Screening Brazilian C gasoline quality: Application of the SIMCA chemometric method to gas chromatographic data

A total of 2400 samples of commercial Brazilian C gasoline were collected over a 6-month period from different gas stations in the São Paulo state, Brazil, and analysed with respect to 12 physicochemical parameters according to regulation 309 of the Brazilian Government Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP). The percentages (v/v) of hydrocarbons (olefins, aromatics and saturated) were also determined. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was employed to select 150 representative samples that exhibited least similarity on the basis of their physicochemical parameters and hydrocarbon compositions. The chromatographic profiles of the selected samples were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection and analysed using soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) method in order to create a classification scheme to identify conform gasolines according to ANP 309 regulation. Following the optimisation of the SIMCA algorithm, it was possible to classify correctly 96% of the commercial gasoline samples present in the training set of 100. In order to check the quality of the model, an external group of 50 gasoline samples (the prediction set) were analysed and the developed SIMCA model classified 94% of these correctly. The developed chemometric method is recommended for screening commercial gasoline quality and detection of potential adulteration. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Young people's blood alcohol concentration and the alcohol consumption city law, Brazil

The paper assesses blood alcohol concentration and risk behaviors for traffic accidents before and after the implementation of a law which prohibits the use of alcoholic beverages on city gas stations. In Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, young people go out at night and drive to gas station convenience stores to buy alcoholic beverages which are consumed on the premises of parking lots in gas stations. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires and breath analyzers in two cross-sectional collections with purposive samples of youngsters in May and July 2006 (n=62, and n=50, respectively). There were no significant differences between the groups before and after the city law was passed. Blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.06% was found in 35.5% of pre-law group and 40% of post-law group (p=0.62). Results point out heavy alcohol use in both groups, which did not change after the law was passed.

Outdoor and indoor benzene evaluation by GC-FID and GC-MS/MS

The evaluation of benzene in different environments such as indoor (with and without tobacco smoke), a city area, countryside, gas stations and near exhaust pipes from cars running on different types of fuels was performed. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) and tandem mass spectrometric detection (MS/MS) (to confirm the identification of benzene in the air samples). Operating conditions for the GC-MS analysis were optimized as well as the sampling and sample preparation. The results obtained in this work indicate that i) the type of fuel directly influences the benzene concentration in the air. Gasoline with additives provided the highest amount of benzene followed by unleaded gasoline and diesel; ii) the benzene concentration in the gas station was always higher than the advisable limit established by law (5 μg m−3) and during the unloading of gasoline the achieved concentration was 8371 μg m−3; iii) the data from the countryside (Taliscas) and the urban city (Matosinhos) were below 5 μg m−3 except 5 days after a fire on a petroleum refinery plant located near the city; iv) it was proven that in coffee shops where smoking is allowed the benzene concentration is higher (6 μg m−3) than in coffee shops where this is forbidden (4 μg m−3). This method may also be helpful for environmental analytical chemists who use GC-MS/MS for the confirmation or/and quantification of benzene.

Hospital admission rates for alcoholic intoxication after policy changes in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

Background: In February, 2005, the canton of Geneva in Switzerland prohibited the off-premise sale of alcoholic beverages between 9pm and 7am, and banned their sale in gas stations and video stores. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of this policy change on hospital admission rates for alcoholic intoxication.Methods: An interrupted time series analysis of this natural experiment was performed with data on hospitalisations for acute alcoholic intoxication during the 2002-2007 period. The canton of Geneva was treated as the experimental group, while all other Swiss cantons were used as the control group.Results: In the experimental site, the policy change was found to have a significant effect on admission rates among adolescents and young adults. Depending on the age group, hospitalisation rates for alcoholic intoxication fell by an estimated 25-40% as the result of restricted alcohol availability.Conclusions: Modest restrictions on opening hours and the density of off-premise outlets were found to be of relevance for public health in the canton of Geneva. In light of this finding, policy makers should consider such action as a promising approach to alcohol prevention. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aplicació web per a la consulta i gestió de les benzineres estatals

