Parasta ennen : Tasa-arvotyön projektitapaistuminen

This book is a study of equality work, that is, the activities which have involved the promotion of gender equality in Finland. The study focuses on the period when the public sector has become more market-oriented, and business-oriented thinking has penetrated activities that have not traditionally emphasised profit-making. I have asked about the kind of power relations that have led to equality work in Finland. In addition to marketisation, publicly funded projects, especially by the European Union, have permeated the public sector. I have analysed the effects this turn has had on the aims and activities of equality work. Despite marketisation, equality work has remained for decades, and problems related to equality have also been recognised. The question of agency is a central focus of this study. I have analysed the kind of agency that has been offered and possible in equality work. With my previous “equality project career”, I have also participated in the formation of my research subject. This study also represents a description of a researcher taking on the responsibility for being involved in the formation of her own research subject. The study data includes national and EU-level political and governmental documents as well as articles and other publications related to equality issues. The data also includes documents from 99 publicly funded equality projects. Notable research data have been drawn from research interviews with 30 people who have been engaged in equality work in different parts of Finland and who have also worked in publicly funded equality projects. As a research method, I have combined Foucault’s discourse analysis and genealogical analysis as well as deconstructive reading. Political and governmental programmes have called for equality work, such as teaching, training, research and other political influencing in order to promote the political interests of the welfare state. Alliance with the state offers the opportunity to accomplish professionalism and continuity. Although equality work has not achieved similar legitimisation compared to other public sector professions. Equality work has fulfilled the interests of welfare state despite current trends towards marketisation. Publicly and budgetary funded equality work has evolved into business-oriented projects in a situation where the project itself has become a new governing mechanism for society. To analyse this trend, I have developed the concept of projectisation. The concept refers to a form of power that has directed discussions of equality in order to be heard. On the other hand, projectisation has contributed to the visibility of problems related to equality while maintaining heteronormativity and hierarchical order of societal differences, especially of gender, as well as harnessing equality for market use, thereby becoming somewhat useful and productive. Equality has been labelled as women’s work and being something that women do and continuity of the equality work has required a complex form of competence. The persistence of problems concerning equality as well as co-operation between women and the “discourse virtuosity ” of equality work has also opened up opportunities for situational change. Key words: Equality work, project, projectisation, genealogical method, discourse analysis, deconstructive reading, heteronormativity, agency, discourse virtuosity.

Variation i kvinnors namnfraser i officiella dokument i Helsingfors 1780-1930 : Socioonomastiska synvinklar på makt och identitet

This dissertation is an onomastic study of variation in women s name phrases in official documents in Finland during the period 1780−1930. The aim is to discuss from a socio-onomastic perspective both the changeover from patronymics to inherited family names and the use of surnames after marriage (i.e. whether women adopted their husbands family names or retained their maiden names), before new laws in this area entered into force in Finland in the early 20th century. In 1920, a law on family names that required fixed names put an end to the use of the patronymic as a person s only surname. After 1929, it was no longer possible for a married woman to retain her maiden name. Methodologically, to explain this development from a socio-onomastic perspective, I have based my study on a syntactic-semantic analysis of the actual name phrases. To be able to demonstrate the extensive material, I have elaborated a scheme to divide the 115 different types of name phrases into 13 main categories. The analysis of the material for Helsinki is based on frequency calculations of the different types of name phrases every thirtieth year, as well as on describing variation in the structure and semantic content of the name phrases, e.g. social variation in the use of titles and epithets. In addition to this, by applying a biographic-genealogical method, I have conducted two case studies of the usage of women s name phrases in the two chosen families. The study is based on parish registers from the period 1780−1929, estate inventory documents from the period 1780−1928, registration forms for liberty of trade from the period 1880−1908, family announcements on newspapers from the period 1829−1888, gravestones from the period 1796−1929 and diaries from the periods 1799−1801 and 1818−1820 providing a corpus of 5 950 name phrases. The syntactic-semantic analysis has revealed the overall picture of various ways of denoting women in official documents. In Helsinki, towards the end of the 19th century, the use of inherited family names seems to be almost fully developed in official contexts. At the late 19th century, a patronymic still appears as the only surname of some working-class women whereas in the early 20th century patronymics were only entered in the parish register as a kind of middle name. In the beginning of the 19th century, most married women were still registered under their maiden names, with a few exceptions among the bourgeoisie and upper class. The comparative analysis of name phrases in diaries, however, indicates that the use of the husband s family name by married women was a much earlier phenomenon in private contexts than in official documents. Keywords: socio-onomastics, syntactic-semantic analysis, name phrase, patronymic, maiden name, husband s family name

