Dimensões e universo das representações sociais de educação ambiental por discentes em Garanhuns-PE

The research aimed at investigating the dimensions and the universe of social representations of environmental education, as well as identifying the senses and meanings Environmental Education. This study admitted as presumption the education and environment dimensions. In this investigation was adopted as reference the dimension or representation scope of Moscovici. One hundred and twenty (120) students from Public Schools of Basic Education participated of this study and moreover three hundred and twenty-three (323) from Higher Education in the area of the UPE-FACETEG. The following questions were admitted: 1) What are the dimensions/categories that exist in the semantic scope of social representations of the environmental education? 2) What are the senses and meanings of environmental education? 3) The student s representations of Basic Education are similar or different from the Higher Education? The software EVOC helped in the organization of semantic scope for construction of the categories, with support of the contents analysis. The justifications are sorted on lexical classes using the software ALCESTE, through of the speech analyses. The free association of words answered the question dimension/categories and its semantic scope, being: a) Nature/Environment; b) values; c) Attitudes; d) Actions; e) Implications; f) Mediation. Six lexical classes were found with its meanings enumerated in this way: 1.Awareness, as a factor of belief for the preservation of nature and society. The students are clamoring for environmental education in the school, emphasizing the importance of awareness in the development of the respect to the environment linking the education and family; 2. The consciousness-knowledge relationship for the environment-nature preservation. 3. The environment and human interventions, in search of indicators of solutions. 4. Nature /background/ environment and its constituting elements, a thinking of values and an acting for mediation. 5. The human-nature interaction in social representations of environmental education and the symbolic-life size. 6. Nature / environment /, values, attitudes, actions, implications, and mediation in nature-man relationships. The groups more representatives according to these lexical classes were, the Basic Education in the class-4, represented exclusively by the Primary and Secondary Education and the class-6 represented by both two the Basic Education (47,37%) and the Higher Education (52,63%) - History, Pedagogy, Psychology, Mathematics, Language and Literature. The classes 4 and 6 are related to the class-3 which in turn is formed by students of Higher Education (Mathematics, Biology, Pedagogy, Psychology, Language and Literature) and Basic Education (Primary and Secondary Education). The Higher Education is most represented by the lexical classes (1, 2 and 5). The class 2 corresponded to 80% of the researched groups. In the class-1 the biggest representation was concerning to the Psychology, Geography, Biology and Language and Literature courses, whereas the class-5 was best represented by Psychology, Biology, Pedagogy, Language and Literature, Geography and History. From the results, one may conclude that the imagery is nature/environment; that life is the symbolic dimension that permeates the whole imaginary, and that preservation, awareness and respect are inserted in the speech that circulate to protect life

Análise da problemática socioambiental de nascentes urbanas no município de Garanhuns-PE

Garanhuns City, in Pernambuco, undergoes a rapid, polluting and non-organized urban development affecting its freshwater springs around the urban environment. These sources are of great importance to the district as well as to the hydrographic basin of the Mundaú River. In this view, this paper aims at analyzing the socio-environmental problems resulting from the urban expansion surrounding the Garanhuns’ sources. The study considers the social and environmental dynamics and follows the theoretical contributions of socio-environmental geography proposed by Mendonça’s Urban Environmental System methodological and theoretical model (2004), as well as the conceptual values of Santos’ space theory (2002a). The data treatment included bibliographical and documental research, evaluation of environmental impact, and water analysis. It revealed that Garanhuns possesses many local environmental traits favoring the coming out of freshwater springs and that these sources have played an important role in the making and development of that village. The environmental impacts on freshwater springs, like Olho D’água, Bom Pastor, Vila Maria, Pau Amarelo and Pau Pombo have been evaluated through the environmental impact score IIAN. It put alight serious cases of socio-environmental impacts on the dynamics of the freshwater springs. In the period of April 2013 and April 2014, it monitored the superficial water quality expelled by the Pau Pombo, Pau Amarelo e Vila Maria water sources, and the analyses of the contents followed the determinations of the Environmental National Board, whose parameters are dissolved oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, nitrate, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and electrical conductivity. The results recollected suggest the existence of organic pollution and deep alteration in the water coming out from the sources. In consequence, it seems important the putting out of measures destined to stop those impacts and guaranteeing protection and maintenance of the freshwater springs and their micro-basins.

