Effects of gaseous atmosphere and antioxidants on the development and cryotolerance of bovine embryos at different periods of in vitro culture

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

On the modelling of fire atmosphere/sprinkler spray interacting using an Euler-Lagrange framework

An Euler-Lagrange particle tracking model, developed for simulating fire atmosphere/sprinkler spray interactions, is described. Full details of the model along with the approximations made and restrictions applying are presented. Errors commonly found in previous formulations of the source terms used in this two-phase approach are described and corrected. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the model it is applied to the simulation of a fire in a long corridor containing a sprinkler. The simulation presented is three-dimensional and transient and considers mass, momentum and energy transfer between the gaseous atmosphere and injected liquid droplets.

Laboratory studies on ball wear in the grinding of a hematite-magnetite ore

Marked-ball grinding tests were carried out under different grinding conditions and environments. Three types of balls were used, namely, cast hyper steel, high chrome cast iron and EN-31 (forged), which cover a wide range of chemical composition, microstructure and media hardness. The effect of pulp density on ball wear and grinding efficiency was also studied. Relative pulp viscosities at different percent solids for the ore slurry were also determined. As the Kudremukh ore contained about 0.2% pyrite, the effect of addition of pyrite on ball wear was studied separately. Results of marked-ball grinding tests indicated that ball wear increased with time and showed a sharp increase for wet grinding over dry grinding. Ball wear under wet grinding conditions was also influenced by the gaseous atmosphere in the mill. At 70% solids, the best results in terms of reduced ball wear coupled with satisfactory grinding efficiency were obtained. The influence of oxygen on the corrosive wear of grinding balls was increasingly felt only if sulphide minerals such as pyrite were also present in the ore. The various ball materials could be arranged in the following order with respect to their overall wear resistance: high chrome cast iron > EN-31 (forged) > cast hyper steel.Possible ball wear mechanisms involved in the grinding of Kudremukh ore are discussed.

Ball wear mechanisms and control in the grinding of sulfide and phosphate ores

Marked ball grinding tests were carried out in the laboratory using high carbon low alloy steel (cast and forged) and high chrome cast iron balls. Relative ball wear as a function of grinding period and milling conditions was evaluated for the different type of ball materials in the grinding of lead-zinc sulphide and phosphate ores. Results indicated that ball wear increased with time and showed a sharp increase for wet grinding over dry grinding. Ball wear under wet grinding conditions was also influenced by the gaseous atmosphere in the mill. The influence of oxygen on the corrosive wear of grinding balls was increasingly felt in case of sulphide ore grinding. The grinding ball materials could be arranged in the following order with respect to their overall wear resistance:

Laboratory studies on ball wear in the grinding of a chalcopyrite ore

Wear of high carbon low alloy (HCLA) cast steel balls during the grinding of a chalcopyrite ore was evaluated under different experimental conditions. The role of oxygen in enhancing ball wear during wet finding is brought out. The influence of pH on ball wear was also examined from the view point of acid production during grinding and reactivity of sulphides. Contributions from corrosion and abrasion towards ball wear are quantified in terms of ball wear rates as a function of time, particle size and gaseous atmosphere in the mill.

Studies on grinding media wear and its effect on flotation of ferrugenous phosphate ore

Marked ball grinding rests were carried out in the laboratory with a low grade phosphate ore under different experimental conditions. Two types of balls were used, namely high carbon low alloy (HCLA) cast steel and high chrome cast iron. Results of marked ball grinding tests indicated that ball wear increased with time and showed a sharp increase for wet grinding over dry grinding. Ball wear under wet grinding conditions was also influenced by the gaseous atmosphere in the mill. The grinding ball materials could be arranged in the following order with respect to their overall wear resistance: High chrome cast iron > HCLA cast steel balls Methods to minimize ball wear through control of mill atmosphere and addition of flotation reagents are discussed. Effect of grinding media and additions of flotation reagents during grinding on phosphate ore flotation are also discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE

A process for producing boron nitride nanotubes and nanotube films, which process comprises heating a liquid composition comprising boron particles and a metal compound, wherein heating takes place at a temperature of from 800-1300 DEG C in a gaseous atmosphere containing nitrogen that causes boron nitride nanotubes to grow, and wherein the boron particles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm, and wherein the metal compound is selected such that it promotes the growth of boron nitride nanotubes during heating.

