Functional (GT)n polymorphisms in promoter region of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2A subunit (GRIN2A) gene affect hippocampal and amygdala volumes

The glutamate system including N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) affects synaptic formation, plasticity and maintenance. Recent studies have shown a variable (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region of the NMDA subunit gene (GRIN2A) and a length-dependent inhibition of transcriptional activity by the (GT)n repeat. In the present study, we examined whether the GRIN2A polymorphism is associated with regional brain volume especially in medial temporal lobe structures, in which the NMDA-dependent synaptic processes have been most extensively studied. Gray matter regions of interest (ROIs) for the bilateral amygdala and hippocampus were outlined manually on the magnetic resonance images of 144 healthy individuals. In addition, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was conducted to explore the association of genotype with regional gray matter volume from everywhere in the brain in the same sample. The manually measured hippocampal and amygdala volumes were significantly larger in subjects with short allele carriers (n = 89) than in those with homozygous long alleles (n = 55) when individual differences in intracranial volume were accounted for. The VBM showed no significant association between the genotype and regional gray matter volume in any brain region. These findings suggest that the functional GRIN2A (GT)n polymorphism could weakly but significantly impact on human medial temporal lobe volume in a length-dependent manner, providing in vivo evidence of the role of the NMDA receptor in human brain development.

Exploring Genetic Factors Involved in Huntington Disease Age of Onset: E2F2 as a New Potential Modifier Gene

Age of onset (AO) of Huntington disease (HD) is mainly determined by the length of the CAG repeat expansion (CAGexp) in exon 1 of the HTT gene. Additional genetic variation has been suggested to contribute to AO, although the mechanism by which it could affect AO is presently unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the contribution of candidate genetic factors to HD AO in order to gain insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disorder. For that purpose, two AO definitions were used: the earliest age with unequivocal signs of HD (earliest AO or eAO), and the first motor symptoms age (motor AO or mAO). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed between genetic variation within 20 candidate genes and eAO or mAO, using DNA and clinical information of 253 HD patients from REGISTRY project. Gene expression analyses were carried out by RT-qPCR with an independent sample of 35 HD patients from Basque Country Hospitals. We found suggestive association signals between HD eAO and/or mAO and genetic variation within the E2F2, ATF7IP, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, LINC01559, HIP1 and GRIK2 genes. Among them, the most significant was the association between eAO and rs2742976, mapping to the promoter region of E2F2 transcription factor. Furthermore, rs2742976 T allele patient carriers exhibited significantly lower lymphocyte E2F2 gene expression, suggesting a possible implication of E2F2-dependent transcriptional activity in HD pathogenesis. Thus, E2F2 emerges as a new potential HD AO modifier factor.

Etude des déterminants génétiques des psychoses à début précoce. Génétique de la schizophrénie et hypothèse glutamatergique

Les troubles schizophréniques (SCZ) ont une forte héritabilité, de l’ordre de 80%, mais, une très faible part du risque génétique a été identifiée. La plupart des études ont considéré l’implication de polymorphismes fréquents, chacun ayant un effet relativement faible individuellement, alors que les études de variants du nombre de copies (CNVs) ainsi que les études d’anomalies chromosomiques ont pointé l’implication possible de variants rares et de novo à une forte pénétrance. Dans une première partie, nous présentons une synthèse sur les facteurs génétiques dans la SCZ, puis une revue des arguments en faveur de l’implication d’anomalies du système glutamatergique dans la SCZ, domaine sur lequel s’est centré notre travail. Notre travail s’inscrit dans un projet plus vaste, Synapse to Disease (S2D) ayant pour objectif de séquencer 1000 gènes synaptiques dans des cohortes de patients atteints de schizophrénie ou de troubles du spectre autistique. Nous avons exploré en particulier le système glutamatergique et les récepteurs NMDA. Dans un premier article, nous montrons une association d’une mutation troncante de novo de la kinésine 17, impliquée dans le transport de la sous-unité GRIN2B des récepteurs NMDA. Dans un second article, nous explorons les mutations rares et de novo dans les sous-unités des récepteurs NMDA et montrons l’association de mutation de novo dans GRIN2A et GRIN2B avec des cas de SCZ et d’autisme. Nos résultats renforcent l’idée qu’une part des cas de schizophrénie pourrait être due à l’implication de mutations rare à effet majeur, hypothèse alternative mais non exclusive à l’hypothèse d’interactions entre variants génétiques fréquents à effet mineur.