo quatro delas também observadas nas áreas de floresta. Amplia-se a distribuição de quatro espécies, a saber, Cephaloflexa bergi (Graff, 1899), Notogynaphallia graffi Leal-Zanchet & Froehlich, 2006, Geoplana franciscana Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001, e Geoplana josefi Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001, as duas últimas conhecidas somente da sua localidade-tipo.

Evolutionary analysis of mitogenomes from parasitic and free-living flatworms

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.