Transporte de oócitos bovinos em meio de maturação por diferentes períodos de tempo sem controle da atmosfera gasosa

Avaliou-se a viabilidade do transporte de oócitos em meio quimicamente definido, e analisou-se a necessidade da adição ou não de hormônios neste meio. Os oócitos do grupo-controle (0h) foram maturados por 24h em estufa de CO2, e os dos grupos experimentais foram transportados em incubadora portátil. No experimento I, as taxas de clivagem foram similares (P>0,05) para os grupos 0h (59,7%), 3h (53,5%) e 9h (48,8%), e houve redução nos grupos 6h (46,1%) e 12h (43,8%). Essas taxas foram semelhantes entre os grupos 3h, 6h, 9h e 12h. A produção de blastocistos não foi diferente (P>0,05) para os grupos 0h (38,0%), 3h (32,3%), 6h (27,3%) e 9h (24,8%), e houve redução no grupo 12h (18,9%). Essas taxas foram semelhantes entre os grupos 6h, 9h e 12h. No experimento II, não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as taxas de clivagem para os grupos 0h (71,4%), 3h (70,3%), 6h (56,0%) com hormônios, e os grupos 3h (64,8%) e 6h (54,1%) sem hormônios. A produção de blastocistos foi similar (P>0,05) para os grupos 0h (46,1%), 3h com hormônios (45,8%) e 3h sem hormônios (41,1%), porém houve redução nos grupos 6h com hormônios (35,5%) e 6h sem hormônios (33,5%). Essas taxas foram semelhantes entre os grupos 3h sem hormônios e 6h com e sem hormônios. Estes resultados indicam que é possível o transporte de oócitos bovinos por um período de até nove horas, e que a adição de hormônios neste meio não influencia os índices de clivagem e de blastocistos.

Transporte simulado de oócitos bovinos em meio de maturação por diferentes períodos de tempo sem controle da atmosfera gasosa

O transporte dos oócitos até ao laboratório é um fator determinante que tem limitado a difusão comercial da técnica de Produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE). Por este motivo, a utilização de um meio de transporte-maturação que forneça maior viabilidade aos oócitos durante o transporte é fundamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do transporte simulado de oócitos bovinos em meio quimicamente definido, por diferentes períodos de tempo sem o controle da atmosfera gasosa, e a necessidade da adição de hormônios neste meio. Oócitos bovinos imaturos (n=989) obtidos de ovários de vacas abatidas em frigorífico, foram selecionados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 experimentos. No experimento I, 649 oócitos foram distribuídos em 5 grupos. No grupo controle (0h), os oócitos foram maturados por 24h em meio de maturação, em estufa de CO2 a 38,5°C. Os oócitos foram transportados em uma incubadora portátil sem controle da atmosfera gasosa a 38,5°C, por 3, 6, 9 e 12h. Os oócitos dos grupos experimentais completaram a maturação nas mesmas condições do grupo 0h. No experimento II, 340 oócitos foram distribuídos em 5 grupos. No grupo controle (0h), os oócitos foram maturados nas mesmas condições do grupo 0h do experimento I. Nos grupos experimentais, os oócitos foram transportados nas mesmas condições do experimento I, no entanto o meio de transporte-maturação foi suplementado ou não com hormônios, e o transporte ocorreu por 3h (com e sem hormônios) e 6h (com e sem hormônios). Os oócitos dos grupos experimentais completaram a maturação nas mesmas condições do grupo 0h. A fecundação foi efetuada em meio Talp-Stock por 18 a 22h e o cultivo por 7 dias em meio SOF. No experimento I, as taxas de clivagem foram estatisticamente similares (p>0,05) para os grupos 0h (64,9%) e 3h (56,2%), porém houve uma redução destas taxas nos grupos 6h (45,8%), 9h (47,1%) e 12h (44,0%), que foram semelhantes entre si. A produção de blastocistos no experimento I, não foi estatisticamente diferente (p>0,05) para os grupos 0h (38,0%) e 3h (32,3%), porém houve uma redução nestas taxas nos grupos 6h (27,3%), 9h (24,8%) e 12h (18,9%), no entanto, as taxas de blastocistos assemelham-se entre os grupos 3, 6 e 9h. No experimento II, as taxas de clivagem foram estatisticamente similares (p>0,05) para os grupos 0h (71,4%) e 3h com hormônios (70,3%), porém houve uma redução destas taxas nos grupos 3h sem hormônios (64,8%), 6h com (56,0%) e sem (54,1%) hormônios, que foram diferentes entre si. A produção de blastocistos no experimento II, foi estatisticamente similar (p>0,05) para os grupos 0h (46,1%) e 3h com hormônios (45,8%), porém houve uma redução destas taxas nos grupos 3h sem hormônios (41,1%), 6h com (35,5%) e sem (33,5%) hormônios, que foram diferentes entre si. Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade do transporte de oócitos bovinos, em meio quimicamente definido, utilizando incubadora portátil, sem controle da atmosfera gasosa, a 38,5ºC, pelo período de até 9h, e que a adição de hormônios neste meio pode aumentar os índices de blastocistos.

