Impactos da exploração madeireira sobre a fauna de formigas e conseqüências para a remoção de sementes florestais na Amazônia Oriental

A exploração madeireira na Amazônia atinge anualmente cerca de 1,5 milhões de hectares de floresta. Esta atividade promove mudanças estruturais e microclimáticas na floresta, que potencialmente afetam a diversidade e a composição das espécies animais. Como grande parte das sementes florestais são dispersas por animais, a regeneração dos ambientes explorados pode ser comprometida. Por outro lado, é possível que a fauna de florestas exploradas através de técnicas de extração madeireira com impactos reduzidos, mantenha sua integridade original, não afetando os mecanismos de dispersão de sementes. Tomando as formigas como um grupo animal ecologicamente representativo e integrado aos processos de regeneração, via dispersão e predação de sementes, foi avaliado neste trabalho se (1) a exploração madeireira afeta a fauna (diversidade e composição de espécies) destes insetos, se (2) planos de exploração de baixo impacto são capazes de preservá-la e se (3) a exploração afeta a eficiência ecológica das formigas na remoção (dispersão ou predação) de sementes. Os efeitos da exploração madeireira sobre a diversidade e a composição de espécies de formigas, bem como sobre a remoção de sementes florestais realizada por estes insetos, foram investigados em três ambientes de floresta, no município de Paragominas, estado do Pará: uma floresta que sofreu exploração madeireira convencional (FC), outra floresta explorada por técnicas de extração de baixo impacto (FB) e uma floresta primária, como controle (FP). A fauna de formigas foi amostrada em quatro ocasiões de coleta durante o ano de 1998. Em cada ocasião, as formigas foram coletadas através do método de Winkler, em quatro transecções por área. O experimento de remoção de sementes foi realizado colocando-se sementes de seis espécies madeireiras, distribuídas em 12 pontos por ambiente. Durante o experimento, foi quantificado diariamente o número de formigas e outros artrópodes visitando as sementes. O número total de sementes removidas por ambiente foi contado ao final do experimento. A diversidade e a abundância de espécies de formigas não foram afetadas pela exploração madeireira. Contudo, a composição de espécies foi alterada em 36% na FB e 37% na FC. O gênero Pheidok teve sua riqueza e abundância reduzidas exclusivamente na FC. A remoção de sementes também foi significativamente menor (ca. 33%) na FC se comparada àquela registrada na FB e FP. As formigas representaram 92% dos artrópodes que visitaram as sementes, nos três ambientes. As sementes maiores foram as mais removidas, independente de sua adaptação ao dispersor e do ambiente estudado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a exploração madeireira pode promover modificações na composição de espécies de formigas, sem, contudo, alterar sua diversidade (exceto de Pheidok). O sistema de exploração com baixo impacto é capaz de preservar a diversidade de espécies de Pheidole, garantindo quantitativamente, uma mobilização de sementes semelhante à de uma floresta primária. Por outro lado, a exploração convencional pode diminuir a diversidade deste gênero, resultando em um menor número de sementes removidas. Tal redução, possivelmente compromete a regeneração da floresta após a retirada da madeira.

Fragmentação florestal afeta a distribuição e ocorrência da acarofauna (Arachnida ; Acari) associada a vegetação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Colonização por anfíbios e lagartos de áreas reflorestadas no Platô Saracá, região de Porto Trombetas-Pará

Poucos estudos têm considerado a colonização pela fauna em áreas reflorestadas após mineração. Para determinar os padrões de colonização por anfíbios e lagartos de áreas de reflorestamento em Porto Trombetas, Pará, foram examinadas a composição, riqueza e abundância de espécies, e as características biológicas de anfíbios e lagartos que ocupam áreas reflorestadas. Também foi avaliado o efeito da estrutura da vegetação e da distância da floresta nativa sobre a comunidade de anfíbios dos reflorestamentos. Anfíbios e lagartos foram amostrados ao longo de oito campanhas em oito áreas de reflorestamento e quatro áreas de floresta nativa através de procura ativa e com a utilização de poças artificiais para a reprodução de anfíbios. Foram registradas 20 espécies de anfíbios e 20 espécies de lagartos, sendo 14 espécies de anfíbios e 11 de lagartos em reflorestamentos e 19 espécies de anfíbios e 16 de lagartos em floresta nativa. Entre os anfíbios, Leptodactylus sp., Osteocephalus oophagus e Allobates femoralis foram as espécies mais abundantes nos dois ambientes e entre os lagartos, Gonatodes humeralis e Leposoma guianense foram as espécies mais abundantes em reflorestamentos e floresta nativa, respectivamente. Espécies de anfíbios de reprodução terrestre ou que utilizam pequenos corpos d’água temporários para a desova e lagartos arborícolas foram os grupos mais abundantes nos reflorestamentos. Espécies fossoriais e semifossoriais de anfíbios e lagartos de liteira foram os principais grupos ausentes nos reflorestamentos, sugerindo que o atual estágio da sucessão da vegetação ainda não oferece microhábitats apropriados para algumas espécies. A riqueza de espécies de anfíbios foi maior em áreas com maior cobertura do dossel. Áreas com maior cobertura de dossel tiveram maior abundância de Leptodactylus sp., Osteocephalus oophagus e Allobates femoralis. Apenas quatro espécies de anfíbios utilizaram as poças artificiais para desova e não houve relação significativa do número de espécies que utilizaram estas poças com a distância para a floresta nativa ou com a cobertura do dossel. Osteocephalus oophagus desovou em poças a maiores distâncias e A. femoralis em poças mais próximas em relação à floresta nativa. Os resultados evidenciam que a fauna de anfíbios e lagartos nas diferentes áreas de reflorestamento é um subconjunto da fauna da floresta nativa, e compreendem espécies florestais que indicam a importância relativa destas áreas para a conservação da fauna local.

