Jamaica - Bahamas: unfinished

[drawn by Erwin Raisz].

Grain coarsening maps: A new tool to predict microfabric evolution of polymineralic rocks

Polymineralic rocks undergo grain coarsening with increasing temperature in both static and deformational environments, as long as no mineral reactions occur. The grain coarsening in such rocks is complex because the different phases influence each other, and it is this interaction that controls the rate of grain coarsening of the entire aggregate. We present a mathematical approach to investigate coupled grain coarsening using a set of microstructural parameters, including grain size and volume fraction of both second phases and matrix mineral in combination with temperature information. Based on samples from polymineralic carbonate mylonites that were deformed at different temperatures, we demonstrate how the mathematical relation can be calibrated for this natural system. Using such data sets for other lithologies, grain coarsening maps can be generated, which allow the prediction of microstructural evolution in polymineralic rocks. Such predictions are crucial for all subdisciplines in the earth sciences that require fundamental knowledge about microstructural changes and rheology of an orogen at different depths, such as structural geology, geophysics, geodynamics, and metamorphic petrology.

Estudo da hidrogeologia no município de Palestina do Pará usando o método de eletroresistividade

Esse trabalho de geofísica aplicada à hidrogeologia, foi realizado numa área localizada na porção sudeste do estado do Pará, mas precisamente na cidade de Palestina à margem esquerda do rio Araguaia. Ironicamente existem problemas de abastecimento de água potável para a população da cidade. Esse problema deve-se ao fato que, no momento, é antieconômico o tratamento e transporte de água do rio para a cidade. Considerando que a extração de água subterrânea é economicamente mais viável para a solução desse problema, o Departamento de Geofísica e o curso de Pós-graduação de Geofísica da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPa), por solicitação da prefeitura daquele município e da Fundação Nacional de Saúde (FNS), participaram no levantamento geofísico de eletroresistividade para investigar os possíveis locais de ocorrência de água subterrânea. Foram realizadas, na área, 21 Sondagens Elétricas Verticais (SEVs) medidas na superfície, utilizando o arranjo Schlumberger com abertura máxima dos eletrodos AB e MN de 500m e 50m, respectivamente. Para a sua interpretação foram usados os programas de modelagem direta (EGSLIB/SEV1D) e inversa (EGSLIB/SEV1DIN) de RIJO (1994), de modelos de n camadas horizontais, homogêneas e isotrópicas. Com base nos resultados da interpretação das 21 SEVs, e também das informações da geologia local foram confeccionadas três mapas de contorno e seis secções geoelétricas. Dos seis horizontes que aparecem nessas secções, o mais favorável para a exploração hidrogeológica é o quarto, com espessura variando de 10 a 79 m, estando a uma profundidade média de 50m e com valores de resistividade variando de 150 — 850 Ωm, sendo correlacionavel com a Formação Potí. A analise final dos mapas e das secções geoelétricas, indicou que o local mais apropriado para a perfuração de poços, é uma área próximo à atual área de captação.

Ozark -- Piedmont

[drawn by Erwin Raisz].

Adriatic -- Baltic

Cross section of a part of Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, from Kaliningrad in the north to Dubrovnik in the south.

Tibet -- C. Asia

Cross section of the area in Asia starting with Chittagong and Dhaka in the south to Stalinsk [Novokuznetsk, Sakha (Russian Federation)] in the north.

Sable I. -- Fredericton N.B

[drawn by Erwin Raisz].

Mt. Tremblant -- Catsk

Map drawn with oil based pastels on brown craft paper.

S. Africa

[drawn by Erwin Raisz].

Biogeography in deep time - What do phylogenetics, geology, and paleoclimate tell us about early platyrrhine evolution?

Molecular data have converged on a consensus about the genus-level phylogeny of extant platyrrhine monkeys, but for most extinct taxa and certainly for those older than the Pleistocene we must rely upon morphological evidence from fossils. This raises the question as to how well anatomical data mirror molecular phylogenies and how best to deal with discrepancies between the molecular and morphological data as we seek to extend our phylogenies to the placement of fossil taxa. Here I present parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses of extant and fossil platyrrhines based on an anatomical dataset of 399 dental characters and osteological features of the cranium and postcranium. I sample 16 extant taxa (one from each platyrrhine genus) and 20 extinct taxa of platyrrhines. The tree structure is constrained with a "molecular scaffold" of extant species as implemented in maximum parsimony using PAUP with the molecular-based 'backbone' approach. The data set encompasses most of the known extinct species of platyrrhines, ranging in age from latest Oligocene (∼26 Ma) to the Recent. The tree is rooted with extant catarrhines, and Late Eocene and Early Oligocene African anthropoids. Among the more interesting patterns to emerge are: (1) known early platyrrhines from the Late Oligocene through Early Miocene (26-16.5Ma) represent only stem platyrrhine taxa; (2) representatives of the three living platyrrhine families first occur between 15.7 Ma and 13.5 Ma; and (3) recently extinct primates from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola) are sister to the clade of extant platyrrhines and may have diverged in the Early Miocene. It is probable that the crown platyrrhine clade did not originate before about 20-24 Ma, a conclusion consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of fossil taxa presented here and with recent molecular clock estimates. The following biogeographic scenario is consistent with the phylogenetic findings and climatic and geologic evidence: Tropical South America has been a center for platyrrhine diversification since platyrrhines arrived on the continent in the middle Cenozoic. Platyrrhines dispersed from tropical South America to Patagonia at ∼25-24 Ma via a "Paraná Portal" through eastern South America across a retreating Paranense Sea. Phylogenetic bracketing suggests Antillean primates arrived via a sweepstakes route or island chain from northern South America in the Early Miocene, not via a proposed land bridge or island chain (GAARlandia) in the Early Oligocene (∼34 Ma). Patagonian and Antillean platyrrhines went extinct without leaving living descendants, the former at the end of the Early Miocene and the latter within the past six thousand years. Molecular evidence suggests crown platyrrhines arrived in Central America by crossing an intermittent connection through the Isthmus of Panama at or after 3.5Ma. Any more ancient Central American primates, should they be discovered, are unlikely to have given rise to the extant Central American taxa in situ.

Rhode Island, Geology, 1840 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A geological map of Rhode-Island, by Charles T. Jackson. It was published in 1840. Scale [1:190,080]. Covers Rhode Island and a portion of southeastern Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Rhode Island State Plane Coordinate System (Feet) (FIPS 3800). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as geological features, mines, mills, railroads, hotels, selected residences with names of property owners, drainage, town and county boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Chicago, Illinois, surficial geology, 1936 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, paper map entitled: Surficial geology of the Chicago Loop quadrangle, by J. Harlen Bretz. It was published by State Geological Survey Division ca. 1936. Scale 1:24,000. Topographic base surveyed in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, 1926; 1936. Geologically surveyed 1930-1932. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Illinois East State Plane Coordinate System NAD27 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1201). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map colored to show surficial geology. It portrays both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 5 feet. Includes legend and map index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Memoirs, maps, &c., issued by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and the Museum of Practical Geology.

At head of title: List F.

A revision of the genus Petalium LeConte in the United States, Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas (Coleoptera:Anobiidae) /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 35).