Brincadeira e arte: patrimônio, formação cultural e samba de coco em Pernambuco

Esta proposta de estudo aborda questões relativas a políticas públicas de cultura. Tem por referente o samba de coco nas comunidades afrodescendentes de Castainho e Atoleiros, situadas nos municípios de Garanhuns e Caetés, do agreste de Pernambuco, região que se constitui parcela de território do antigo quilombo dos Palmares, um dos principais focos de resistência dos escravos negros do Brasil colonial, que se manteve incólume durante quase um século. Na região atribuída à existência do antigo quilombo estão vários grupos autointitulados remanescentes, que fazem dos ideais de força e resistência quilombola sua própria vida. O título do estudo é Brincadeira e arte: patrimônio, formação cultural e samba de coco em Pernambuco. O objetivo geral é relacionar o processo de criação em manifestações artísticas populares com as políticas institucionais empreendidas, numa perspectiva intercultural e transdisciplinar, tomando como referencial empírico a brincadeira de samba de coco nos municípios de Garanhuns e Caetés, em Pernambuco, respectivamente nas comunidades Sítio Castainho e Sítio Atoleiros, através da Banda Folclore Verde do Castainho e do Samba de Coco Santa Luzia. A ideia é viabilizar um estudo que se reporta ao conceito de patrimônio cultural étnico brasileiro, percebendo cultura como uma construção histórica da humanidade e compreendendo a manifestação artística como patrimônio imaterial. Trata-se de uma análise sobre grupos brincantes do chamado samba de coco como manifestação plural, de características diversificadas, que ambiciona influenciar políticas públicas destinadas a artistas populares ligados à música, ao canto, à dança e à literatura popular, encarnada em letras de canções, cujo conteúdo é repassado às novas gerações através da oralidade ou por ações de formação cultural, como iniciativas do poder público. Políticas públicas de cultura, patrimônio e formação cultural para preservação são as palavras-chave para identificação das condições atuais da relação entre artistas e gestão pública, considerando a perspectiva de educação não formal, no sentido atribuído pela UNESCO, referenciando-se em depoimentos como principal fonte. Conhecer algumas dimensões do imaginário mítico-simbólico que envolve produtores e gestores, é fundamento para o estudo, que se constitui a partir do levantamento, caracterização e análise da relação entre artistas e instituições de cultura, em diversas instâncias, considerando ideais de modernidade, permanências e transformações observadas no exercício, difusão e gestão da brincadeira. Os produtores do Povoado Atoleiros são criadores do samba de coco, brincadeira de adultos que se traduz em espaço de confraternização e comunhão e recebe interferência do poder público municipal, em Caetés, um dos municípios do entorno de Garanhuns, na periferia do qual está também o Sítio Castainho. Este, a partir de formas diversas de articulação, é contemplado por ações das gestões públicas municipal, estadual e federal, especificamente dentro do Festival de Inverno de Garanhuns FIG. A abordagem contempla a situação das duas comunidades, mas não elimina o reconhecimento de outros locais para a brincadeira do samba de coco e ações de preservação a ela direcionadas, como partes de um processo cultural que é também e necessariamente educativo e, em suas possibilidades de rupturas e continuidades, forma gerações.

Proteinograma e teores de cobre, ferro e zinco no soro sanguíneo de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês com mastite experimental por Staphylococcus aureus

