Protocolo de tecnologia: selecao para resistencia a doencas em hortalicas. 3. Tomateiro - Murcha-de-fusario (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici).

1999

Ocorrência de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 3 em tomate no Brasil e seleção de novas fontes de resistência ao patógeno.

A murcha-de-fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), é uma importante doença do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) no mundo. Existem três raças identificadas do patógeno, sendo que a raça 3 ainda não havia sido registrada no Brasil. Este trabalho teve dois objetivos: comunicar a presença da raça 3 de FOL no Brasil e selecionar fontes de resistência às três raças do patógeno. Nove isolados de FOL foram obtidos de dois híbridos de tomate (Carmen e Alambra) com sintomas de mrucha, provenientes de três lavouras localizadas nos municípios de Venda Nova do Imigrante - Espírito Santo e Domingos Martins 9ES). Estes dois híbridos comerciais de tomate são considerados resistentes ás raças 1 e 2 de FOL. O teste de virulência foi feito com as cultivares: Ponderosa (suscetível a todasa as raças), IPA-5 (resistente à raça 1), Floradade (resistente às raças 1 e 2) e BHRS-2,3 (resistente às raças 1, 2 e 3). Todos os isolados foram virulentos às cultivares Ponderosa, IPA-R e Floradade e ainda infectaram algumas plantas de BHRS-2,3. O teste de virulência foi repetido com as mesmas cultivares mas também incluindo o acesso 'LA 716' da espécie selvagem L. pennellii. Foram obtidos resultados semelhantes para as cultivares, enquanto L. pennellii apresentou uma reação de imunidade ao patógeno. Estes resultadaos comprovam que os novos isolados de ES pertencem à raça 3 de FOL. Uma coleção de germoplasma de acessos de Lycopersicon spp. da Embrapa Hortaliças foi inicialmente avaliada quanto à reação de um dos isolados da raça 3 e uma parte deles às raças 1 e 2. Novas fontes de resistência múltipla foram identificadas em acessos de L. chilense, l. hirsutum e L. peruvianum, sendo dez genótipos imunes às raças 2 e 3 e cinco às três raças. A identificação destas fontes de resistência peermite que os programas de melhoramento de tomate antecipem potenciais problemas, inclusive a emergência de novas raças de FOL, além das raças 1, 2 e 3.

Estabelecimento e caracterização a nível de raça de uma coleção de isolados Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

2006

Seleção de híbridos e acessos de tomate para resistência a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 3.

2009

Antagonistic potential of bacterial isolates associated with entomopathogenic nematodes against tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp., Lycopersici under greenhouse conditions

Three concentrations of Xenorhabdus nematophila and Xenorhabdus spp., (4x10(5,) 4x10(6,) 4x10(7) cells/ml) were evaluated in the laboratory and in pot experiments to test their antagonistic effects on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp., lycopersici. All concentrations effectively inhibited its growth on agar plates. In soil under greenhouse conditions treatments with each bacterium at 4x10(7) cells/ml reduced the disease incidence of tomato by up to 40.38 and 47.54% respectively and there were significant increases of plant biomass by 198 and 211% respectively. The rhizosphere population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp., lycopersici was reduced by 97%. The Xenorhabdus spp., was comparatively more effective than X. nematophila.

Comportamiento de patrones de tomate frente a la patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici

La fusariosis del cuello y de las raíces del tomate ("mancha chocolate"), causada por el hongo F. o. f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, es una micosis cada vez más extendida en los cultivos de tomate de las provincias de Almería y Granada. Su gravedad es alta, llegando a alcanzar al 78% de las plantas en algún invernadero con cultivo sobre fibra de coco. Ante esta situación, se estimó necesario evaluar la resistencia de patrones utilizados para injertar variedades de tomate. Así, 16 patrones fueron valorados frente a una cepa muy patógena del hongo. Los patrones fueron:CLXTPG01, AR9704, AR97015, AR97009, Morgan, Spirit, Herman, Armstrong, Arnold, Big Power, Emperador, 61-071, Montezuma, Beaufort, Multifort, Maxifort, Tovi Star y Alegro. Dos ensayos sobre plantas en estado de 6-8 hojas verdaderas bien formadas, mostraron que todos los patrones expresaron una resistencia completa, exceptuando los denominados CLXTPG01 y AR97015. Entendemos que esta información es necesaria debidio a la escasa disponibilidad.