Die cromerzeitlichen Bären aus der Einhornhöhle bei Scharzfeld

Up to now the bear remains from the "Einhornhöhle,, Cave near Scharzfeld at the foot of the Harz Mountains have been aseribed to the species "Ursus spelaeus" without undertaking comprehensive studies. Owing to an erroneous Classification of the gravel deposits covering part of the cave floor into the Middle Terrace of the Oder Rivulet, the fossil-bearing strata have been assigned to the Eemian Interglacial. RODE, who included a part of the Scharzfeld teeth in his treatise on teeth of the bears, has stated arctoidal features in their formation apart from certain specializations. He arrived at the conclusion that the Scharzfeld Bear differs more pronouncedly from all Central European Cave Bears he had investigated than the same differ from each other, and he named the Scharzfeld Bear: "Ursus spelaeus var. hercynica". The geological exploration of the Einhornhöhle Cave and of its environs carried out by DUPHORN in 196? resulted in the aforesaid gravels pertaining to a terrace of a Pre-Elster- Glaciation age; according to DUPHORN the fossil-bearing Sediments were deposited in a Pre-Elster-Glaciation ffarm- Climate Period. The very sparse aceompanying fauna does not contain any Stratigraphie key form; arctic elements and members of an interglacial forest fauna are missing. Its composition teils in favour of a dry, yet not too cool period of the Pleistocene, which is younger than the Villa- franchium. Consequently the cave must have been taken pos- session of for settling in the Cromerian Interglacial. The investigation of the bear remains has led to the result that, in all systematically .important teeth and skeleton characteristics, the Scharzfeld Bear shows either concor- dance with Ursus deningeri or greater analogy to the same than to Ursus spelaeus; in a few properties it even appears somewhat more primitive than Ursus deningeri. Therefore the bears of the Einhornhöhle Cave belong to the species "Ursus deningeri v. REICHENAU 1906". In the frontal teeth certain specializations occur. However, in view to the great varia- bility of the deningeri-"rassenkreis" there does not seem to be a justification for establishing a subspecies of its own. Whereas up to now nothing had been known in respect of the hibernation habits of Ursus deningeri, there has for the first time been furnished proof that an Ursus deningeri population had oecologically become "cave" bears. Consequently this specialization, as the onset and cause of which the Elster Glaciation was up to now considered, must already be originating in older cold epochs.

Fauna community trends during early restoration of alluvial open forest/woodland ecosystems on former agricultural land

Vertebrate fauna was studied over 10 years following revegetation of a Eucalyptus tereticornis ecosystem on former agricultural land. We compared four vegetation types: remnant forest, plantings of a mix of native tree species on cleared land, natural regeneration of partially cleared land after livestock removal, and cleared pasture land with scattered paddock trees managed for livestock production. Pasture differed significantly from remnant in both bird and nonbird fauna. Although 10 years of ecosystem restoration is relatively short term in the restoration process, in this time bird assemblages in plantings and natural regeneration had diverged significantly from pasture, but still differed significantly from remnant. After 10 years, 70 and 66% of the total vertebrate species found in remnant had been recorded in plantings and natural regeneration, respectively. Although the fauna assemblages within plantings and natural regeneration were tracking toward those of remnant, significant differences in fauna between plantings and natural regeneration indicated community development along different restoration pathways. Because natural regeneration contained more mature trees (dbh > 30 cm), native shrub species, and coarse woody debris than plantings from the beginning of the study, these features possibly encouraged different fauna to the revegetation areas from the outset. The ability of plantings and natural regeneration to transition to the remnant state will be governed by a number of factors that were significant in the analyses, including shrub cover, herbaceous biomass, tree hollows, time since fire, and landscape condition. Both active and passive restoration produced significant change from the cleared state in the short term.

