Orchid fleck symptoms may be caused naturally by two different viruses transmitted by Brevipalpus

Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTV) cause chlorotic, necrotic and/or ringspot lesions in leaves and stems of orchids, citrus, coffee and several other plant species. There are two different types of BTVs, the nuclear and the cytoplasmic, based on maturation locale in the cell and particle morphology. The orchid fleck virus (OFV) is a BTV that infects orchids. Its short rodlike particles are 32-40 nm in diameter, 100-150 nm in length. OFV is found in the nucleus and is associated with intranuclear electronlucent viroplasms. In 1999, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a distinct type of virus causing orchid fleck symptoms. The bacilliform particles, 70-80 nm in diameter and 110-120 nm in length, induced electron-dense viroplasm inclusions in infected cells and resembled the cytoplasmic type associated with BTV, such as the citrus leprosis virus C. Our objective in the present study was to verify whether the cytoplasmic type virus found in orchids could be amplified using primers for other cytoplasmic BTVs, such as CiLV-C and Solanum violaefolium ringspot virus (SvRSV). Additionally, we aimed to differentiate the two BTVs found in orchids: the nuclear and the cytoplasmic types of OFV using microscopy and molecular and serological tools. This virus was not amplified by the CiLV-C and SvRSV primers, and neither the molecular nor the serological tools available to the OFV diagnosis reacted with it, demonstrating that they are definitely different viruses.

Subnotificação de nascidos vivos: procedimentos de mensuração a partir do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a subnotificação de registros de nascidos vivos em sistemas de informação em saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) e Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) em municípios de Minas Gerais, 2001. A análise foi feita por meio de dois procedimentos: a comparação do número de nascidos vivos por município de residência e a técnica de relacionamento probabilístico de dados individuais. Em ambos os casos, consideraram-se como indicadores de subnotificação as proporções de nascidos vivos informadas ao SIH e não obtidas no Sinasc. Os municípios foram posteriormente agregados em quatro faixas de tamanho populacional. RESULTADOS: O relacionamento probabilístico identificou maior proporção de nascidos vivos subnotificados no Sinasc, relativamente à comparação do número de nascidos vivos nos municípios. As variações das diferenças entre os percentuais de subnotificação por procedimentos foram: 9,4% nos municípios com população menor que 5.000 habitantes; 9,1% nos municípios com população entre 5.000 e 9.999 e 8,0% nos municípios com população entre 10.000 e 49.999 e com mais de 50.000 habitantes. CONCLUSÕES: A magnitude de acréscimos revelou-se sensível ao procedimento adotado. O relacionamento probabilístico incrementou certeza no pareamento e possibilitou identificação de maior proporção de casos não registrados no Sinasc, inclusive em grandes municípios. O SIH apresentou-se como importante indicador de subnotificação de nascidos vivos.

Façamos Químicos: a "certidão de nascimento" dos cursos de química de nível superior no Brasil

This work presents a brief retrospective of José de Freitas Machado's prominent role in the creation, development and consolidation of Chemistry undergraduate courses in Brazil. Freitas Machado defended in many occasions the importance of chemical studies for the economic development of this country. We analyze, here, his important paper "Façamos Químicos" [Let's Make Chemists] (1917), seminal for the implantation of Industrial Chemistry undergraduate courses in Brazil.

Semântica formal para TVQL

Modelos de bancos de dados têm sido progressivamente estendidos a fim de melhor capturar necessidades específicas de aplicações. Bancos de dados versionados, por exemplo, provêm suporte a versões alternativas de objetos. Bancos de dados temporais, por sua vez, permitem armazenar todos os estados de uma aplicação, registrando sua evolução com o passar do tempo. Tais extensões sobre os modelos de dados se refletem nas respectivas linguagens de consulta, normalmente sob a forma de extensões a linguagens conhecidas, tais como SQL ou OQL. O modelo de banco de dados TVM (Temporal Versions Model ), definido sobre o modelo de banco de dados orientado a objetos, suporta simultaneamente versões alternativas e o registro de alterações de objetos ao longo do tempo. A linguagem de consulta TVQL (Temporal Versioned Query Language), definida a partir da linguagem de consulta SQL, permite recuperar informações do modelo de dados TVM. As construções introduzidas em TVQL têm como objetivo tornar simples a consulta do banco de dados em diversos pontos da linha temporal. Apesar das vantagens da utilização da linguagem TVQL para resgatar dados temporais do modelo TVM, existem algumas limitações importantes para seu aprimoramento. Uma delas é a alta complexidade do modelo TVM, proveniente da integração de conceitos variados como estados alternativos e rótulos temporais. Outro ponto é que, até o presente momento, não existe um interpretador para TVQL, impedindo uma experiência prática de programação de consultas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma especificação formal para a linguagem TVQL, tornando possível um estudo consistente de suas construções. Adicionalmente, uma especificação formal serve como documentação para futuras implementações de interpretadores. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um protótipo de avaliador de consultas e verificador de tipos para um núcleo funcional da linguagem TVQL, possibilitando também uma experimentação prática sobre os modelos propostos.

Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde do Idoso na UBS Dr. Garibaldi Carrera Machado, Santo Ângelo/Rs.

Com o aumento da expectativa de vida à nível mundial, devido principalmente, a melhora da qualidade de vida, nos indicadores socioeconômicos e aos avanços científicos da Medicina, a sociedade humana está cada vez mais longeva, portanto, o número de pacientes idosos que fazem uso dos serviços de saúde, tanto públicos como privados, será cada vez maior. Tal fato, implica também um incremento constante nos gastos em saúde e um nível de preparação e de exigências por parte dos profissionais também maior. Em consequência, a intervenção teve como objetivo principal melhorar a atenção à saúde da população idosa (adultos maiores de 60 anos) moradores do território de abrangência da UBS/ESF Dr. Garibaldi Carrera Machado (INDUBRAS), da cidade de Santo Ângelo/RS. Na área de abrangência da unidade existem oficialmente 3.000 pessoas cadastradas, das quais 300 (10%) são idosas. Entre todos os idosos, 154 fizeram parte da intervenção, alcançando ao final da mesma, a qual foi de 3 meses, uma cobertura de 51,3%. Outros dados positivos ao final da intervenção foram: Proporção de idosos com Avaliação Multidimensional Rápida em dia de 96,8%; a Proporção de idosos com exame clínico apropriado em dia foi de 96,1%; a Proporção de idosos hipertensos e/ou diabéticos com solicitação de exames complementares periódicos em dia foi de 96,5%; a Proporção de idosos com prescrição de medicamentos da Farmácia Popular priorizada foi de 96,8%; a Proporção de idosos acamados ou com problemas de locomoção com visita domiciliar em dia foi de 100%; a Proporção de idosos rastreados para hipertensão na última consulta foi de 99,4%; a Proporção de idosos hipertensos rastreados para diabetes, nos 3 meses consecutivos foi de 100%; a Proporção de idosos com avaliação da necessidade de atendimento odontológico, nos 3 meses consecutivos foi de 100%; a Proporção de idosos faltosos às consultas que receberam busca ativa foi de 100%; a Proporção de idosos com registro na ficha de acompanhamento/espelho em dia foi de 97,4%; a Proporção de idosos com Caderneta de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa foi de 97,4%; a Proporção de idosos com avaliação de risco para morbimortalidade em dia foi de 98,7%; a Proporção de idosos com avaliação para fragilização na velhice em dia e com avaliação de rede social em dia foi de 98,1%; a Proporção de idosos que receberam orientação nutricional para hábitos alimentares saudáveis e prática regular de atividade física foi de 100%. Em relação a comunidade, posso dizer que a participação e a aceitação do programa foram altas, o esforço além da carência de recursos e infraestrutura, foi reconhecido. O apoio de referentes locais como a escola do bairro e as universidades locais foi muito importante para a realização das atividades planejadas. Em relação a equipe e ao serviço em geral, a experiência foi muito gratificante, permitindo a integração de todos os membros da equipe no trabalho diário.

Cerebral Cortex Involvement In Machado-joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) is the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxia, characterized by brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellar damage. Few magnetic resonance imaging based studies have investigated damage in the cerebral cortex. The objective was to determine whether patients with MJD/SCA3 have cerebral cortex atrophy, to identify regions more susceptible to damage and to look for the clinical and neuropsychological correlates of such lesions. Forty-nine patients with MJD/SCA3 (mean age 47.7 ± 13.0 years, 27 men) and 49 matched healthy controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans in a 3 T device, and three-dimensional T1 images were used for volumetric analyses. Measurement of cortical thickness and volume was performed using the FreeSurfer software. Groups were compared using ancova with age, gender and estimated intracranial volume as covariates, and a general linear model was used to assess correlations between atrophy and clinical variables. Mean CAG expansion, Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score and age at onset were 72.1 ± 4.2, 14.7 ± 7.3 and 37.5 ± 12.5 years, respectively. The main findings were (i) bilateral paracentral cortex atrophy, as well as the caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior and transverse temporal gyri, and lateral occipital cortex in the left hemisphere and supramarginal gyrus in the right hemisphere; (ii) volumetric reduction of basal ganglia and hippocampi; (iii) a significant correlation between SARA and brainstem and precentral gyrus atrophy. Furthermore, some of the affected cortical regions showed significant correlations with neuropsychological data. Patients with MJD/SCA3 have widespread cortical and subcortical atrophy. These structural findings correlate with clinical manifestations of the disease, which support the concept that cognitive/motor impairment and cerebral damage are related in disease.