Costa N.A., Simao L.C.V., Santos R.A., Afonso J.A.B., Fagliari J.J., Cardoso E.C., Soares P.C. & Mendonca C.L. 2010. [Proteinogram and serum concentrations of copper, iron and zinc in Santa Ines ewes with Staphylococcus aureus experimentally induced mastitis.] Proteinograma e teores de cobre, ferro e zinco no soro sanguineo de ovelhas da raca Santa Ines com mastite experimental por Staphylococcus aureus. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 30(5):435-442. Clinica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Avenida Bom Pastor s/n, Boa Vista, Caixa Postal 152, Garanhuns, PE 55292-901, Brazil. E-mail: carlalopes.mendonca@gmail.comThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus experimentally induced mastitis on proteinogram and serum concentrations of cupper, iron and zinc levels of Santa Ines primiparous ewes. The right mammary gland of ten healthy ewes was inoculated with 1,0x10(4) UFC/mL of S. aureus. Clinical examination and determination of serum concentrations of proteins by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), cupper, iron and zinc, as well plasma level of fibrinogen were measured before the inoculation (control) and 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 60h, 72h, 84h, 96h, 108h, 120h, 132h, 168h, 180h, 288h and 336h after bacteria inoculation. All animals experimentally infected presented clinical mastitis and subsequent loss of mammary gland function. The electrophoretogram allowed the identification of 23 proteins with molecular weights (MW) ranged from 26.000 to 185.000 daltons (Da) including acute-phase proteins, IgG and IgA. A significant increase (P<0,05) in haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, IgG and IgA concentrations was observed. Antitrypsin and acid glicoprotein concentrations did not alter. The levels of iron and zinc decreased and the cupper concentration increased. A positive correlation between plasma fibrinogen and serum ceruloplasmin (r=0.74), haptoglobin (r=0.62) and IgA (r=0.62) was also identified. Results showed the importance of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin as acute-phase proteins in ewes with intramammary infections and confirms fibrinogen as an inflammatory marker because its high correlation with specific proteins. The alterations in the serum levels of Cu, Fe and Zn suggest the action of inflammatory mediators triggered by S. aureus.

Malva sylvestris, novo hospedeiro de Puccinia heterospora no Brasil

Observou-se a ocorrência de ferrugem em Malva sylvestris, causada por Puccinia heterospora, no Município de Garanhuns (PE). Esta espécie fúngica é microcíclica e apresenta apenas o estádio sexual, com a produção de teliósporos, com morfologia variada, podendo produzir, em menor número, teliósporos bicelulares do tipo Puccinia e, predominantemente teliósporos unicelulares do tipo Uromyces (mesosporos). A produção abundante de mesosporos é uma das características morfológicas mais marcantes da espécie. Essa ferrugem possui ampla distribuição geográfica, infectando plantas pertencentes à família Malvaceae. Este representa o primeiro registro dessa ferrugem sobre o gênero Malva no Brasil. Uma amostra de referência foi depositada no Herbário Dimitri Sucre Benjamin do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ-RB). São apresentadas a descrição da morfologia do fungo com base na amostra coletada, ilustrações e comentários sobre a distinção entre essa espécie e outras morfologicamente semelhantes. Palavras-chave: ferrugem, Malvaceae, Pucciniales, teliósporos.

Reading and writing PE-files with PERWAPI

PERWAPI is a component for reading and writing .NET PE-files. The name is a compound acronym for Program Executable – Reader/Writer – Application Programming Interface. The code was written by one of us (Diane Corney) with some contributions from some of the early users of the tool. PERWAPI is a managed component, written entirely in safe C#. The design of the writer part of the component is loosely based on Diane Corney’s previous PEAPI component. It is open source software, and is released under a “FreeBSD-like” license. The source may be downloaded from “http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/perwapi/” As of the date of this document the code has facilities for reading and writing PEfiles compatible with the latest (beta-2) release of the ”Whidbey” version of .NET, that is, the Visual Studio 2005 framework. An invocation option allows earlier versions of the framework to be targeted.

Reading and writing PE-files with PERWAPI

PERWAPI is a component for reading and writing .NET PE-files. The name is a compound acronym for Program Executable – Reader/Writer – Application Programming Interface. The code was written by one of us (Diane Corney) with some contributions from some of the early users of the tool. PERWAPI is a managed component, written entirely in safe C#. The design of the writer part of the component is loosely based on Diane Corney’s previous PEAPI component. It is open source software, and is released under a “FreeBSD-like” license. The source may be downloaded from “http://perwapi.codeplex.com”. As of the date of this document the code has facilities for reading and writing PEfiles compatible with the V2 or later frameworks.

Kuva tikkeinä kankaalla : Kokemuksia PE-design 6.0 -kirjontakuvion suunnitteluohjelman kahden automaattisen tekniikan käytettävyydestä