Uma genealogoa de princípios de demofilia em comcepções utópicas de democratização

Ao aplicar o método genealógico a teorias que apresentam subsídios à reflexão sobre a democratização, infere-se a constituição de duas matrizes de pensamento, a demofóbica e a demofílica. A concepção da demofobia deriva da ideia spinozista de que o pensamento político moderno se constitui em torno do medo das massas e das multidões. Os termos dessa demofobia manifestam-se no pensamento de teóricos liberais como Constant, Tocqueville, Stuart Mill, Spencer, Schumpeter, Pareto, entre outros; mas também se insinua no de teóricos socialistas, como Marx, Engels e Lênin. A compreensão de que a demofobia resulta em obstáculo epistemológico ao conhecimento da dinâmica das massas na política leva a buscar nova base teórica. Para isso, esta tese explora as distinções entre a noção de multidão, em Spinoza, e o conceito de povo, em Hobbes. A concepção de demofilia baseia-se fortemente nas premissas spinozistas, como a ideia de que a potência da multidão excede o ordenamento jurídico-político, sendo composta por elementos extraídos das éticas de Spinoza, Aristóteles e Cícero, nas quais a philia ou amizade revela-se como fundamento da comunidade política. A partir da análise desses elementos, formula-se a proposição demofílica que, à maneira de imperativo categórico, sentencia agir como se a demofilia fosse o mundo a realizar na esfera ético-política. Entendendo a demofilia como um ideal a partir do qual se julga a política, estabelece-se como âmbito teórico para derivação de princípios demofílicos o pensamento utópico, do qual participam também, mas não exclusivamente, teorias identificadas como anarquistas, comunistas e socialistas, estudadas nas figuras de Bakunin, Thoreau, Winstanley e Fourier.

A policy analysis of key employability interventions for the educationally disadvantaged in further education: Comparative insights for Irish education

The aim of this study is to garner comparative insights so as to aid the development of the discourse on further education (FE) conceptualisation and the relationship of FE with educational disadvantage and employability. This aim is particularly relevant in Irish education parlance amidst the historical ambiguity surrounding the functioning of FE. The study sets out to critically engage with the education/employability/economy link (eee link). This involves a critique of issues relevant to participation (which extends beyond student activity alone to social relations generally and the dialogic participation of the disadvantaged), accountability (which extends beyond performance measures alone to encompass equality of condition towards a socially just end) and human capital (which extends to both collective and individual aspects within an educational culture). As a comparative study, there is a strong focus on providing a way of conceptualising and comparatively analysing FE policy internationally. The study strikes a balance between conceptual and practical concerns. A critical comparative policy analysis is the methodology that structures the study which is informed and progressed by a genealogical method to establish the context of each of the jurisdictions of England, the United States and the European Union. Genealogy allows the use of history to diagnose the present rather than explaining how the past has caused the present. The discussion accentuates the power struggles within education policy practice using what Fairclough calls a strategic critique as well as an ideological critique. The comparative nature of the study means that there is a need to be cognizant of the diverse cultural influences on policy deliberation. The study uses the theoretical concept of paradigmatic change to critically analyse the jurisdictions. To aid with the critical analysis, a conceptual framework for legislative functions is developed so as to provide a metalanguage for educational legislation. The specific contribution of the study, while providing a manner for understanding and progressing FE policy development in a globalized Ireland, is to clear the ground for a more well-defined and critically reflexive FE sector to operate and suggests a number of issues for further deliberation.

