Integral transform solution for the forced convection of herschel-bulkley fluids in circular tubes and parallel-plates ducts

ABSTRACT: The thermal entry region in laminar forced convection of Herschel-Bulkley fluids is solved analytically through the integral transform technique, for both circular and parallel-plates ducts, which are maintained at a prescribed wall temperature or at a prescribed wall heat flux. The local Nusselt numbers are obtained with high accuracy in both developing and fully-developed thermal regions, and critical comparisons with previously reported numerical results are performed.

Integral transform method for laminar heat transfer convection of herschel-bulkley fluids within concentric annular ducts

ABSTRACT: Related momentum and energy equations describing the heat and fluid flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluids within concentric annular ducts are analytically solved using the classical integral transform technique, which permits accurate determination of parameters of practical interest in engineering such as friction factors and Nusselt numbers for the duct length. In analyzing the problem, thermally developing flow is assumed and the duct walls are subjected to boundary conditions of first kind. Results are computed for the velocity and temperature fields as well as for the parameters cited above with different power-law indices, yield numbers and aspect ratios. Comparisons are also made with previous work available in the literature, providing direct validation of the results and showing that they are consistent.

Avaliação e modelagem reológica de fluido de perfuração base água

The determination of the rheology of drilling fluids is of fundamental importance to select the best composition and the best treatment to be applied in these fluids. This work presents a study of the rheological behavior of some addictives used as viscosifiers in water-based drilling fluids. The evaluated addictives were: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Xanthan gum (GX), and Bentonite. The main objective was to rheologically characterize suspensions composed by these addictives, by applying mathematical models for fluid flow behavior, in order to determine the best flow equation to represent the system, as well as the model parameters. The mathematical models applied in this research were: the Bingham Model, the Ostwald de Wale Model, and the Herschel-Bulkley Model. A previous study of hydration time for each used addictive was accomplished seeking to evaluate the effect of polymer and clay hydration on rheological behavior of the fluid. The rheological characterization was made through typical rheology experiments, using a coaxial cylinder viscosimeter, where the flow curves and the thixotropic magnitude of each fluid was obtained. For each used addictive the rheological behavior as a function of temperature was also evaluated as well as fluid stability as a function of the concentration and kind of addictive used. After analyses of results, mixtures of polymer and clay were made seeking to evaluate the rheological modifications provided by the polymer incorporation in the water + bentonite system. The obtained results showed that the Ostwald de Waale model provided the best fit for fluids prepared using CMC and for fluids with Xanthan gum and Bentonite the best fit was given by the Herschel-Bulkley one

A two Roll Mill as a Rheomer for Pastes

Previous work involving the squeeze-film flow of a model paste substance, a mixture of clay particles and mineral oil commonly known as ‘Plasticine’, has suggested that it behaves as a simple Herschel-Bulkley fluid which exhibits little strain history. However, tensile measurements, which are naturally limited to small strains by the onset of necking, indicate that this material shows strain hardening. A two roll-mill is employed here to investigate the influence of larger extensional strains. The data are analysed using an available first order engineering plasticity solution. The results confirm that this material exhibits both extensional strain and strain rate hardening. This observed strain hardening effect, which is not observed in the squeeze-film experiments, is attributed, in part, to the more homogeneous deformation fields induced during rolling and tensile extension.

用小管流变仪对高浓度水煤浆的流变测量

在实验室用自制的小管流变仪对高浓度水煤浆的流变行为进行了实验研究.采用不同长短的管子进行了末端效应修正.采用不同管径的管子进行了滑移效应修正。我们假设高浓度水煤浆是不依赖于时间的流体,根据实验数据得到剪切应力和剪切速率的关系符合 Herschel-Bulkley 模型.

Influence des caractéristiques rhéologiques des bétons autoplaçants sur leur durabilité