Benzothiadiazole-Mediated Induced Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in Tomato1

Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a synthetic chemical, was applied as a foliar spray to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants and evaluated for its potential to confer increased resistance against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL). In nontreated tomato plants all root tissues were massively colonized by FORL hyphae. Pathogen ingress toward the vascular stele was accompanied by severe host cell alterations, including cell wall breakdown. In BTH-treated plants striking differences in the rate and extent of fungal colonization were observed. Pathogen growth was restricted to the epidermis and the outer cortex, and fungal ingress was apparently halted by the formation of callose-enriched wall appositions at sites of fungal penetration. In addition, aggregated deposits, which frequently established close contact with the invading hyphae, accumulated in densely colonized epidermal cells and filled most intercellular spaces. Upon incubation of sections with gold-complexed laccase for localization of phenolic-like compounds, a slight deposition of gold particles was observed over both the host cell walls and the wall appositions. Labeling was also detected over the walls of fungal cells showing signs of obvious alteration ranging from cytoplasm disorganization to protoplasm retraction. We provide evidence that foliar applications of BTH sensitize susceptible tomato plants to react more rapidly and more efficiently to FORL attack through the formation of protective layers at sites of potential fungal entry.

DNA amplification fingerprinting analysis of genetic variation within Fusarium oxysporum f.sp zingiberi

Genetic variation among 29 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz) collected from diseased ginger rhizome in production regions throughout Queensland was analysed using DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF). Eight isolates of other Fusarium species and/or formae speciales were included for comparative analysis. Within the Foz isolates, three haplotypes were identified based on 17 polymorphic bands generated with five primers. Two groups showed very little genetic variation (98.6% similarity), whereas the third single isolate was quite distinct in terms of its molecular profile (77.2% similarity). Genetic similarity among the Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense races 1, 3 and 4 isolates compared well with the published literature.

Sequence variation in the putative effector gene SIX8 facilitates molecular differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), causal agent of fusarium wilt of banana, is among the most destructive pathogens of banana and plantain. The development of a molecular diagnostic capable of reliably distinguishing between the various races of the pathogen is of key importance to disease management. However, attempts to distinguish isolates using the standard molecular loci typically used for fungal phylogenetics have been complicated by a poor correlation between phylogeny and pathogenicity. Among the available alternative loci are several putative effector genes, known as SIX genes, which have been successfully used to differentiate the three races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In this study, an international collection of Foc isolates was screened for the presence of the putative effector SIX8. Using a PCR and sequencing approach, variation in Foc-SIX8 was identified which allowed race 4 to be differentiated from race 1 and 2 isolates, and tropical and subtropical race 4 isolates to be distinguished from one another.

Development of a small-plant bioassay to assess banana grown from tissue culture for consistent infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Two reliable small-plant bioassays were developed using tissue-cultured banana, resulting in consistent symptom expression and infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). One bioassay was based on providing a constant watertable within a closed pot and the second used free-draining pots. Culture medium for spore generation influenced infectivity of Foc. Inoculation of potted banana by drenching potting mix with a conidial suspension, consisting mostly of microconidia, few macroconidia and no chlamydospores, generated from one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar + streptomycin sulfate, resulted in inconsistent infection. When a conidial suspension that consisted of all three spore types, microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, prepared from spores generated on carnation leaf agar was used, all plants became infected, indicating that the spore type present in conidial suspensions may contribute to inconsistency of infection. Inconsistency of infection was not due to loss of virulence of the pathogen in culture. Millet grain precolonised by Foc as a source of inoculum resulted in consistent infection between replicate plants. Sorghum was not a suitable grain for preparation of inoculum as it was observed to discolour roots and has the potential to stunt root growth, possibly due to the release of phytotoxins. For the modified closed-pot system, a pasteurised potting mix consisting of equal parts of bedding sand, perlite and vermiculite plus 1 g/L Triabon slow release fertiliser was suitable for plant growth and promoted capillary movement of water through the potting mix profile. A suitable potting mix for the free-draining pot system was also developed.

Characterization of disease resistance gene candidates of the nucleotide binding site (NBS) type from banana and correlation of a transcriptional polymorphism with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4

Most plant disease resistance (R) genes encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat structure (NBS-LRR). In this study, degenerate primers were used to amplify genomic NBS-type sequences from wild banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) plants resistant to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis (f. sp.) cubense (FOC) race 4. Five different classes of NBS-type sequences were identified and designated as resistance gene candidates (RGCs). The deduced amino acid sequences of the RGCs revealed the presence of motifs characteristic of the majority of known plant NBS-LRR resistance genes. Structural and phylogenetic analyses grouped the banana RGCs within the non-TIR (homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptors) subclass of NBS sequences. Southern hybridization showed that each banana RGC is present in low copy number. The expression of the RGCs was assessed by RT-PCR in leaf and root tissues of plants resistant or susceptible to FOC race 4. RGC1, 3 and 5 showed a constitutive expression profile in both resistant and susceptible plants whereas no expression was detected for RGC4. Interestingly, RGC2 expression was found to be associated only to FOC race 4 resistant lines. This finding could assist in the identification of a FOC race 4 resistance gene.

Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp fragariae and Predicted Breeding Values in Strawberry

Fusarium wilt of strawberry, incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof), is a major disease of the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) worldwide. An increase in disease outbreaks of the pathogen in Western Australia and Queensland plus the search for alternative disease management strategies place emphasis on the development of resistant cultivars. In response, a partial incomplete diallel cross involving four parents was performed for use in glasshouse resistance screenings. The resulting progeny were evaluated for their susceptibility to Fof. Best-performing progeny and suitability of progenies as parents were determined using data from disease severity ratings and analyzed using a linear mixed model incorporating a pedigree to produce best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values. Variation in disease response, ranging from highly susceptible to resistant, indicates a quantitative effect. The estimate of the narrow-sense heritability was 0.49 +/- 0.04 (SE), suggesting the population should be responsive to phenotypic recurrent selection. Several progeny genotypes have predicted breeding values higher than any of the parents. Knowledge of Fof resistance derived from this study can help select best parents for future crosses for the development of new strawberry cultivars with Fof resistance.

Uso de aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol del Mal de Panamá (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) Raza 1 en vitroplantas de banano) del cultivar Gros Michel (AAA) en condiciones de invernadero

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue seleccionar aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Se evaluaron los tres aislamientos más patogénicos FOC2, FOC4, FOC8 obtenidos del criobanco del Laboratorio de Fitopatología del CATIE, en una prueba de antibiosis y posteriormente se procedió a realizar la prueba de biocontrol con veinte aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp. y dos aislamientos FOC2 y FOC4 en vitroplantas de Gros Michel (AAA)en condiciones de invernadero. Por medio de la técnica de cocultivo veinte aislados de Trichoderma spp., inhibieron el crecimiento radial de FOC hasta en un 53,46%. En el bioensayo de biocontrol,los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., presentaron un mínimo porcentaje de incidencia con 37,5% del tratamiento TJ5, en comparación al testigo absoluto que no presentó incidencia. Así mismo los tratamientos TC9, TP3 y TCL1 redujeron desde un 92% hasta 90% los síntomas externos en comparación a los testigos referenciales. Los síntomas internos del cormo se redujeron hasta un 74% por el tratamiento TC9. Adicionalmente se detectó que plantas protegidas con los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta en peso de la raiz y follaje.