The Holocene British and Irish ancient woodland fossil beetle fauna: implications for forest history, biodiversity and faunal colonisation

This paper presents a new review of our knowledge of the ancient forest beetle fauna from Holocene archaeological and palaeoecological sites in Great Britain and Ireland. It examines the colonisation, dispersal and decline of beetle species, highlighting the scale and nature of human activities in the shaping of the landscape of the British Isles. In particular, the paper discusses effects upon the insect fauna, and examines in detail the fossil record from the Humberhead Levels, eastern England. It discusses the local extirpation of up to 40 species in Britain and 15 species in Ireland. An evaluation of the timing of extirpations is made, suggesting that many species in Britain disappear from the fossil record between c. 3000 cal BC and 1000 cal BC (c. 5000-3000 cal BP), although some taxa may well have survived until considerably later. In Ireland, there are two distinct trends, with a group of species which seem to be absent after c. 2000 cal BC (c. 4000 cal BP) and a further group which survives until at least as late as the medieval period. The final clearance of the Irish landscape over the last few hundred years was so dramatic, however, that some species which are not especially unusual in a British context were decimated. Reasons behind the extirpation of taxa are examined in detail, and include a combination of forest clearance and human activities, isolation of populations, lack of temporal continuity of habitats, edaphic and competition factors affecting distribution of host trees (particularly pine), lack of forest fires and a decline in open forest systems. The role of climate change in extirpations is also evaluated. Consideration is given to the significance of these specialised ancient forest inhabitants in Ireland in the absence of an early Holocene land-bridge which suggests that colonisation was aided by other mechanisms, such as human activities and wood-rafting. Finally, the paper discusses the Continental origins of the British and Irish fauna and its hosts and the role played by European glacial refugia.

Hunting and use of terrestrial fauna used by Caicaras from the Atlantic Forest coast (Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Magnoliophyta native to the Atlantic forest

The aim of the study was to analyze the preferences of ant species visiting the trunks of eight species of Magnoliophyta, belonging to the families Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae and Euphorbiaceae, located in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. A total of 101 ant species, belonging to eight subfamilies and 32 genera, were sampled during the 12-month collection period. Close to 30% of the ant species can be considered arboreal, and the others are species that nest in the ground and use trees only for foraging, which can be occasional, as in the case of the Ecitoninae sampled in Arecaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Pachycondyla mesonotalis was the only species collected on all the Magnoliophyta, whereas Camponotus rufipes, Acromyrmex niger and Crematogaster spp., were found on 87.5% of the trees analyzed. No strong similarities were found, using the Jaccard Index, among plant species in the same family of Magnoliophyta based on the visiting ants, except for the Euphorbiaceae species. This result is probably related to the presence of extra-floral nectar, which is very attractive to ants and characteristic of this family.

Fish fauna of headwater streams that cross the Atlantic forest of South São Paulo state

The fishes of the present study were collected in the headwater streams of the Sorocaba, Paranapanema and Ribeira de Iguape river basins during the dry period in 2010. A total of 2892 fishes, grouped in 53 species, were captured. The composition of the ichthyofauna captured in the streams of Sorocaba and Paranapanema river basin was greatly similar. On the other hand, the fish fauna of the streams of Ribeira de Iguape river basin were quite different from the ones captured in the others basins, with the occurrence of endangered species (Isbrueckerichthys epakmos and I. duseni) and exotic species (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The previous list of fish for the Sorocaba river basin increased with the addition of seven species of Characiformes, one Gymnotiformes and four Siluriformes. © 2012 Check List and Authors.

The social wasp fauna of a riparian forest in southeastern Brazil (hymenoptera, vespidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Biogeographic Distribution Patterns and Their Correlates in the Diverse Frog Fauna of the Atlantic Forest Hotspot

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The importance of a Biosphere Reserve of Atlantic Forest for the conservation of stream fauna

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Cryptic diversity and evolutionary relationships among Australian closed-forest Melomys (Rodentia: Muridae) and related Australo-Papuan mosaic-tailed rats

This thesis investigates patterns of evolution in a group of native Australo-Papuan rodents. Past climatic change and associated sea level fluctuations, and fragmentation of wet forests in eastern Australia has facilitated rapid radiation, diversification and speciation in this group. This study adds to our understanding of the evolution of Australia’s rainforest fauna and describes the evolutionary relationships of a new genus of Australian rodent.

Diversity and abundance of fungivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) associated with leaf-litter and bark across forest types and two tree genera in subtropical Australia

Leaf-litter thrips were much more common and diverse in dry sclerophyll forest than in wetter forest types in subtropical southeast Queensland, Australia. In dry sclerophyll forest, the species composition of thrips in leaf-litter was strongly differentiated from the thrips fauna associated with bark of the trees Eucalyptus major and Acacia melanoxylon (4 of 34 species in common). The species composition of bark-dwelling thrips was similar across the two tree species and also across two eucalypts with different bark types, Eucalyptus major (flaky) and Eucalyptus siderophloia (rough). The diversity of thrips from the leaf-litter was not differentiated across all of these tree species. Virtually all thrips collected were Phlaeothripidae, subfamilies Idolothripinae and Phlaeothripinae. Idolothripinae were associated almost exclusively with leaf-litter, but Phlaeothripinae were in leaf-litter and bark. The association of fungal-feeding thrips with dry sclerophyll forest raises questions about their ecological requirements and the role they play in nutrient cycling. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.