The Shawlies: A study of early neoliberal ‘gender-fication’. The Street Trading Act, 1926, modern gender-fication, and the implications for Cork’s women street traders

For centuries Cork’s Shawlies, working-class women, survived by trading on public streets. My study explores how the first Irish Free State government, and Cork’s local authority, limited the rights of poor women to earn by subsistence trading with The Street Trading Act, 1926. The government insisted this would regulate street trading. In practice it further marginalised the women economically and socially, containing them outside the privileged, commercial city centre. In Cork the legislation facilitated the gradual disappearance of the Shawlies amid entrenched social processes and relations, contingencies that allowed for the abuse of their rights in the service of amalgamated business interests. This study address the role of discourses in deepening this marginalisation. My theoretical framework is designed to demonstrate how a seemingly innocuous piece of legislation would, in practice, do this. I set out the concepts of ‘Thriving State’, ‘Prosperous State’, and state of ‘Best Intentions’ that uses gentrification to meet these goals. The existing knowledge on women in trade is then examined, highlighting the gaps in what is known about the Shawlies. Chapter 3 details the theory behind my genealogical method. The legislation, debate, and other data produced at the national level is then examined, before moving to the local data. Chapter 6 is devoted to the Shawlies, setting their stories in the larger context of the debates. An examination of studies of contemporary women street traders in poor nations follows, along with a brief history of the decline of street trading in New York city under gentrification. Points of convergence between that process and the one in Cork are identified, along with convergences between contemporary traders and the Shawlies. The conclusion sets out my methodological, theoretical and substantive discoveries, and comments on current nostalgic renderings of the Shawlies in Cork’s newly gentrified Corn Market Street.

La sanction préventive en droit de la responsabilité civile : contribution à la théorie de l'interprétation et de la mise en effet des normes

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France.

La réflexion phénoménologique au crible de la grammaire : la question de l’expression de la vie intérieure de la conscience chez Husserl et Wittgenstein

Cotutelle avec l'Université Panthéon Sorbonne - Paris I

Interrogando práticas do UNICEF para os adolescentes no Brasil

Este trabalho investigou e interrogou as práticas discursivas do UNICEF direcionadas aos “adolescentes” brasileiros. Utilizou-se o método histórico-genealógico foucaultiano para interrogar o relatório “Situação da Adolescência Brasileira” (2002), que se constituiu como fonte privilegiada desta pesquisa. Desse modo, os questionamentos que moveram o estudo foram: que práticas do UNICEF incidem sobre os corpos de adolescentes brasileiros, no século XX e início do século XXI? Que subjetividades essas práticas produzem? Como objetivam a adolescência? Que relações de poder acionam frente a esses corpos? Que efeitos elas produzem? Tais problematizações não tiveram por finalidade, fazer a história do falso ou do verdadeiro, pois isso não tem importância política, mas problematizar a produção dos regimes de verdades a respeito destes sujeitos e os efeitos destes na atualidade. Dessa forma, marcar a singularidade dos acontecimentos que forjaram este objeto como um problema para as ciências humanas, e como uma questão para o UNICEF e para o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as práticas discursivas de poder e subjetivação que objetivam e subjetivam a adolescência brasileira. De posse da ferramenta foucaultiana, desmontamos o documento, cortamos as séries que o compõem, desarticulamos as pretensas continuidades, reescrevemos e reinventamos o objeto adolescência, deixando em suspenso as certezas e verdades que o atravessam e que pretendem constituí-lo como objeto natural, imersos em essencialismos e homogeneizações. Como resultados, identificamos dicotomias no documento, como: potencialidade/risco, fase positiva/negativa, por exemplo, que tentam naturalizar o sujeito como algo dado a priori, portador de uma essência objetivado e subjetivado por uma perspectiva linear do desenvolvimento humano, como: adaptação/desadaptação, normal/anormal, maturidade/imaturidade e uma sequência linear de fases, que atende também a concepções econômicas desenvolvimentistas e neoliberais preocupadas com a equação custo-benefício.Foi com um olhar atento às ninharias do poder, que buscamos destruir certezas e evidências, atentando não para as intencionalidades dos jogos de forças, mas, ao acaso das lutas.