The aim of the thesis was to compare the correspondence of the outcome a computer assisted program appearance compared to the original image. The aspect of the study was directed to embroidery with household machines. The study was made from the usability point of view with Brother's PE-design 6.0 embroidery design programs two automatic techniques; multicoloured fragment design and multicoloured stitch surface design. The study's subject is very current because of the fast development of machine embroidery. The theory is based on history of household sewing machines, embroidery sewing machines, stitch types in household sewing machines, embroidery design programs as well as PE-design 6.0 embroidery design program's six automatic techniques. Additionally designing of embroidery designs were included: original image, digitizing, punching, applicable sewing threads as well as the connection between embroidery designs and materials used on embroidery. Correspondences of sewn appearances were examined with sewing experimental methods. 18 research samples of five original image were sewn with both techniques. Experiments were divided into four testing stages in design program. Every testing stage was followed by experimental sewing with Brother Super Galaxie 3100D embroidery machine. Experiments were reported into process files and forms made for the techniques. Research samples were analysed on images syntactic bases with sensory perception assessment. Original images and correspondence of the embroidery appearances were analysed with a form made of it. The form was divided into colour and shape assessment in five stage-similarity-scale. Based on this correspondence analysis it can be said that with both automatic techniques the best correspondence of colour and shape was achieved by changing the standard settings and using the makers own thread chart and edited original image. According to the testing made it is impossible to inform where the image editing possibilities of the images are sufficient or does the optimum correspondence need a separate program. When aiming at correspondence between appearances of two images the computer is unable to trace by itself the appearance of the original image. Processing a computer program assisted embroidery image human perception and personal decision making are unavoidable.

A constraint-led approach for PE teachers

The Game Sense coaching approach emphasises the modification of game elements or the development of modified games to achieve learning outcomes. In this article we will introduce the constraints-led approach to learning and demonstrate how the theory can underpin the design of games lessons ensuring that teachers give themselves the best chance of satisfying the skill acquisition and psychological needs of every child in PE.

High-temperature low-cycle fatigue behavior of a NIMONIC PE-16 superalloy—Correlation with deformation and fracture

Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) responses of NIMONIC PE-16 for various prior microstructures and strain amplitudes have been evaluated and the fatigue behavior has been explained in terms of the operative deformation mechanisms. Total strain-controlled LCF tests were performed at 923 K on samples possessing three different prior microstructures: alloy A in solution-annealed condition (free of γ′ and carbides), alloy B with double aging treatment (spherical γ′ of 18-nm diameter and M23C6), and alloy C with another double aging treatment (γ′ of size 35 nm, MC and M23C6). All three microstructures exhibited an intial cyclic hardening followed by a period of gradual softening at 923 K. Coffin-Manson plots describing the plastic strain amplitudevs number of reversals to failure showed that alloy A had maximum fatigue life while C showed the least. Alloy B exhibited a two-slope behavior in the Coffin-Manson plot over the strain amplitudes investigated. This has been ascribed to the change in the degree of homogeneity of deformation at high and low strain amplitudes. Transmission electron microscopic studies were carried out to characterize the various deformation mechanisms and precipitation reactions occurring during fatigue testign. Fresh precipitation of fine γ′ was confirmed by the development of “mottled contrast” in alloy C. Evidence for the shearing of the ordered γ′ precipitates was revealed by the presence of superdislocations in alloy C. Repeated shearing during cyclic loading led to the reduction in the size of the γ′ and consequent softening. Coarser γ′ precipitates were associated with Orowan loops. The observed fatigue behavior has been rationalized based on the micromechanisms stated above and on the degree of homogenization of slip assessed by slipband spacing measurements on tested samples.

Effect of strain rate on the high-temperature low-cycle fatigue properties of a nimonic PE-16 superalloy

Strain-rate effects on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of a NIMONIC PE-16 superalloy have been evaluated in the temperature range of 523 to 923 K. Total-strain-controlled fatigue tests were per-formed at a strain amplitude of +/-0.6 pct on samples possessing two different prior microstructures: microstructure A, in the solution-annealed condition (free of gamma' and carbides); and microstructure B, in a double-aged condition with gamma' of 18-nm diameter and M23C6 carbides. The cyclic stress response behavior of the alloy was found to depend on the prior microstructure, testing temperature, and strain rate. A softening regime was found to be associated with shearing of ordered gamma' that were either formed during testing or present in the prior microstructure. Various manifestations of dynamic strain aging (DSA) included negative strain rate-stress response, serrations on the stress-strain hysteresis loops, and increased work-hardening rate. The calculated activation energy matched well with that for self-diffusion of Al and Ti in the matrix. Fatigue life increased with an increase in strain rate from 3 x 10(-5) to 3 x 10(-3) s-1, but decreased with further increases in strain rate. At 723 and 823 K and low strain rates, DSA influenced the deformation and fracture behavior of the alloy. Dynamic strain aging increased the strain localization in planar slip bands, and impingement of these bands caused internal grain-boundary cracks and reduced fatigue life. However, at 923 K and low strain rates, fatigue crack initiation and propagation were accelerated by high-temperature oxidation, and the reduced fatigue life was attributed to oxidation-fatigue interaction. Fatigue life was maximum at the intermediate strain rates, where strain localization was lower. Strain localization as a function of strain rate and temperature was quantified by optical and scanning electron microscopy and correlated with fatigue life.

The PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

India already has earned the dubious distinction of being one of the countries with the highest incidence of tuberculosis (TB). The conventional control measures have had little impact on the relentless march of the TB epidemic. Potential solutions to this problem include the development of new drugs and an effective TB vaccine. In this perspective, identification of the mycobacterial components that have important role(s) in the establishment of the infection assumes crucial importance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen and it resides inside the macrophage, which is considered to be the most important component of the immune system. M. tuberculosis possesses two highly polymorphic sets of genes called the PE and PPE families. These unique families of proteins account for about 10% of the mycobacterial genome and have drawn considerable interest from different schools of M. tuberculosis researchers across the globe. In this review, we discuss the importance of these proteins in the regulation of dendritic cell and macrophage immune-effector functions, as well as the relevance of these proteins in the clinical manifestation of TB. This information may be helpful to better understand the immunological importance of PE/PPE proteins and their roles in mycobacterial virulence. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Positive temperature coefficient and structural relaxations in selectively localized MWNTs in PE/PEO blends

The dispersion state of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in melt mixed polyethylene/polyethylene oxide (PE/PEO) blends has been assessed by both surface and volume electrical conductivity measurements and the structural relaxations have been assessed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The selective localization of MWNTs in the blends was controlled by the flow characteristics of the components, which led to their localization in the energetically less favored phase (PE). The electrical conductivity and positive temperature co-efficient (PTC) measurements were carried out on hot pressed samples. The neat blends exhibited only a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) effect while the blends with MWNTs exhibited both a PTC and a NTC at the melting temperatures of PE and PEO respectively. These phenomenal changes were corroborated with the different crystalline morphology in the blends. It was deduced that during compression molding, the more viscous PEO phase spreads less in contrast to the less viscous PE phase. This has further resulted in a gradient in morphology as well as the distribution state of the MWNTs in the samples and was supported by scanning electron and scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) studies and contact angle measurements. SAM from different depths of the samples revealed a gradient in the microstructure in the PE/PEO blends which is contingent upon the flow characteristics of the components. Interestingly, the surface and volume electrical conductivity was different due to the different dispersion state of the MWNTs at the surface and bulk. The observed surface and volume electrical conductivity measurements were corroborated with the evolved morphology during processing. The structural relaxations in both PE and PEO were discerned from broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The segmental dynamics below and above the melting temperature of PEO were significantly different in the presence of MWNTs.

PE/PEO blends compatibilized by PE brush immobilized on MWNTs: improved interfacial and structural properties

Polyolefin based blends have tremendous commercial importance in view of their exceptional properties. In this study the interface of a biphasic polymer blend of PE (polyethylene) and PEO (polyethylene oxide) has been tailored to reduce the interfacial tension between the phases and to render finer morphology. This was accomplished by employing various strategies like addition of maleated PE (PE grafted maleic anhydride), immobilizing PE chains, ex situ, onto MWNTs by covalent grafting, and in situ grafting of PE chains onto MWNTs during melt processing. Multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) with different surface functional groups have been synthesized either a priori or were facilitated during melt mixing at higher temperature. NH2 terminated MWNTs were synthesized by grafting ethylene diamine (EDA) onto carboxyl functionalized carbon nanotubes (COOH(MWNTs) and further, was used to reactively couple with maleated PE to immobilize PE chains on the surface of MWNTs. The covalent coupling of maleated PE with NH2 terminated MWNTs was also realized in situ in the melt extruder at high temperature. Both NH2 terminated MWNTs and the in situ formed PE brush on MWNTs during melt mixing, revealed a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the blend besides remarkably improving the dispersion of the minor phase (PEO) in the blends. Structural properties of the composites were evaluated and the tensile fractured morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy.