Seis narradoras de centroamérica : Claribel Alegría, Gloria Guardia, Rosario Aguilar, Rima Vallbona, Carmen Naranjo Luisa González /

Ofrece un conjunto de ensayos acerca de las narraciones escritas por Claribel Alegría (El Salvador), Gloria Guardia (Panamá), Rosario Aguilar (Nicaragua), Rima Vallbona, Carmen Naranjo y Luisa González (Costa Rica). Todas estas autoras son consideradas importantes dentro de la literatura centroamericana

Frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular adultos, jovenes Compensar Bogotá Colombia, Octubre 1998-Octubre 1999

La enfermedad cardiovascular y la enfermedad coronaria son uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en el mundo. Miles de personas fallecen por esta causa, a pesar de que ambas son prevenibles, en 1990 en EEUU 916.000 personas murieron

Ayuda didáctica apoyada por computador para el programa de aspectos sensoriales de la visión

En el presente trabajo se hace una aproximación a los auxiliares didácticos o medios de apoyo didáctico: qué son, porqué y cuándo utilizarlos, y los conceptos de algunos autores que respaldan su innegable contribución en la labor pedagógica.

Pedagogía teatral con grupos juveniles

Reunir dos elementos que en la cultura de los pueblos son cada uno por su lado de gran interés: la pedagogía y el teatro, revisten una especial importancia cuando se busca facilitar procesos de cambio en comunidades desvertebradas social y cultural

Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in foods by polymerase chain reaction

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants of developing countries and is the most common cause of diarrhea in travelers to these areas. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections are commonly caused by ingestion of fecally contaminated food. A timely method for the detection of ETEC in foods would be important in the prevention of this disease. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay which has been successful in detecting the heat-labile and heat-stable toxins of ETEC in stool was examined to determine its utility in foods. This PCR assay, preceded by a glass matrix and chaotropic DNA extraction, was effective in detecting high numbers of ETEC in a variety of foods. Ninety percent of 121 spiked food samples yielded positive results. Samples of salsa from Guadalajara, Mexico and Houston, Texas were collected and underwent DNA extraction and PCR. All samples yielded negative results for both the heat-labile and heat-stable toxins. Samples were also subjected to oligonucleotide probe analysis and resulted in 5 samples positive for ETEC. Upon dilution testing, it was found that positive PCR results only occurred when 12,000 to 1,000,000 bacteria were present in 200 mg of food. Although the DNA extraction and PCR method has been shown to be both sensitive and specific in stool, similar results were not obtained in food samples. ^

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lymphomas

CYP1B1-null mice, created by targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem cells, were born at the expected frequency from heterozygous matings with no observable phenotype, thus establishing that CYP1B1 is not required for mouse development. CYP1B1 was not detectable in cultured embryonic fibroblast (EF) or in different tissues, such as lung, of the CYP1B1-null mouse treated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin whereas the equivalent wild-type EF cells express basal and substantial inducible CYP1B1 and lung expresses inducible CYP1B1. CYP1A1 is induced to far higher levels than CYP1B1 in liver, kidney, and lung in wild-type mice and is induced to a similar extent in CYP1B1-null mice. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was toxic in wild-type EFs that express CYP1B1 but not CYP1A1. These cells effectively metabolized DMBA, consistent with CYP1B1 involvement in producing the procarcinogenic 3,4-dihydrodiol as a major metabolite, whereas CYP1B1-null EF showed no significant metabolism and were resistant to DMBA-mediated toxicity. When wild-type mice were administered high levels of DMBA intragastrically, 70% developed highly malignant lymphomas whereas only 7.5% of CYP1B1-null mice had lymphomas. Skin hyperplasia and tumors were also more frequent in wild-type mice. These results establish that CYP1B1, located exclusively at extrahepatic sites, mediates the carcinogenicity of DMBA. Surprisingly, CYP1A1, which has a high rate of DMBA metabolism in vitro, is not sufficient for this carcinogenesis, which demonstrates the importance of extrahepatic P450s in determining susceptibility to chemical carcinogens and validates the search for associations between P450 expression and cancer risk in humans.

