The international regulation of sustainable forest management : doctrinal concepts, governing institutions and implementation

The overarching objective of the research was to identify the existence and nature of international legal principles governing sustainable forest use and management. This research intended to uncover a set of forest legal considerations that are relevant for consideration across the globe. The purpose behind this, is to create a theoretical base of international forest law literature which be drawn upon to inform future international forestry research. This research will be of relevance to those undertaking examination of a particular forest issue or those focusing on forests in a particular region. The thesis explains the underlying legal issues in forest regulation, the dominant international regulatory approaches and makes suggestions as to how international and national forest policy could be improved.

The Marine Stewardship Council: new hope for marine fisheries

To help reverse the downward trends for the world's marine fish stocks, the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Aglo-Dutch Unilever have jointly formed the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), an independent, non-profit, non-governmental membership body. The rationale and strategies to achieve the goals of the joint effort are discussed.

Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs): limits of the Brazilian experiences

The Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest tropical forests. It supplies more than 80 % of Brazil’s timber production and makes this nation the second largest producer of tropical wood. The forestry sector is of major importance in terms of economic production and employment creation. However, the Brazilian Amazon is also known for its high deforestation rate and for its rather unsustainably managed timber resources, a fact which puts in the balance the long-term future of the forestry sector in the region. Since the mid- 1990s, with strong support from World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the number of tropical forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has significantly increased. This is especially true for projects sponsored by large scale companies. The number of community- based forest management projects has also increased. Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs) was initially a goal for the sponsors and community members. Certification is viewed as a way to reach alternative timber markets. In Brazil, the state of Acre has the highest concentration of CFEs certified by FSC. Most of them have been implemented with the support of environmental NGOs and public funds. Environmental NGOs strongly defend the advantages of certification for communities; however, in reality, this option is not that advantageous. Despite all the efforts, the number of participants in each project remains low. Why is this occurring? In this paper, we analyze the underlying motives of a few individual’s participation in CFEs certification projects. We aim to present and discuss some factors that shape the success of CFEs and their later certification. The results are based on surveys conducted in two certified CFEs in the state of Acre.

Managing artisanal and small-scale mining in forest areas: perspectives from a poststructural political ecology

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is an activity intimately associated with social deprivation and environmental degradation, including deforestation. This paper examines ASM and deforestation using a broadly poststructural political ecology framework. Hegemonic discourses are shown to consistently influence policy direction, particularly in emerging approaches such as Corporate Social Responsibility and the Forest Stewardship Council. A review of alternative discourses reveals that the poststructural method is useful for critiquing the international policy arena but does not inform new approaches. Synthesis of the analysis leads to conclusions that echo a growing body of literature advocating for policies to become increasingly sensitive to local contexts, synergistic between actors at difference scales, and to be integrated across sectors.

Aplicación teórica del árbol de evaluación del Marine Stewardship Council, como herramienta de gestión de pesca sostenible, a la pesquería de la chirla, Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758), con draga hidráulica en el Golfo de Cádiz

La etiqueta azul del Marine Stewardship Council, pesca sostenible certificada, indica que un producto de pescado, fresco o transformado, procede de un recurso natural, salvaje, gestionado de manera respetuosa con el medio. Para obtenerla es necesario cumplir una serie de requisitos que son evaluados por una empresa certificadora (a la cual MSC ha dado el visto bueno y que es, a su vez, evaluada por otro organismo que asegura su completa imparcialidad). MSC presenta un modo de gestionar pesquerías que, según la propia organización, asegura la continuidad de la especie objetivo, de otras especies dependientes de ésta y del medio donde habitan. Sin embargo, obtener dicha eco-etiqueta azul es complejo y, sobre todo, económicamente difícil. El objetivo de este artículo es comprobar si el enfoque ecosistémico de este estándar ayudaría a paliar el impacto negativo de una pesquería que es fuente de riqueza, alimento y empleo perdurable en el Golfo de Cádiz. Es decir, aplicar los principios y criterios de MSC como herramienta de gestión de la pesquería de la chirla, Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758), con draga hidráulica.

People and trees growing together : America the Beautiful : National Tree Program : Urban and Community Forestry : Forest Stewardship : Stewardship Incentive Program.

"November 1991"--back cover.

The role of forest certification for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainability of cork oak woodlands

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Dimensões do orifício de abastecimento e área real de sauveiros de atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), precisão dos métodos e implicações no controle com iscas formicidas

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Empresas madeireiras com certificação florestal e marketing verde: estratégias comunicacionais do grupo Cikel

A partir dos anos 90, a política de gestão de florestas no Brasil passa a se pautar pelo discurso hegemônico do desenvolvimento sustentável. Pressionadas por ambientalistas e outros agentes sociais, as empresas são orientadas, via mecanismos de mercado, a praticarem ações menos predatórias ao meio ambiente. Com isso, as ONGs associam-se ao setor madeireiro para o desenvolvimento de um esquema de certificação florestal conhecido como Forest Stewardship Council FSC, ou Conselho de Manejo Florestal, destinado a melhorar as práticas florestais em todo o mundo. Nesse contexto, empresas com áreas certificadas passam a preconizar o aspecto diferenciado de suas atividades, adotando o marketing verde como estratégia comunicacional na busca pela construção de uma imagem sustentável e, paralelamente, pela cooptação de um novo mercado consumidor. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar como se processa a comunicação em empresas que declaram adotar práticas de Manejo Florestal Sustentável (MFS) na Amazônia. Sob o recorte do estudo de caso único, é analisada a atuação da Cikel Brasil Verde Madeira LTDA., empresa que vem sendo apontada em diversos enunciados como verdadeiro exemplo a ser seguido. Pareceu-nos, pois, pertinente analisar algumas das operações vigentes, investigando as elaborações ideológicas acerca do discurso em torno do é possível preservar, produzindo. A escolha pelo Grupo Cikel deve-se por ser esta a maior e mais antiga empresa madeireira em atividade da Amazônia e também por ser uma das pioneiras no Brasil a ter suas florestas certificadas pelo FSC. Amparado pelo arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso, o trabalho busca compreender o discurso formulado e propagado pelo Grupo Cikel, delineando sua identidade institucional. Na interdiscursividade materializada nos enunciados, identifica-se como se posicionam os diferentes sujeitos atuantes e como se relacionam as componentes políticas, econômicas e ideológicas que instituem e mantêm as parcerias institucionais da empresa. Ao final, é feita uma reflexão crítica em torno da visão naturalizada de que a certificação florestal seria a forma mais legítima de se alcançar o uso sustentável da floresta, revelando a debilidade do aspecto social nas políticas do FSC e das empresas como a Cikel.