Produção in vitro de embriões bovinos cultivados em duas atmosferas gasosas utilizando diferentes sistemas de tamponamento

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Development of analytical methodologies for iodine species in gaseous and particulate phases of the coastal atmosphere

It has been demonstrated that iodine does have an important influence on atmospheric chemistry, especially the formation of new particles and the enrichment of iodine in marine aerosols. It was pointed out that the most probable chemical species involved in the production or growth of these particles are iodine oxides, produced photochemically from biogenic halocarbon emissions and/or iodine emission from the sea surface. However, the iodine chemistry from gaseous to particulate phase in the coastal atmosphere and the chemical nature of the condensing iodine species are still not understood. A Tenax / Carbotrap adsorption sampling technique and a thermo-desorption / cryo-trap / GC-MS system has been further developed and improved for the volatile organic iodine species in the gas phase. Several iodo-hydrocarbons such as CH3I, C2H5I, CH2ICl, CH2IBr and CH2I2 etc., have been measured in samples from a calibration test gas source (standards), real air samples and samples from seaweeds / macro-algae emission experiments. A denuder sampling technique has been developed to characterise potential precursor compounds of coastal particle formation processes, such as molecular iodine in the gas phase. Starch, TMAH (TetraMethylAmmonium Hydroxide) and TBAH (TetraButylAmmonium Hydroxide) coated denuders were tested for their efficiencies to collect I2 at the inner surface, followed by a TMAH extraction and ICP/MS determination, adding tellurium as an internal standard. The developed method has been proved to be an effective, accurate and suitable process for I2 measurement in the field, with the estimated detection limit of ~0.10 ng∙L-1 for a sampling volume of 15 L. An H2O/TMAH-Extraction-ICP/MS method has been developed for the accurate and sensitive determination of iodine species in tropospheric aerosol particles. The particle samples were collected on cellulose-nitrate filters using conventional filter holders or on cellulose nitrate/tedlar-foils using a 5-stage Berner impactor for size-segregated particle analysis. The water soluble species as IO3- and I- were separated by anion exchanging process after water extraction. Non-water soluble species including iodine oxide and organic iodine were digested and extracted by TMAH. Afterwards the triple samples were analysed by ICP/MS. The detection limit for particulate iodine was determined to be 0.10~0.20 ng•m-3 for sampling volumes of 40~100 m3. The developed methods have been used in two field measurements in May 2002 and September 2003, at and around the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station (MHARS) located at the west coast of Ireland. Elemental iodine as a precursor of the iodine chemistry in the coastal atmosphere, was determined in the gas phase at a seaweed hot-spot around the MHARS, showing I2 concentrations were in the range of 0~1.6 ng∙L-1 and indicating a positive correlation with the ozone concentration. A seaweed-chamber experiment performed at the field measurement station showed that the I2 emission rate from macro-algae was in the range of 0.019~0.022 ng•min-1•kg-1. During these experiments, nanometer-particle concentrations were obtained from the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) measurements. Particle number concentrations were found to have a linear correlation with elemental iodine in the gas phase of the seaweeds chamber, showing that gaseous I2 is one of the important precursors of the new particle formation in the coastal atmosphere. Iodine contents in the particle phase were measured in both field campaigns at and around the field measurement station. Total iodine concentrations were found to be in the range of 1.0 ~ 21.0 ng∙m-3 in the PM2.5 samples. A significant correlation between the total iodine concentrations and the nanometer-particle number concentrations was observed. The particulate iodine species analysis indicated that iodide contents are usually higher than those of iodate in all samples, with ratios in the range of 2~5:1. It is possible that those water soluble iodine species are transferred through the sea-air interface into the particle phase. The ratio of water soluble (iodate + iodide) and non-water soluble species (probably iodine oxide and organic iodine compounds) was observed to be in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. It appears that higher concentrated non-water soluble species, as the products of the photolysis from the gas phase into the particle phase, can be obtained in those samples while the nucleation events occur. That supports the idea that iodine chemistry in the coastal boundary layer is linked with new particle formation events. Furthermore, artificial aerosol particles were formed from gaseous iodine sources (e.g. CH2I2) using a laboratory reaction-chamber experiment, in which the reaction constant of the CH2I2 photolysis was calculated to be based upon the first order reaction kinetic. The end products of iodine chemistry in the particle phase were identified and quantified.

