Effect of grape seed extract on oxidative, color and sensory stability of pre-cooked, frozen, re-heated beef sausage model system

The processing of meats at the factory level can trigger the onset of lipid oxidation, which can lead to meat quality deterioration. Warmed over flavor is an off-flavor, which is associated with oxidative deterioration in meat. To avoid or delay the auto-oxidation process in meat products, synthetic and natural antioxidants have been successfully used. Grape (Vitis Vinifera) is of special interest due to its high content of phenolic compounds. Grape seed extract sold commercially as a dietary supplement, has the potential to reduce lipid oxidation and WOF in cooked ground beef when added at 1%. The objective of study 1 was to compare the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants including grape seed extract and some herbs belonging to the Lamiaciae family: rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis), sage (Salvia Officinalis) and oregano (Origanum Vulgare) with commercial synthetic antioxidants like BHT, BHA, propyl gallate and ascorbic acid using the ORAC assay. All sample solutions were prepared to contain 1.8 gm sample/10 ml solvent. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the grape seed extract sample (359.75 µM TE), while the lowest was observed for BHA, propyl gallate and rosemary also showed higher antioxidant potential with ORAC values above 300 μmol TE/g. ORAC values obtained for ascorbic acid and Sage were between 250-300μ mol TE/g while lowest values were obtained for Butylated Hydroxytoluene (28.50 µM TE). Based on the high ORAC values obtained for grape seed extract, we can conclude that byproducts of the wine/grape industry have antioxidant potential comparable to or better than those present in synthetic counterparts. The objective of study 2 was to compare three levels of grape seed extract (GSE) to commonly used antioxidants in a pre-cooked, frozen, stored beef and pork sausage model system. Antioxidants added for comparison with control included grape seed extract (100, 300, 500 ppm), ascorbic acid (AA, 100 ppm of fat) and propyl gallate (PG, 100 ppm of fat). Product was formed into rolls, frozen, sliced into patties, cooked on a flat griddle to 70C, overwrapped in PVC, and then frozen at –18C for 4 months. GSE- and PG-containing samples retained their fresh cooked beef odor and flavor longer (p<0.05) than controls during storage. Rancid odor and flavor scores of GSE-containing samples were lower (p<0.05) than those of controls after 4 months of storage. The L* value of all samples increased (p<0.05) during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the control and AA-containing samples increased (p<0.05); those of GSE-containing samples did not change significantly (p>0.05) over the storage period.

In vitro fermentation of grape seed flavan-3-ol fractions by human faecal microbiota: changes in microbial groups and phenolic metabolites

With the aim of investigating the potential of flavan-3-ols to influence the growth of intestinal bacterial groups, we have carried out the in vitro fermentation, with human faecal microbiota, of two purified fractions from grape seed extract (GSE): GSE-M (70% monomers and 28% procyanidins) and GSE-O (21% monomers and 78 % procyanidins). Samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 24, 30 and 48 h of fermentation for bacterial enumeration by fluorescent in situ hybridization and for analysis of phenolic metabolites. Both GSE-M and GSE-O fractions promoted growth of Lactobacillus/Enterococcus and decrease in the Clostridium histolyticum group during fermentation, although the effects were only statistically significant with GSE-M for Lactobacillus/Enterococcus (at 5 and 10 h of fermentation) and GSE-O for C. histolyticum (at 10 h of fermentation). Main changes in polyphenol catabolism also occurred during the first 10 h of fermentation, however no significant correlation coefficients (P>0.05) were found between changes in microbial populations and precursor flavan-3-ols or microbial metabolites. Together these data suggest that the flavan-3-ol profile of a particular food source could affect the microbiota composition and its catabolic activity, inducing changes that could in turn affect the bioavailability and potential bioactivity of these compounds.