Résumé : De même degré d’importance que les paramètres de formulation, les conditions de consolidation sont des facteurs déterminants pour la durabilité des bétons conventionnels vibrés. Dans le cas des bétons autoplaçants (BAP), grâce à leur grande fluidité, la mise en place dans les coffrages a lieu par écoulement libre sous l’effet de leur poids propre. Leur consolidation se fait sans vibration grâce à leurs caractéristiques rhéologiques. Il est donc légitime de penser que les caractéristiques rhéologiques des BAP peuvent avoir une influence importante sur les propriétés qui déterminent la durabilité. Cette thèse étudie les liens possibles entre les caractéristiques rhéologiques des BAP et leur durabilité vis-à-vis du transport des agents agressifs. Dix-sept formulations de BAP couvrant une large gamme de caractéristiques rhéologiques et se différenciant uniquement par leur dosage en adjuvants ont été étudiées à cet effet. Trois modèles rhéologiques classiques ont été mis en œuvre pour la détermination des paramètres rhéologiques des bétons étudiés. L’essai de sorptivité et dans une moindre mesure l’essai de carbonatation accélérée ont été utilisés comme indicateur de durabilité vis-à-vis du transport des agressifs. La durabilité de la couche superficielle au contact respectivement avec le coffrage en bois et en PVC a été étudiée et les résultats ont été comparés à la durabilité du béton à cœur. Cette étude a été faite en tenant compte des échanges hydriques et de l’arrangement granulaire au droit du coffrage. D’autre part, l’étude de la durabilité de la couche superficielle dans des conditions de mise en place proches du chantier a été faite sur 6 poutres partiellement armées longues de 2 m ainsi que sur 3 bétons semi-autoplaçants légèrement vibrés. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une corrélation forte entre la viscosité plastique du modèle Bingham modifié ou le coefficient de consistance du modèle Herschel-Bulkley et la sorptivité. Très probablement, la viscosité agit sur le volume relatif des pores capillaires de gros diamètres. L’étude spécifique de la couche superficielle a montré que sa sorptivité dépend du type de coffrage utilisé à cause des éventuels échanges hydriques opérés entre le béton et la surface du coffrage. De plus, l’arrangement granulaire au droit du coffrage est également influencé. Ainsi, la sorptivité de la couche superficielle au contact du PVC est proche mais inférieure à celle du béton à cœur. La sorptivité de la couche superficielle au contact du bois est significativement inférieure à celle de la couche superficielle au contact du PVC tout en restant corrélé avec la viscosité plastique du modèle Bingham modifié ou le coefficient de consistance du modèle Herschel-Bulkley.

Simulação de escoamentos incompressíveis não newtonianos em dutos com expansão brusca

O objetivo deste trabalho é a simulação numérica de escoamentos incompressíveis bidimensionais em dutos com expansão brusca, considerando o raio de expansão de 3 : 1. As equações governantes implementadas são as de Navier, que junto com relações constitutivas para a tensão visam representar comportamentos não newtonianos. A integração temporal é feita usando o esquema explícito de Runge-Kutta com três estágios e de segunda ordem; as derivadas espaciais são aproximadas pelo método de diferenças finitas centrais. Escoamentos em expansões bruscas para fluidos newtonianos apresentam um número de Reynolds crítico, dependente do raio de expansão, na qual três soluções passam a ser encontradas: uma solução sim étrica instável e duas soluções assimétricas rebatidas estáveis. Aumentando o número de Reynolds, a solução passa a ser tridimensional e dependente do tempo. Dessa forma, o objetivo é encontrar as diferenças que ocorrem no comportamento do fluxo quando o fluido utilizado possui características não newtonianas. As relações constitutivas empregadas pertencem à classe de fluidos newtonianos generalizados: power-law, Bingham e Herschel-Bulkley. Esses modelos prevêem comportamentos pseudoplásticos e dilatantes, plásticos e viscoplásticos, respectivamente. Os resultados numéricos mostram diferenças entre as soluções newtonianas e não newtonianas para Reynolds variando de 30 a 300. Os valores de Reynolds críticos para o modelo power-law não apresentaram grandes diferenças em comparação com os da solução newtoniana. Algumas variações foram percebidas nos perfis de velocidade. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos com os modelos de Bingham e Herschel-Bulkley apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparados com os newtonianos com o aumento do parâmetro adimensional Bingham; à medida que Bingham é aumentado, o tamanho dos vórtices diminui. Além disso, os perfis de velocidade apresentam diferenças relevantes, uma vez que o fluxo possui regiões onde o fluido se comporta como sólido.