O trabalho e a gestão do cuidado em saúde: a construção de uma política nacional em saúde do trabalhador no Brasil: uma análise documental

O desenvolvimento dos modelos de produção acarretou diversas transformações na concepção da relação homem/trabalho. Com isso, o trabalho tornou-se um dos aspectos centrais na vida do homem moderno. Na relação com o trabalho, emergem diversos processos de subjetivação baseados nas práticas presentes nos contextos em que ele se realiza, bem como nos processos de saúde e doença. No Brasil, esse processo vem sendo delineado por questões políticas e sociais que levaram à emergência da chamada Política Nacional de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalhador, em 2004. Entretanto, esse tema e seus desdobramentos ainda são fortemente debatidos, uma vez que tal política não se encontra em intenso vigor, demonstrando um percurso em constante construção e ainda permeável à diferentes influências. Este trabalho busca problematizar as práticas que produzem processos de subjetivação do “sujeitotrabalhador” pautados em dispositivos biopolíticos, a partir da análise da gestão do cuidado em saúde do trabalhador no Brasil. Partindo dessa perspectiva, buscou-se analisar a construção das Políticas de Saúde do Trabalhador no país, focando a formulação da PNSST e sua perspectiva atual. Para isso, foram analisadas as estratégias de cuidado presentes nesta Política, bem como a forma como essas estratégias estão articuladas com a perspectiva da integralidade, uma vez que a integralidade é um novo olhar sobre a gestão do cuidado em saúde, criando novas possibilidades de um trabalho em saúde. Centra-se no fluxo do usuário, com mudanças na produção do cuidado em todos os níveis da rede pública de saúde. Primeiro, foram abordados os processos de construção e desenvolvimento da chamada “Saúde do Trabalhador” e, posteriormente, foi analisada a Política Nacional de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalhador – PNSST (2004) enquanto dispositivo de regulação das práticas de saúde, a partir do método genealógico de Michel Foucault, com foco na análise documental. O processo de construção da PNSST iniciou a partir da 1ª Conferência Nacional em Saúde do Trabalhador, o qual se delineou nas demais conferências realizadas de 2001 e 2005. Neste processo, podemos observar o conflito entre o trabalho como risco (trabalho-risco) e o trabalho como produção de subjetividade (trabalho-subjetividade), que levam a construção das noções entre saúdecontrole versus saúde-integralidade. A análise documental da PNSST de 2004 denota que ainda há uma prevalência do olhar da Saúde Ocupacional, pelo viés do trabalho-risco/saúdecontrole, uma vez que as estratégias de cuidado apresentam discursos de risco/agravo no trabalho, na patologização do sujeito e na monetarização da saúde. Além disso, de 2005 até meados de 2011, não houve a concretização e implantação da Política, sendo criados diferentes sentidos e, inclusive, convergindo as ações de Saúde do Trabalhador para o campo da Vigilância em Saúde, onde se encontra tal área no Ministério da Saúde hoje. Com isso, observamos que ao pensarmos na proposta de articular o campo da integralidade com a Saúde do Trabalhador, encontramos, na verdade, a construção de discursos pautados em estratégias biopolíticas de transformar a atividade laboral em risco que deve ser vigiado e medicalizado. Além disso, não há interface para absorção das demandas referentes à saúde do trabalhador no SUS. A criação de linhas de cuidado em Saúde do Trabalhador em Unidades Básicas de Saúde ou mesmo a criação de Unidade de Referência Especializada em Saúde do Trabalhador nos permite inserir este tema cada vez mais no campo da saúde pública no Brasil e diminuir a dispersão dos casos de sofrimento dos trabalhadores que ficam no nível do não dito.