Atmosphere-surface exchange of particulate and gaseous pollutants (1974) : proceedings of a symposium held at Richland, Washington, September 4-6, 1974 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Long-term trends in fine particle number concentrations in the urban atmosphere of Brisbane : the relevance of traffic emissions and new particle formation

The measurement of submicrometre (< 1.0 m) and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 m) number concentration have attracted attention since the last decade because the potential health impacts associated with exposure to these particles can be more significant than those due to exposure to larger particles. At present, ultrafine particles are not regularly monitored and they are yet to be incorporated into air quality monitoring programs. As a result, very few studies have analysed their long-term and spatial variations in ultrafine particle concentration, and none have been in Australia. To address this gap in scientific knowledge, the aim of this research was to investigate the long-term trends and seasonal variations in particle number concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. Data collected over a five-year period were analysed using weighted regression models. Monthly mean concentrations in the morning (6:00-10:00) and the afternoon (16:00-19:00) were plotted against time in months, using the monthly variance as the weights. During the five-year period, submicrometre and ultrafine particle concentrations increased in the morning by 105.7% and 81.5% respectively whereas in the afternoon there was no significant trend. The morning concentrations were associated with fresh traffic emissions and the afternoon concentrations with the background. The statistical tests applied to the seasonal models, on the other hand, indicated that there was no seasonal component. The spatial variation in size distribution in a large urban area was investigated using particle number size distribution data collected at nine different locations during different campaigns. The size distributions were represented by the modal structures and cumulative size distributions. Particle number peaked at around 30 nm, except at an isolated site dominated by diesel trucks, where the particle number peaked at around 60 nm. It was found that ultrafine particles contributed to 82%-90% of the total particle number. At the sites dominated by petrol vehicles, nanoparticles (< 50 nm) contributed 60%-70% of the total particle number, and at the site dominated by diesel trucks they contributed 50%. Although the sampling campaigns took place during different seasons and were of varying duration these variations did not have an effect on the particle size distributions. The results suggested that the distributions were rather affected by differences in traffic composition and distance to the road. To investigate the occurrence of nucleation events, that is, secondary particle formation from gaseous precursors, particle size distribution data collected over a 13 month period during 5 different campaigns were analysed. The study area was a complex urban environment influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources. The study introduced a new application of time series differencing for the identification of nucleation events. To evaluate the conditions favourable to nucleation, the meteorological conditions and gaseous concentrations prior to and during nucleation events were recorded. Gaseous concentrations did not exhibit a clear pattern of change in concentration. It was also found that nucleation was associated with sea breeze and long-range transport. The implications of this finding are that whilst vehicles are the most important source of ultrafine particles, sea breeze and aged gaseous emissions play a more important role in secondary particle formation in the study area.