El treball que a continuació es presenta consisteix en l'anàlisi, el disseny i la implementació d'una aplicació web que permeti, principalment, la consulta de preus dels combustibles de les benzineres estatals. La plataforma tecnològica escollida ha estat J2EE ja que aquesta tecnologia, basada principalment en el llenguatge Java, permet programar i executar aplicacions en un servidor d'una forma econòmica i alhora professional. L'aplicació segueix principalment el patró arquitectònic MVC (Model Vista Controlador), utilitzant com a marc de treball Struts2 i per a la persistència de dades Hibernate juntament amb el patró DAO.

06018-010 Storm Lake Watershed Final Report

The purpose of this project is to develop a management plan to address the City of Alta’s stormwater runoff. Currently, there is no management plan and the city is growing, so there are increased runoff problems from both residential and industrial sources. A large assortment of pollutants flow from these areas, examples include various forms of sediment, paper, plastic, gravel and metal as well as less visible potentially toxic pollution from lawns, streets, gas stations and other commercial and industrial areas. The goal for this project is to construct two infiltration/detention basins to protect water quality and reduce the peak volume of the City of Alta’s urban runoff. Each basin is designed with two functions: Control gully erosion and surface erosion with detention, while incorporating water quality through infiltration. The downstream erosion control provided by detaining runoff will reduce sediment delivery to Powell Creek and protect downstream agricultural land from urban runoff. The infiltration features designed into the basins will capture pollutants commonly associated with urban stormwater runoff such as: sediment, sand, gravel hydrocarbons, particulate matter, heavy metals, and nutrients.

Ympäristölupien myöntämisperusteiden alueellisten erojen tasoittamismahdollisuudet kuntatasolla eläinsuojien, polttonesteiden jakeluasemien sekä kivenlouhimokokonaisuuksien osalta

Diplomityössä on tarkasteltu kunnissa myönnettyjen ympäristölupien myöntämiskriteereitä ja niiden yhtenäistämismahdollisuuksia eläinsuojien, polttonesteiden jakeluasemien sekä kivenlouhimokokonaisuuksien osalta. Työssä tutkittiin ympäristönsuojelulain (86/2000) mukaisialupapäätöksiä viidestä kunnasta. Lupapäätöksissä havaittiin eroja kuntien välillä kaikkien lupakokonaisuuksien osalta. Pääasiassa erot kohdistuivat ympäristölautakunnan antamiin lupamääräyksiin. Lupien myöntämiskriteereiden yhtenäistäminen kuntatasolla vaatii aikaa ja resursseja, mutta ei ole mahdotonta. Yhtenäistämiskeinoja ovat kunnan sisäinen muistilista, korkeimman hallinto-oikeuden ratkaisulinjan tulkitseminen, ympäristönsuojelulain tulkinnan syventämien, alueellisten ympäristökeskusten taitojen hyödyntäminen sekä kuntien välinenyhteistyö. Kutakin yhtenäistämiskeinoa voi käyttää itsenäisenä keinona, mutta tehokkaampi tulos saada yhdistämällä kaikki viisi keinoa. Keinojen yhtenäistäminen on paras toteuttaa kunnan ympäristötarkastajien koulutuksella.