Evaluation of the effect of the seed extract of Moringa oleifera Lam over the efficiency of organic filters in wastewater treatment of dairy cattle breeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera Lam extract on the removal of total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in different filter media for treating wastewater of dairy cattle breeding (DCW). The moringa seed extract was obtained by grinding 50 g of seeds in one liter of distilled water and, after passing the solution through a quantitative paper filter of 25 microns, 60 mL of the extract were added to wastewater from cattle breeding before the filtration process in organic filters made of thin coal, bamboo leaves, eucalyptus leaves, gliricidia branches and sawdust. This was followed by the completely randomized experimental design, adopting a factorial of 5 x 2. Aliquots of filtered effluent were collected and the total solids (TS) concentrations, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were determined. It was found that the increase in the efficiency of removal of COD and total solids can be attributed to the coagulating power of the moringa seed extract, wherein the filter medium with bamboo leaves presented the best performance, showing potential for use as alternative filter material in the primary treatment of DCW.

Antioxidant effect of mango seed extract and butylated hydroxytoluene in bologna-type mortadella during storage

The effects of mango seed extract (MSE) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on pH, lipid oxidation, and color of Bologna-type mortadella during refrigerated storage for 21 days were studied. Bologna-type mortadella samples were formulated to contain 0.1% MSE, 0.2% MSE, or 0.01% BHT. After 14 days of storage, the products containing MSE 0.1 or 0.2% had higher pH values than those containing BHT 0.01%. Lipid oxidation values increased with storage time but were not affected by the type of antioxidant. The highest values for color parameter L* were observed for mortadella containing BHT 0.01% after 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Values for the color parameters a* and b* tended to decrease during mortadella storage. Products containing 0.1 or 0.2% MSE showed higher values for color parameter a* and lower values for color parameter b* compared to those containing 0.01% BHT. It can be concluded that MSE can be used in 0.1 or 0.2% levels in Bologna-type mortadella with similar or better antioxidant effects than those of BHT 0.01%.

Grape seed oil: a potential functional food?

Grape seed oil (GSO) is not often consumed in Brazil and little is known of its nutritional value. Around the world there are already studies that point to the high levels of minority bioactive compounds and their relation to health benefits. The main constituent of GSO is linoleic fatty acid, some works are controversial and there is no consensus in literature regarding their effect on the animal organism. Thus, this study aimed to present a review of GSO and show the potential health effects of its major components, not only linoleic acid, but also γ-tocotrienol and β-sitosterol, and finally, their influence on lipid-modulating, anti and pro oxidative parameters.

Gut microbial catabolism of grape seed flavan-3-ols by human faecal microbiota. Targetted analysis of precursor compounds, intermediate metabolites and end-products.

In vitro batch culture fermentations were conducted with grape seed polyphenols and human faecal microbiota, in order to monitor both changes in precursor flavan-3-ols and the formation of microbial-derived metabolites. By the application of UPLC-DAD-ESI-TQ MS, monomers, and dimeric and trimeric procyanidins were shown to be degraded during the first 10 h of fermentation, with notable inter-individual differences being observed between fermentations. This period (10 h) also coincided with the maximum formation of intermediate metabolites, such as 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone and 4-hydroxy-5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid, and of several phenolic acids, including 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxymandelic acid, and gallic acid (5–10 h maximum formation). Later phases of the incubations (10–48 h) were characterised by the appearance of mono- and non-hydroxylated forms of previous metabolites by dehydroxylation reactions. Of particular interest was the detection of γ-valerolactone, which was seen for the first time as a metabolite from the microbial catabolism of flavan-3-ols. Changes registered during fermentation were finally summarised by a principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed that 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone was a key metabolite in explaining inter-individual differences and delineating the rate and extent of the microbial catabolism of flavan-3-ols, which could finally affect absorption and bioactivity of these compounds.

Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Oxidative Stability and alpha-Tocopherol Retention in Soybean Oil with Lemon Seed Extract (Citrus Limon) under Thermoxidation

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Oxidative stability and α-tocopherol retention in soybean oil with lemon seed extract (Citrus limon) under thermoxidation

The synergistic effect of lemon seed extract with tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in soybean oil subjected to thermoxidation by Rancimat was investigated, and the influence of these antioxidants on α-tocopherol degradation in thermoxidized soybean oil. Control, LSE (2,400 mg/kg Lemon Seed Extract), TBHQ (50 mg/kg), Mixture 1 (LSE + 50 mg/kg TBHQ) and Mixture 2 (LSE + 25 mg/kg TBHQ) were subjected to 180°C for 20 h. Samples were taken at time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 h intervals and analysed for oxidative stability and α-tocopherol content. LSE and Mixtures 1 and 2 showed the capacity of retarding lipid oxidation when added to soya oil and also contributed to α-tocopherol retention in oil heated at high temperatures. However, Mixtures 1 and 2 added to the oil presented a greater antioxidant power, consequently proving the antioxidants synergistic effect.

Wine industry residues extracts as natural antioxidants in raw and cooked chicken meat during frozen storage

The effect of Isabel (IGE) and Niagara (NGE) grape seed and peel extracts on lipid oxidation, instrumental colour, pH and sensory properties of raw and cooked processed chicken meat stored at -18 degrees C for nine months was evaluated. The pH of raw and cooked samples was not affected by the addition of grape extracts. IGE and NGE were effective in inhibiting the lipid oxidation of raw and cooked chicken meat, with results comparable to synthetic antioxidants. The extracts caused alterations in colour, as evidenced by the instrumental (darkening and lower intensity of red and yellow colour) and sensory results of cooked samples. In the sensory evaluation of odour and flavour, IGE produced satisfactory results, which did not differ from synthetic antioxidants. These findings suggest that the ICE and NGE are effective in retarding lipid oxidation of raw and cooked chicken meat during frozen storage. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long-term nano-mechanical properties of biomodified dentin-resin interface components

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nanomechanical properties of biochemically modified dentin bonded interfaces

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of biomodified dentin matrices for potential preventive and reparative therapies

Biomodification of existing hard tissue structures, specifically tooth dentin, is an innovative approach proposed to improve the biomechanical and biochemical properties of tissue for potential preventive or reparative therapies. The objectives of the study were to systematically characterize dentin matrices biomodified by proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) and glutaraldehyde (GD). Changes to the biochemistry and biomechanical properties were assessed by several assays to investigate the degree of interaction, biodegradation rates, proteoglycan interaction, and effect of collagen fibril orientation and environmental conditions on the tensile properties. The highest degree of agent–dentin interaction was observed with GSE, which exhibited the highest denaturation temperature, regardless of the agent concentration. Biodegradation rates decreased remarkably following biomodification of dentin matrices after 24 h collagenase digestion. A significant decrease in the proteoglycan content of GSE-treated samples was observed using a micro-assay for glycosaminoglycans and histological electron microscopy, while no changes were observed for GD and the control. The tensile strength properties of GD-biomodified dentin matrices were affected by dentin tubule orientation, most likely due to the orientation of the collagen fibrils. Higher and/or increased stability of the tensile properties of GD- and GSE-treated samples were observed following exposure to collagenase and 8 months water storage. Biomodification of dentin matrices using chemical agents not only affects the collagen biochemistry, but also involves interaction with proteoglycans. Tissue biomodifiers interact differently with dentin matrices and may provide the tissue with enhanced preventive and restorative/reparative abilities.

Actividad antioxidante de los compuestos fenólicos contenidos en las semillas de la vid (vitis vinifera l.)