Propuesta de creación de la Reserva Natural Municipal El Chuval en el Municipio de El Retén, Magdalena, Colombia

Colombia se ha comprometido a nivel internacional a realizar acciones que conduzcan al país hacia el desarrollo sostenible, específicamente a proteger los recursos naturales. En línea con esta apuesta, la presente investigación propone la construcción de la Reserva Natural El Chuval, en el municipio El Retén, Magdalena. Para la construcción de dicha Reserva se realiza un diagnóstico que indica las principales características del Chuval, se identifican posibles riesgos para la conservación de sus valores ambientales, y se complementa el análisis con una propuesta de manejo que se enmarca en la metodología de Agendas Ambientales Locales desarrollada por la ONU. Pese a que el municipio es consciente de la relevancia ambiental del Chuval, aún no se han tomado decisiones definitivas para proteger esta zona, razón por la cual, la presente investigación busca llenar un vacío en el ordenamiento territorial del municipio, que fortalezca la protección de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta.

Reaching out : a USDA Forest Service toolkit for equal participation /

"FS-271."

Recruitment in a changing environment: the 2000s North Sea herring recruitment failure

Environmentally induced change appears to be impacting the recruitment of North Sea herring (Clupea harengus). Despite simultaneously having a large adult population, historically low exploitation, and Marine Stewardship Council accreditation (implying sustainability), there have been an unprecedented 6 sequential years of poor juvenile production (recruitment). Analysis suggests that the poor recruitment arises during the larval overwintering phase, with recent survival rates greatly reduced. Contemporary warming of the North Sea has caused significant changes in the plankton community, and a recently identified regime shift around 2000 shows close temporal agreement with the reduced larval survival. It is, therefore, possible that we are observing the first consequences of this planktonic change for higher trophic levels. There is no indication of a recovery in recruitment in the short term. Fishing mortality is currently outside the agreed management plan, and forecasts show a high risk of the stock moving outside safe biological limits soon, potentially precipitating another collapse of the stock. However, bringing the realized fishing mortality back in line with the management plan would likely alleviate the problem. This illustrates again that recruitment is influenced by more than just spawning-stock biomass, and that changes in other factors can be of equal, or even greater, importance. In such dynamically changing environments, recent management success does not necessarily guarantee future sustainability.

Factores determinantes del uso de Internet en la comercialización del aceite de oliva. Análisis del sector en Cataluña

Las cooperativas son entidades con una gran presencia económica y social en España, y tienen una gran influencia en la economía rural de las zonas donde están ubicadas. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es el análisis del uso de las nuevas tecnologías por parte de las cooperativas agroalimentarias, centrándose en las productoras de aceite de oliva para determinar los principales factores que condicionan su comportamiento en la Red. En el presente estudio se analizan sus sitios web y se determina qué tipo de información aporta, tanto datos generales como datos de comercialización. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se busca la relación que pueda existir entre el tamaño de la cooperativa, su actividad exportadora o la actividad de comercio electrónico con la presencia online, mediante una regresión logística. De esta manera podremos conocer si realmente la implantación de nuevas tecnologías en las cooperativas permite desarrollar una óptima actividad económica.

Natal, outra cidade : o papel da Intendência Municipal no desenvolvimento de uma nova ordem urbana(1904-1929)

The present work regards, as its subject, the management of the urban space. It aims to survey the role assumed by the Conselho de Intendência Municipal de Natal (Municipal Stewardship Council of Natal) in the formation of a new urban order between the years of 1904 and 1929. For a better comprehension of the object of research, the milestone of the time span analyzed in this work was receded to the year of 1890, specifically at the first chapter of this dissertation. In this chapter, we will turn our attention towards an analysis of the referred council, on the regulation of its operation, the relations of this institution with the state government and its mechanisms of action in the city, among other topics. In the next chapter, we will delve into an elite who administrated the city of Natal during the first republic, understanding that the analysis of the formation of a modern city project by the Municipal Stewardship undergoes the comprehension of those who leaded this institution. In the third chapter, we will examine the limits of the municipal management to put into practice its projects to the upraise of a new Natal, between the years of 1904 and 1921. The last chapter, on its turn, presents a new Stewardship, reformulated after a process of administrative streamlining, and a city that transforms itself, especially during the O Grady tenure by receiving major constructions, which alter its main features. We will regard, as the main resources of this study, articles from the daily newspapers A República (The Republic) and Diário de Natal (Daily Natal), dictums, announcements, laws, state decrees and the messages disclosed by the state government. To build a way of analysis, we make use of authors such as Anthony Giddens, Peter Burke and Laurent Vidal, among many others who discuss concepts related to the proposed theme