Spinal Cord Damage In Machado-joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3) is the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxia worldwide and characterized by remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity. MRI-based studies in SCA3 focused in the cerebellum and connections, but little is known about cord damage in the disease and its clinical relevance. To evaluate the spinal cord damage in SCA3 through quantitative analysis of MRI scans. A group of 48 patients with SCA3 and 48 age and gender-matched healthy controls underwent MRI on a 3T scanner. We used T1-weighted 3D images to estimate the cervical spinal cord area (CA) and eccentricity (CE) at three C2/C3 levels based on a semi-automatic image segmentation protocol. The scale for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) was employed to quantify disease severity. The two groups-SCA3 and controls-were significantly different regarding CA (49.5 ± 7.3 vs 67.2 ± 6.3 mm(2), p < 0.001) and CE values (0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.75 ± 0.05, p = 0.005). In addition, CA presented a significant correlation with SARA scores in the patient group (p = 0.010). CE was not associated with SARA scores (p = 0.857). In the multiple variable regression, we found that disease duration was the only variable associated with CA (coefficient = -0.629, p = 0.025). SCA3 is characterized by cervical cord atrophy and antero-posterior flattening. In addition, the spinal cord areas did correlate with disease severity. This suggests that quantitative analyses of the spinal cord MRI might be a useful biomarker in SCA3.

Machado-Joseph disease versus hereditary spastic paraplegia: case report

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is the most common autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia and presents great phenotypic variability. MJD presenting with spastic paraparesis was recently described in Japanese patients. We report the case of 41-year-old woman with the phenotype of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Her father died at the age of 56 years due to an undiagnosed progressive neurological disease that presented parkinsonism. She had an expanded allele with 66 CAG repeats and a normal allele with 22 repeats in the gene of MJD. MJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of autosomal dominant complicated HSP. A patient with the phenotype of complicated HSP and relatives with other clinical features of a neurodegenerative disease should raise the suspicion of MJD.

Machado de assis's epilepsy

Machado de Assis (1839-1908) is considered the most important Brazilian writer and a great universal literary figure. Little is know about his medical, personal and family history. He hid his «disease» as much as possible. Machado referred to «strange things» having happened to him in his childhood. He described seizures as «nervous phenomena», «absenses», «my illness». Laet observed a seizure and described it as: «... when Machado approached us and spoke to me in disconnected words. I looked at him in surprise and found his features altered. Knowing that from time to time he had nervous problems,... and only permitted Machado take the Laranjeiras Street car, when I saw that he was completely well». A photographically documented seizure is shown. Alencar wrote, «The preoccupation with health was frequent: either he was having the consequences of a fit or was foreboding one». It is clear that Machado presented localized symptomatic epilepsy with complex partial seizures secondarily generalized of unknown etiology. The seizures which began in infancy or childhood had remission in adolescence and then recurred in his thirties and became more frequent in his later years. His depression got markedly worse with age. In our opinion, the greatest consequence of Machado's epilepsy, was his psychological suffering due to the prejudice of the times. Despite this Machado showed all his genius, which is still actual and universal.

Prevalence of mutans streptococci isolated from complete dentures and their susceptibility to mouthrinses

The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of mutans streptococci (MS - sessile form) on complete maxillary dentures after use of a specific denture paste, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of 3 oral mouthrinses: Cepacol, Plax and Periogard. Seventy-seven complete denture wearers were randomly assigned into 2 groups, according to the product used for denture cleaning: Control group - conventional dentifrice (Kolynos-Super White); and Test group: experimental denture cleaning paste. Denture biofilm was collected at baseline and after 90 and 180 days after treatment by brushing the dentures with saline solution. After decimal serial dilution, samples were seeded onto agar sucrose bacitracin to count colonies with morphological characteristics of MS. MS identification was performed by the sugar fermentation tests. After this procedure, brain heart infusion broth (BHI) was added to oral mouthrinses (Plax, Cepacol e Periogard) and seeded on Petri dishes. The colonies were seeded using the Steers multiplier and, after the incubation, the MIC and MID of the mouthrinses were calculated. The results showed an incidence of 74.0% (n=57) of MS in the 77 complete dentures examined in the study, being 76.3% (n=29) of the Control group (conventional dentifrice) and 71.8% (28) of the Test group (experimental denture cleaning paste). In both groups, the number of positive cases for MS decreased from day 0 to day 180. In the Test group there was a slight decrease in the incidence of Streptococcus mutans 90 days after use of the experimental denture cleaning paste, which was not observed in the Control group. As regards to mouthrinses, for both groups, Periogard showed antimicrobial action with the highest dilution, followed by Cepacol and Plax. In conclusion, the incidence of MS in complete dentures was high and Periogard was the mouthrinse with the strongest antimicrobial action against MS. The experimental denture cleaning paste showed a slight action against S. mutans after 90 days of treatment.