Kirkon vai valtion kirjat? : Uskontokuntasidonnaisuuden ongelma Suomen väestökirjanpidossa 1839-1904

The Population Register – run by the Church or the state? The problem posed by the obligation to belong to a religious community in the registration of births and deaths in Finland between 1839 and 1904 The Lutheran Church of Finland is the nation’s largest church; approximately 82 per cent of Finns were members in 2007. The Church ran an official register of its members until 1999, when the state then undertook this task. The registration of births and deaths by the Church has a long history dating back to the 17th century, when Bishop Johannes Gezelius Sr. decreed that all parish members would have to be recorded in parish registers. These registers were used to control how well parish members knew the Christian doctrine and, gradually, also if they were literate. Additionally, the Church attempted to ensure by means of the parish registers that parish members went to Holy Communion annually. Since everyone was a member of the Lutheran Church, the state also took advantage of the parish registers and used them for the purposes of tax collection and conscription. The main research theme of “The Population Register – run by the Church or the state?” goes back to these times. The actual research period covers the years of 1839–1904. At that time Finland was under Russian rule, although autonomous. In the late 19th century the press and different associations in Finland began to engage in public debate, and the country started moving from a submissive society to a civic one. The identity of the Lutheran Church also became more prominent when the Church Act and the General Synod were realised in 1869. A few years earlier, municipal and parish administrations had been separated, but the general registration of births and deaths was left to the Church to see to. In compliance with the constitution of the country, all the inhabitants in principle still had to be Lutheran. In practice, the situation was different. The religious and ideological realms diversified, and the Lutheran concept of religion was no longer acceptable to everyone. The conflict was reflected in the registration of births and deaths, which was linked to the Lutheran Church and its parish registers. Nobody was allowed to leave the Church, there was no civil register, and the Lutheran Church did not consent to record unbaptized children in the parish registers. Therefore such children were left without civil rights. Thus the obligation to belong to a religious community had become a problem in the registration of births and deaths. The Lutheran clergy also appealed to the 1723 privileges, according to which they had been exempted from the drawing up of additional population registers. In 1889 Finland passed the Dissenters Act. By virtue of this act the Baptists and the Methodists left the state Church, but this was not the case with the members of the free churches. The freethinkers had to retain their church membership, as the law did not apply to them. This meant that the unbaptized children of the members of the free churches or those of freethinkers were still not entered in any registers. The children were not able to go to school, work for the state or legally marry. Neither were they able to inherit property, as they did not legally exist. The system of parish registers was created when everyone was required to be a member of the Lutheran Church, but it did not work when liberal attitudes eventually penetrated the sphere of religion, too. The government´s measures to solve the problem were slow and cautious, partly because Finland was part of Russia, partly because there were only about 100 unbaptized children. As the problem group was small and the state´s resources were limited, no general civil register was established. The state accepted the fact that in spite of the problems, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the congregations of dissenters were the only official establishments to run populations registers in the country, and for social purposes, too. In 1900 the Diet of Finland finally approved a limited civil register, which unbaptized children and unregistered foreigners would be recorded in. Due to political reasons the civil register did not come into existence until 1917, after the actual research period.

Fractura de cadera subtrocantéricas e intertrocantéricas y los antecedentes personales no patológicos de mujeres de 50-78 años de edad en un hospital de 3er. nivel del área metropolitana de Monterrey, enero 1999 a enero 2000

Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Especialidad en Salud en el Trabajo) UANL.

Modelo de enseñanza para la resolución de problemas en el laboratorio de química II en el nivel medio superior de la U.A.N.L. [por] Ma. Luisa Zárate Hernández

Tesis (Maestría en la Enseñanza de la Ciencia con Especialidad en Química) U.A.N.L.

Repercusión del problema de Chipre en la intención de Turquía de formar parte de la Unión Europea. Período 1999-2008

Turquía es un país asiático con un trozo de su territorio en Europa y se encuentra en proceso de adhesión a la Unión Europea (UE), su candidatura es y ha sido un tema polémico entre los Estados miembros y desde el inicio de las negociaciones formales en 2005 se presentó como un caso especial principalmente por la ocupación militar que mantienen en parte del territorio de Chipre, quien es miembro pleno de la UE desde el 2004. El problema de Chipre está entre las condiciones que debe cumplir Turquía para poder ingresar a la UE y por esto tiene que darle una adecuada solución al problema, sin embargo Turquía no ha cedido frente al problema de Chipre por el interés geopolítico en la isla, ya que es un importante enclave geoestratégico y porque el costo real para su gobierno es mínimo, por ende no se ve obligado a cambiar su política intransigente hacia Chipre y menos cuando sus posibilidades de acceso se ven disminuidas por la posición de países como Francia y Alemania. En consecuencia, la entrada de Turquía es una oferta condicionada y la ausencia de una solución y de negociaciones interminables, pueden aumentar las tensiones en la isla y bloquear indefinidamente el proceso de adhesión de Turquía a la UE.