El propósito de este trabajo es obtener un antioxidante natural a partir de las semillas de uva (Vitis vinifera L.), para emplear en alimentos. Para ello se compararon distintos solventes para la extracción de fenoles de las semillas de la uva, de modo de obtener el extracto más concentrado en compuestos activos con la mínima degradación de su poder antioxidante durante el proceso de obtención. La concentración de fenoles totales de los extractos se determinó por el método Folin Ciocalteu. El poder reductor de los extractos se midió empleando el método de Oyaizu. Una vez seleccionado el solvente más adecuado para la extracción, se analizó la cinética de extracción, optimizando el tiempo de tratamiento. El extracto fue concentrado al vacío, y se veríficó la conservación del poder reductor en el extracto concentrado, por el método de Oyaizu. El extracto de semillas concentrado y sin concentrar se empleó en un sistema real sujeto a oxidación, tal como el jugo de manzanas. El grado de oxidación del jugo se midió por el método de Özoglu. El extracto concentrado fue deshidratado por secado en lecho de espuma y por liofilizado. En ambos casos se verificó el efecto del tratamiento de secado sobre el poder reductor. Finalmente, se evaluó la actividad antioxidante del extracto líquido concentrado de semillas de vid, respecto de otros antioxidantes comerciales como ácido ascórbico y dióxido de azufre. El sustrato oxidable fue el jugo de manzanas, y el grado de oxidación se midió por el método de Özoglu. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante el análisis de la varianza; cuando no fue posible emplear el mencionado análisis, debido a que no se verificaban los supuestos básicos para su aplicación, se empleó la prueba de Kruskal –Wallis. En todos los casos, se utilizó el programa Statgraphics plus ®4.0. Para obtener un extracto antioxidante a partir de semillas de vid se utilizó una ex-tracción con agua a 90ºC, durante 4 horas. La relación sólido- líquido empleada fue de 1g de semillas enteras por 10 ml de solvente. El extracto obtenido presentaba una concentración de 12,587 mg de fenoles totales por gramo de semillas de uva extractadas y un poder reductor de 1,290 unidades. Como consecuencia del análisis de la cinética de extracción, el tiempo de tratamiento se redujo de 4 horas a 3 horas. La concentración del extracto se realizó al vacío a 60ºC, verificándose un aumen-to del poder reductor en el extracto concentrado, comprobado sobre jugo de manzanas. Comparando el extracto concentrado y el extracto sin concentrar se observa que la concentración de fenoles totales aumentó 29,57 veces, mientras que el poder reductor aumentó 37,39 veces. El deshidratado del extracto por medio del lecho de espuma permitió conservar el poder reductor del mismo, no ocurrió lo mismo en el deshidratado por liofilizado, donde se produjo un deterioro del poder reductor. Para un mismo contenido de fenoles totales agregado al jugo de manzanas, el ex-tracto líquido sin concentrar produjo un 28,4% de inhibición de la oxidación, mientras que el de extracto líquido concentrado produjo un 51,5 % de inhibición de la oxidación del jugo de manzanas. El extracto de semillas de vid, aplicado como antioxidante en jugo de manzanas, inhibió el desarrollo de la oxidación en un 31,51%, considerando 24 horas el tiempo de tratamiento. Este desempeño supera al ácido ascórbico, que en iguales condiciones, inhibió el desarrollo de la oxidación en un 2,6%. Pero en las condiciones de tra-bajo, el dióxido de azufre resulta mejor antioxidante que ambos, ya que logró inhibir el desarrollo de la oxidación en un 97,40 %.

Extracto de semillas de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) con actividad antioxidante : concentración, deshidratación y comparación con antioxidantes de uso comercial

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) Evaluar un proceso de concentración y deshidratación de un extracto polifenólico de semillas de vid (Vitis vinifera L.). El proceso debía conservar el poder reductor del extracto. 2) Valorar la eficiencia del antioxidante obtenido por comparación con antioxidantes de uso habitual en un producto vegetal susceptible de ser oxidado, tal como el jugo de manzanas. El extracto de semillas de vid fue concentrado a 60°C en un concentrador rotativo al vacío de laboratorio. La concentración de los compuestos fenólicos fue determinada por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu modificado. La actividad antioxidante se determinó midiendo el poder reductor, por el método de Oyaizu. La oxidación del jugo de manzanas se determinó por el método de Özoglu. El extracto concentrado obtenido fue deshidratado por dos métodos: liofilización y secado en lecho de espuma. A igual concentración fenólica, el extracto concentrado mostró mayor capacidad antioxidante que el extracto simple. El extracto secado en lecho de espuma conservó la misma capacidad antioxidante que el extracto concentrado. El extracto liofilizado experimentó una pérdida significativa de la actividad antioxidante. El extracto concentrado de semillas de vid inhibió la oxidación del jugo de manzanas en un 31,51%, el ácido ascórbico en un 2,60% y el dióxido de azufre en un 97,40%.