Lixo, conduta humana e a gestão dos insuportáveis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Filosofia da Educação no Brasil: concepções, impasses e desafios para a sua constituição como campo de pesquisa e o seu ensino nasduas últimas décadas

This article analyses the constitutions of the Philosophy of Education’s field in Brazil, from 1990 to the present day, with the purpose of analyzing the genealogy of his “crisis” as a discipline, discussing the dilemmas of its development and to indicate their main challenges today. For such purposes, by means of a genealogical method, we analyze the conceptions of philosophy of education drawn from the theoretical perspective, as well as rebuild historically the clashes caused about certain topics and, particularly, about the human formation. We conclude that the thematic shifts produced and the proliferation of those perspectives were responsible for producing lands to the dialogue between them, however, this strategy does not alleviate some problems of Philosophy of Education in Brazil, demonstrating the presence of two philosophical traditions in the current debate and demanding position of those who work in this field of research and teaching in relation to them.

Imagens, sensações e afetos: as personagens gays nos curtas-metragens brasileiros exibidos no Festival Mix Brasil de Cultura da Diversidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Operaciones genealógicas de Michel Foucault en sus cursos "Seguridad, territorio, población (1977-1978)" y "Nacimiento de la biopolítica (1978-1979)"

El artículo pretende mostrar cómo se despliega la genealogía foucaultiana en Seguridad, territorio, población y en Nacimiento de la biopolítica. Definida desde Nietzche, la genealogía, la historia (1971) como búsqueda de la procedencia (Herkunft) y de la emergencia o nacimiento (Entstehung), la genealogía revela una doble operación historiográfica y filosófica que puede identificarse sin mayores inconvenientes en los cursos de los años 1978 y 1979.

Accounting and the 'insoluble' problem of health care costs

Health service accounting reforms are frequently promoted, explained or justified with reference to ageing populations, expensive medical technologies and their purported implications for the cost of health care. Drawing on Foucault’s genealogical method, we examine the emergence of concerns regarding health expenditure in the wake of the creation of the British National Health Service in 1948, and their relationship with health service accounting practices. We argue that concerns regarding the cost of health care are historically contingent rather than inescapable consequences of demographic and technological change, and that health service accounting practices are both constitutive and reflective of such concerns. We conclude by relating our analysis to current attempts to control costs and increase efficiency in the health services.

DNA variation in a 13-Mb region including the F9 gene: inferring the genealogical history and causal role of a hemophilia B mutation (IVS 5+13 A -> G)

About 5.5% of all UK hemophilia B patients have the base substitution IVS 5+13 A-->G as the only change in their factor (F)IX gene (F9). This generates a novel donor splice site which fits the consensus better than the normal intron 5 donor splice. Use of the novel splice site should result in a missense mutation followed by the abnormal addition of four amino acids to the patients' FIX. In order to explain the prevalence of this mutation, its genealogical history is examined. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 21 reference UK individuals (from different families) with the above mutation showed identical haplotypes in 19 while two differed from the rest and from each other. In order to investigate the history of the mutation and to verify that it had occurred independently more than once, the sequence variation in 1.5-kb segments scattered over a 13-Mb region including F9 was examined in 18 patients and 15 controls. This variation was then analyzed with a recently developed Bayesian approach that reconstructs the genealogy of the gene investigated while providing evidence of independent mutations that contribute disconnected branches to the genealogical tree. The method also provides minimum estimates of the age of the mutation inherited by the members of coherent trees. This revealed that 17 or 18 mutant genes descend from a founder who probably lived 450 years ago, while one patient carries an independent mutation. The independent recurrence of the IVS5+13 A-->G mutation strongly supports the conclusion that it is the cause of these patients' mild hemophilia.