Numerical Experimental Comparison of Dam Break Flows with non-Newtonian Fluids

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Relation between quality and rheological properties of lactic beverages

The physicochemical (pH, fat and total solids content), sensory (appearance, consistency and taste), and rheological characteristics of five different commercial brands of lactic beverages were determined. Rheological measurements were obtained at 5 degreesC and 25 degreesC using a Brookfield rheometer. The experimental data were described by the power law and Herschel-Bulkley models. The ANOVA of the results were conducted using an incomplete block design, and using Tukey test. Samples showed a significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.05%) for fat content and pH. There was a significant difference in total solids content only among Nestle (A), Batavo (C), and Parmalat (D) samples. Sensory evaluation showed more global acceptability for Nestle; however, Nestle and Vigor (E) lactic beverages obtained better results for appearance than for consistency and taste. Batavo obtained the best score for taste. All test samples exhibited non-Newtonian behavior, with thixotropy. Upward curves showed pseudoplastic behavior, while downward curves showed dilatant behavior with the exception of the Nestle sample, at 25 degreesC. Lactic beverages from all brands analyzed showed similar rheological behavior. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Friction factors and rheological properties of orange juice

The rheological behavior of Brazilian orange juice with different water content (0.34-0.73 w/w) was studied at a wide range of temperatures (0.5-62 degrees C) using a concentric cylinder viscometer. The results indicated that the juices behave as pseudoplastic fluids with yield stress, being represented by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The rheological parameters were fitted as functions of both temperature and water content in the tested range. Based on dimensional analysis it was proposed a modified Reynolds number (Re-M), which includes the Herschel-Bulkley parameters. Experimental data of friction factors during heating and cooling processes of orange juice in laminar flow through circular tubes could be well correlated as a function of Re-M. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rheological Analysis of Water Clay Compositions in Order to Investigate Mudflows Developing in Canals

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The influence of the mixing time in the rheological behavior of cement pastes

Rheology has the purpose to study the flux and deformation of materials when submitted to some tension or outer mechanical solicitation. In practice, the effective scientific field broached by rheology is restricted only to the study of homogeneous fluids behavior, in which are included eminent liquids, particles suspensions, and emulsions. The viscosity (η) and the yield stress (τ 0) are the two basic values that define the fluids' behavior. The first one is the proportionality constant that relates the shear rate (γ) with the shear stress (τ) applied, while the second indicates the minimal tension for the flowage beginning. The fluids that obey the Newton's relation - Newtonians fluids - display the constant viscosity and the null yield stress. It's the case of diluted suspensions and grate amount of the pure liquids (water, acetone, alcohol, etc.) in which the viscosity is an intrinsic characteristic that depends on temperature and, in a less significant way, pressure. The suspension, titled Cement Paste, is defined as being a mixture of water and cement with, or without, a superplasticizer additive. The cement paste has a non-Newtonian fluid behavior (pseudoplastic), showing a viscosity that varies in accord to the applied shear stress and significant deformations are obtained from a delimited yield stress. In some cases, systems can also manifest the influence of chemical additives used to modify the interactions fluid/particles, besides the introduced modifications by the presence of incorporated air. To the cement paste the rheometric rehearsals were made using the rheometer R/S Brookfield that controls shear stress and shear rate in accord to the rheological model of Herschel-Bulkley that seems to better adapt to this kind of suspension's behavior. This paper shows the results of rheometrical rehearsals on the cement paste that were produced with cements HOLCIM MC-20 RS and CPV-ARI RS with the addition of superplasticizer additives based of napthaline and polycarboxilate, with and without a constant agitation of the mixture. The obtainment of dosages of superplasticizer additives, as well as the water/cement ratio, at the cement at the fluidify rate determination, was done in a total of 12 different mixtures. It's observed that the rheological parameters seem to vary according to the cement type, the superplasticizer type, and the methodology applied at the fluidity rate determination.

Rheological behavior of binary aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) of 1500 g·mol-1 as affected by temperature and polymer concentration

The rheological behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) of 1500 g·mol -1(PEG1500) aqueous solutions with various polymer concentrations (w = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) was studied at different temperatures (T = 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15) K. The analyses were carried out considering shear rates ranging from (20 to 350) s-1, using a cone-and-plate rheometer under controlled stress and temperature. Classical rheological models (Newton, Bingham, Power Law, Casson, and Herschel-Bulkley) were tested. The Power Law model was shown suitable to mathematically represent the rheological behavior of these solutions. Well-adjusted empirical models were derived for consistency index variations in function of temperature (Arrhenius-type model; R2 > 0.96), polymer concentration (exponential model; R2 > 0.99) or the combination of both (R 2 > 0.99). Additionally, linear models were used to represent the variations of behavior index in the functions of temperature (R2 > 0.83) and concentration (R2 > 0.87). © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Determinação física e numérica de corridas de lama resultantes de ruptura de barreira retendo material viscoplástico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mitigação de riscos e catástrofes naturais: análise numérico-experimental de roll waves evoluindo em canais inclinados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)