Behaviors and hygiene habits of complete denture wearers

In this study, a questionnaire was applied to patients from Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the hygiene methods and habits concerning the use of complete dentures, the age of dentures, and whether patients have been instructed on how to clean their dentures. The mean age of patients was 63.35 years, and most of them were females (82.08%). The results showed that 62.26% of the respondents had been using the same maxillary complete denture for more than 5 years, and 49.06% used the same mandible complete denture for more than 5 years. Of the patients interviewed, 58.49% slept with the dentures. Mechanical brushing was the most used cleaning method by the patients (100%), using water, dentifrice and toothbrush (84.91%). Most patients (51.89%) reported never having been instructed by their dentists as to how to clean their dentures. Based on the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the patients interviewed had limited knowledge about prosthetic hygiene and oral care. The method more used by patients was the mechanical method of brushing, most patients used the same complete dentures for more than 5 years and slept with the dentures.

Immediate implants placed into infected sockets: a case report with 3-year follow-up

The esthetics and functional integrity of the periodontal tissue may be compromised by dental loss. Immediate implants became a viable option to maintain the periodontal architecture because of their anatomic compatibility with the dental socket and the possibility of eliminating local contamination. This article describes the procedure of immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla replacing teeth with chronic periapical lesions, which were condemned due to endodontic lesions persisting after failed endodontic treatment and endodontic surgery, and discusses the relationship between the procedure and periapical lesions. Surgical removal of hopeless teeth 11, 12 and 21 was performed conservatively in such a way to preserve the anatomy and gingival esthetics. A second surgical access was gained at the apical level, allowing the debridement of the surgical chamber for elimination of the periapical lesion, visual orientation for setting of the implants and filling of the surgical chamber with xenogenous bovine bone graft. After this procedure, the bone chamber was covered with an absorbent membrane and the healing screws were positioned on the implants. Later, a provisional partial removable denture was installed and the implants were inserted after 6 months. After 3 years of rehabilitation, the implants present satisfactory functional and esthetic conditions, suggesting that immediate implant placement combined with guided bone regeneration may be indicated for replacing teeth lost due to chronic periapical lesions with endodontic failure history in the anterior maxilla.

Cardiopulmonary effects and eyeball centralization with low-dose atracurium in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dogs

The objective was to determine the cardiopulmonary effects and eyeball centralization time obtained with 15 or 30µg kg-1 of atracurium in anesthetized dogs under spontaneous breathing. Eighteen healthy adult mixed-breed dogs were used, which received 0.1mg kg-1 acepromazine and 0.5mg kg-1 morphine IM, followed by 4mg kg-1 propofol IV and maintained on isoflurane anesthesia with spontaneous breathing. Animals received 1mL 0.9% NaCl IV (CG), 15µg kg-1 (G15) or 30µg kg-1 (G30) of atracurium IV. Eyeball centralization time was measured; heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt) and minute volume (Vm) were determined every 5min, and pH, arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2 ), arterial O2 pressure (PaO2 ), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2 ), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and base excess (BE) every 15min until 60min. Both doses of atracurium produced a similar period of eyeball centralization. Vt in groups treated with atracurium was lower than in CG up to 15min. Vm in G15 differed from CG up to 10min and in G30 up to 25min. No differences were observed for cardiovascular parameters, RR, SaO2, PaO2, HCO3- and BE. pH decreased in CG between 30 and 60min and in G15 and G30 at 15min. G30 differed from CG between 15 and 30min. PaCO2 in GC differed from baseline between 30 and 60min and in G15 differed at 15min. Atracurium at the dose of 15µg kg-1 is adequate for short corneal procedures in inhalant-anesthetized dogs under spontaneous breathing.

The Na+/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy

Glucose enters eukaryotic cells via two types of membrane-associated carrier proteins, the Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT) and the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT). The SGLT family consists of six members. Among them, the SGLT1 and SGLT2 proteins, encoded by the solute carrier genes SLC5A1 and SLC5A2, respectively, are believed to be the most important ones and have been extensively explored in studies focusing on glucose fluxes under both physiological and pathological conditions. This review considers the regulation of the expression of the SGLT promoted by protein kinases and transcription factors, as well as the alterations determined by diets of different compositions and by pathologies such as diabetes. It also considers congenital defects of sugar metabolism caused by aberrant expression of the SGLT1 in glucose-galactose malabsorption and the SGLT2 in familial renal glycosuria. Finally, it covers some pharmacological compounds that are being currently studied focusing on the interest of controlling glycemia by antagonizing SGLT in renal and intestinal tissues.