Hot metal desulfurization by marble waste and fluorspar

The objective of this paper is to present an analysis of the use of residual marble mixtures in the pig iron desulfurization process. The study involved the use of: marble waste, fluorspar, lime, and hot metal. Four mixtures were made and added to a liquid hot metal - with known chemical composition - at a temperature of 1450ºC. The mass of each element was calculated from its chemical analysis and compared with an industrial mixture. All of the four mixtures used in the experiments were stirred by a mechanical stirrer. Samples were collected by vacuum sampling for times of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes, and analysis was performed to check sulfur variation in the bath with time. The results were analyzed and they verified that it was possible to use marble waste as a desulfurizer.

The production of fluorspar and cryolite in 1909, 1911.

Advance chapter from Mineral resources of the United States calendar year 1909, 1911.

Illinois fluorspar /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-36).

The mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries. Statistics, 1919-1921. Fluorspar.

At head of title: Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau.

The mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries. Statistics, 1920-1922. Fluorspar.

At head of title: Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau.

Polarisation studies on the Raman spectra of cubic crystals - Part II: Calcium fluoride and potassium aluminium sulphate

Polarisation characters of the Raman lines of calcium fluoride (fluorspar) and potassium aluminium sulphate (alum) were investigated under the following conditions. Unpolarised light was incident normally on a face of the crystal making an angle 22.5° with a cubic face and the light scattered transversely along a cubic axis was analysed by a double image prism kept with its principal axes inclined at 45° to the vertical. Under these conditions the depolarisation factors of the Raman lines belonging to the totally symmetric (A), the doubly degenerate (E) and the triply degenerate (F) modes should be respectively =1, >1 and <1. The characteristic Raman line of CaF2 at 322 cm-1 exhibited a depolarisation value less than 1, showing thereby that the corresponding mode is a triply degenerate one (F). The Raman lines observed in the spectrum of K-alum were also classified and the results were compared with those given by previous investigators using standard crystal orientations.

Preparation and characterization of SrBi2Nb2O9 thin films made by polymeric precursors

A polymeric precursor solution was employed in preparing SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) powder and thin films dip coated onto Si(100) substrate. XRD results show that the SBN perovskite phase forms at temperatures as low as 600°C through an intermediate fluorite phase. This fluorite phase is observed for samples heat-treated at temperatures of 400 and 500°C. After heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 300 to 800°C, thin films were shown to be crack free. Grazing incident angle XRD characterization shows the occurrence of the fluorite intermediate phase for films also. The thickness of films, measured by MEV, was in the order of 80-100 nm.

Fluorite Near Silver Bow, Montana

The wartime demand for fluorspar has caused renewed interest in fluorite deposits. Near Silver Bow, Montana, a deposit of massive, coarsely crystalline fluorspar, which has not been described in the literature, has attracted the atten­tion of the United States Geological Survey.

Estudo da substituição da fluorita por alumina ou sodalita e de cal por resíduo de mármore em escórias sintéticas dessulfurantes.

A siderurgia vem sofrendo transformações que buscam inovação e matérias-primas alternativas. Dentro deste contexto, o uso de resíduos industriais para a formação de escórias sintéticas é tido como alternativa na busca de novos materiais e rotas de reaproveitamento de resíduos. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o uso de escórias sintéticas na etapa de dessulfuração do ferro-gusa, aço e ferro fundido. Assim como, propor a utilização da sodalita e da alumina em substituição à fluorita e o resíduo de mármore em substituição à cal convencional. Inicialmente, o resíduo foi caracterizado utilizando as seguintes técnicas: análise química, análise granulométrica, área de superfície específica, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise de espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que aproximadamente 90% das partículas do resíduo de mármore estão abaixo de 100m e sua área superficial foi de 0,24m²/g. Através da difração de raios-X foi observado que o resíduo é composto por CaCO3, MgCO3 e SiO2. Na sequência, foram feitas simulações com o software Thermo-Calc para obter dados termodinâmicos das fases presentes nas misturas e compará-los com os resultados experimentais. Além disso, também foram calculados dados de capacidade de sulfeto (Cs), partição de enxofre (Ls) e basicidade ótica () das misturas iniciais. Posteriormente, foram realizados os ensaios experimentais em escala laboratorial para ferro-gusa, ferro fundido e aço, respectivamente nas temperaturas de 1400°C, 1550°C e 1600°C. Nos ensaios de dessulfuração do aço e do ferro-gusa, utilizou-se um rotor de alumina com o objetivo de favorecer a agitação no metal e aumentar a remoção de enxofre. Na etapa de dessulfuração do ferro-gusa, constatou-se que a fase sólida de CaO é a responsável pela remoção de enxofre e que a presença das fases silicato tricálcio e aluminato tricálcio (3CaO.SiO2 e 3CaO.Al2O3) limitam a reação, sendo maiores suas concentrações nas escórias que utilizaram o resíduo de mármore e sodalita, devido a presença de SiO2 e Al2O3 nestas matérias-primas. Já para o aço e o ferro fundido, que foram estudados com escórias à base de CaO e Al2O3, observou-se que o aumento da fase líquida favoreceu a dessulfuração. Verificou-se que a dessulfuração no ferro fundido foi por escória de topo e no aço por um processo misto, onde a fase líquida e fase sólida participaram da dessulfuração.

Memoria sobre os vasos murrhinos /

Errata slip.

Special reports on the mineral resources of Great Britain.

v.31 Ball clays -- v.32 Granites of Scotland -- v.33 Synopsis of the mineral resources of Scotland -- v.34 Rock wool -- v. 35 Limestones of Scotland -- v.36 Cambro-Ordovician limestones and dolomites of the Ord and Torran areas, SKye and the Kishorn area, Ross-Shire -- v.37 Limestones of Scotland : chemical analyses and petrography