Itsehoitolääkkeiden jakelukanavaverkoston laajentuminen Suomessa

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia itsehoitolääkkeiden jakelukanavaverkoston laajentumista Suomessa. Päätavoitteena oli löytää erilaisia tulevaisuuden toimintamalleja, ja tutkia, onko jakelun vapauttaminen uhka vai mahdollisuus lääketeollisuudelle. Lisäksi tutkielmassa oli tavoitteena selvittää millaisia erityisvaatimuksia itsehoitolääkkeiden jakeluunliittyy ja mitkä tekijät puoltavat ja mitkä jarruttavat itsehoitolääkkeiden kilpailun vapauttamista Suomessa. Tutkielma jakautuu teoreettiseen ja empiiriseen osaan. Teoreettinen osa keskittyy tarkastelemaan jakelukanaverkoston laajentumista lääketeollisuudessa. Empiirinen tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena case-tutkimuksena ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin puoli-strukturoitua haastattelua. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että itsehoitolääkkeiden jakelun vapauttaminen on monitahoinen kysymys jamielipiteet sen tarpeellisuudesta ja hyödyllisyydestä vaihtelevat suuresti lääketeollisuuden jakelukanavan eri jäsenten välillä. Itsehoitolääkkeiden vähittäisjakelu voitaisiin tulevaisuudessa järjestää mahdollisesti joko vain apteekeista, tai apteekeista ja päivittäistavarakapoista. Mahdollisuutena olisi myös saada itsehoitolääkkeitä hotelleista ja ravintoloista, huoltamoista ja kioskeista. Lääkkeitä voisi ostaa myös erilaisista automaateista ja internetistä. Uudet kaupan muodot olisivat mahdollisia jos itsehoitolääkkeiden jakelu vapautuu tulevaisuudessa.

Entry Regulation Asymmetries and Gasoline Competition in a Mixed Motorway Network

Regulatory and funding asymmetries in the Spanish motorway network produce huge differences in the structure of gasoline markets by motorway type: free or toll. While competition is encouraged among gas stations on free motorways, the regulations for toll motorways allow private concessionaires to auction all gas stations to the same provider, thereby limiting competition and consolidating market power. This paper reports how this regulatory asymmetry results in higher prices and fewer gas stations. Specifically, we show that competition is constrained on toll motorways by the granting of geographical monopolies, resulting in a small number of rivals operating in close proximity to each other, and allowing gas stations to operate as local monopolies. The lack of competition would seem to account for the price differential between toll and free motorways. According to available evidence, deregulation measures affecting toll motorway concessions could help to mitigate price inefficiencies and increase consumer welfare.

Determinação do coeficiente de distribuição (Kd) de benzo(a)pireno em solo por isotermas de sorção

Leaking of diesel oil from gas stations is frequent in Brazil. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic is an indication of contamination by heavy hydrocarbons from diesel oil. Here were present the determination of the distribution coefficient (Kd) of benzo(a)pyrene (the most carcinogenic of the PAHs) in tropical soils using the sorption isotherm model. The sorption curves acquired for benzo(a)pyrene were of the S-type, probably due to the water/methanol experimental conditions. The sorption curves allowed calculation of the distribution coefficient (Kd). The experimental Kd values were lower than those calculated from literature Koc values (partition coefficient normalized by organic carbon), due mainly to the cosolvency effect and the percentage of organic matter and clay in soil.

Métodos para análises de HPA e BTEX em águas subterrâneas de postos de revenda de combustíveis: um estudo de caso em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil

Two methods using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry were developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and BTEX. Best results were obtained using DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, with 10 min extraction at 25 °C and 0.15 min desorption at 260 °C (BTEX), and PDMS/DVB fiber, with 60 min extraction at 90 °C, 10% NaCl and 5 min desorption at 270 °C (PAH). LOD intervals were 3x10-2 - 5x10-2 µg L-1 (BTEX) and 1.6x10-3 - 1.4 µg L-1 (PAH). The methods were applied to forty-five groundwater samples from monitoring wells of gas stations and only benzene level exceeded the limit established by Brazilian regulations.

KIT COLORIMÉTRICO PARA DETECÇÃO DE METANOL EM ETANOL COMBUSTÍVEL PARA O MONITORAMENTO DA QUALIDADE DE COMBUSTÍVEIS

A colorimetric kit for methanol detection in ethanol-containing fuels and ease of use in the field was developed and tested. The analysis can detect the presence of methanol in fuels when exceeding specification (0.5% v/v) in about 20 min and its simple instrumentation does not require a specialist. The kit method was successfully validated at gas stations located in São Paulo State and the Federal District.

DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR DE BIODIESEL EM DIESEL EMPREGANDO O ENSAIO COLORIMÉTRICO DO ÁCIDO HIDROXÂMICO

The aim of this paper was to use colorimetric assays for hydroxamic acid to quantify the biodiesel content in diesel and compare it with the traditional method (infrared spectroscopy, using the EN 14078 method). Samples were prepared from B2 to B10 with two kinds of diesel - S500 (red) and S50 (yellow) - to obtain two calibration curves. Through statistical methods it was shown that the slopes of the straight lines obtained for the different types of diesel were the same. Thus, the type of diesel did not influence the results of the colorimetric assay for hydroxamic acid. Real samples collected from gas stations were analyzed by both methods (colorimetry and EN 14078). By applying Student's t-test it was concluded that the methods could be considered statistically equivalent. Therefore, it was confirmed that the colorimetric assay for hydroxamic acid is suitable for detecting and quantifying the content of biodiesel in biodiesel/diesel blends and can also be easily adapted to field analyses.

Preços de etanol no Brasil : uma análise espacial

A introdução da tecnologia flex-fuel resultou em um expressivo aumento do consumo de etanol no Brasil, tornando-o principal concorrente da gasolina nos postos de combustíveis. Apesar disso, diferentemente da gasolina, a oferta de etanol sofre com a sazonalidade da safra de cana de açúcar, mostrando-se insuficiente para atender a demanda, incorrendo em altos preços nos períodos de entressafra. Além destes fatores, a expansão do uso de etanol como combustível enfrenta a ausência de políticas públicas claras que incentivem o mercado, assim como uma estrutura logística que permita o escoamento do produto a baixos custos. O presente trabalho buscou demonstrar como se comportam espacialmente os preços de etanol e gasolina no Brasil. Observou-se que os preços de etanol combustível ao consumidor foram menores quanto mais próximos das regiões produtoras e maiores conforme se distanciam, até se tornarem desvantajosos para o consumidor de alguns estados na medida em que a paridade de preços frente à gasolina supera o limite técnico de 70%. Observou-se também que a sazonalidade distinta das duas regiões produtoras do país define padrões sazonais de áreas que predominantemente consomem etanol ou gasolina, conforme a paridade de 70%. Este resultado indica que a necessidade de estoques e fluxos de produtos depende não apenas das condições logísticas, mas também da combinação da sazonalidade das regiões produtoras. Por fim, intencionou-se entender como e em que proporção os preços ao produtor do estado de São Paulo relacionam-se com os preços ao consumidor de outras regiões do país. Este estudo demonstrou que a velocidade de transmissão dos preços não está relacionada com a distância e que fatores logísticos e características específicas de cada mercado são os principais determinantes do comportamento dos preços ao consumidor em relação às alterações nos preços ao produtor do estado de São Paulo.

Design gráfico da pluma de contaminação por compostos orgânicos voláteiss utilizando software CAD na investigação de passivo ambiental em um posto revendedor de combustíveis em Natal/RN

Among the potentially polluting economic activities that compromise the quality of groundwater are the gas stations. The city of Natal has about 120 gas stations, of which only has an environmental license for operation. Discontinuities in the offices were notified by the Public Ministry of Rio Grande do Norte to carry out the environmental adaptations, among which is the investigation of environmental liabilities. The preliminary and confirmatory stages of this investigation consisted in the evaluation of soil gas surveys with two confirmatory chemical analysis of BTEX, PAH and TPH. To get a good evaluation and interpretation of results obtained in the field, it became necessary three-dimensional representation of them. We used a CAD software to graph the equipment installed in a retail service station fuel in Natal, as well as the plumes of contamination by volatile organic compounds. The tool was concluded that contamination is not located in the current system of underground storage of fuel development, but reflects the historical past in which tanks were removed not tight gasoline and diesel