Flexible process graph : a prologue

Businesses document their operational processes as process models. The common practice is to represent process models as directed graphs. The nodes of a process graph represent activities and directed edges constitute activity ordering constraints. A flexible process graph modeling approach proposes to generalize process graph structure to a hypergraph. Obtained process structure aims at formalization of ad-hoc process control flow. In this paper we discuss aspects relevant to concurrent execution of process activities in a collaborative manner organized as a flexible process graph. We provide a real world flexible process scenario to illustrate the approach.

Flexible service systems

Service science combines scientific, management, and engineering disciplines to improve the understanding of how service systems cooperate to create business value. Service systems are complex configurations of people, technologies, and resources that coexist in a common environment of service provisioning. While the general concepts of service science are understood and agreed upon, the representation of service systems using models is still in its infancy. In this chapter, we look at business processes and their role in properly representing service systems. We propose flexible process graphs, a high-level process modeling language, and extend it in order to specify service systems and their compositions within shared environments in a flexible way. The discussion in this chapter is the first step towards a formal description of service science environment, including service systems, networks, and whole ecology.

Hypergraph-based modeling of ad-hoc business processes

Process models are usually depicted as directed graphs, with nodes representing activities and directed edges control flow. While structured processes with pre-defined control flow have been studied in detail, flexible processes including ad-hoc activities need further investigation. This paper presents flexible process graph, a novel approach to model processes in the context of dynamic environment and adaptive process participants’ behavior. The approach allows defining execution constraints, which are more restrictive than traditional ad-hoc processes and less restrictive than traditional control flow, thereby balancing structured control flow with unstructured ad-hoc activities. Flexible process graph focuses on what can be done to perform a process. Process participants’ routing decisions are based on the current process state. As a formal grounding, the approach uses hypergraphs, where each edge can associate any number of nodes. Hypergraphs are used to define execution semantics of processes formally. We provide a process scenario to motivate and illustrate the approach.

Implementing process views in the web service environment

Web service and business process technologies are widely adopted to facilitate business automation and collaboration. Given the complexity of business processes, it is a sought-after feature to show a business process with different views to cater for the diverse interests, authority levels, etc., of different users. Aiming to implement such flexible process views in the Web service environment, this paper presents a novel framework named FlexView to support view abstraction and concretisation of WS-BPEL processes. In the FlexView framework, a rigorous view model is proposed to specify the dependency and correlation between structural components of process views with emphasis on the characteristics of WS-BPEL, and a set of rules are defined to guarantee the structural consistency between process views during transformations. A set of algorithms are developed to shift the abstraction and concretisation operations to the operational level. A prototype is also implemented for the proof-of-concept purpose. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Managing collaborative business process in knowledge-intensive environment

Business processes especially those in knowledge intensive environments often emerge rather than following predefined steps. Supporting emergent processes is one of the key issues for collaborative knowledge sharing. This paper first introduces a component-based workspace metamodel used to support emergent processes. A loose-coupled collaborative process management model WorkPath is proposed based on the workspace structure to support flexible process evolution management and coordination among processes. Key elements that construct workspace and WorkPath, such as role, action, artifact, workspace and reference relation, are described in detail. An implementation prototype and future work is also discussed at the end of the paper.

一种基于过程图模型的编译优化测试程序自动生成方法

近年来,以数据依赖分析为基础的高级编译优化成为现代编译器的重要研发内容.针对这类编译优化的测试问题提出了一种测试程序自动生成方法,能够根据指定的数据依赖特征生成测试程序.首先设计了LoSpec语言用以描述测试程序,然后采用一种便于表示数据依赖关系的模型——过程图作为中间表示模型实现了测试程序的自动生成,并开发了自动测试工具LoTester.与已有方法相比,该方法对高级优化更具针对性,自动化程度较高.LoTester目前在一款面向多媒体应用的优化编译器EECC的开发中得到应用并获得了良好效果.

BPEL流程监视的可视化实现

When a BPEL process is executed,it is necessary to dynamically monitor the process.BPEL is a executable language,which is not suitable for visual monitoring.On the other hand,BPMN is designed to visually describe business process and is more intuitive for monitoring.To visually monitor a BPEL process, transformation from BPEL to BPMN is necessary.However,current study of transformation from BPEL to BPMN does not support the transformation of"link"activity.Besides,no work has been done to add supplementary information into BPMN during transformation.In this paper,we transform nested BPEL process into a flat BPMN process graph without hierarchy through applying a flattening strategy.Especially, we analyze various scenarios of the transformation of link activity,and provide a method to deal with it. Besides,we analyze the mapping between BPEL activities and BPMN graph,through which we found out that some supplementary information cannot automatically obtained from BPEL process.These supplementary information need to be added during transformation.At the end of this paper,we present the structure of our monitoring tool which is based on our transformation algorithm.

Educação em ciências em contexto pré-escolar: estratégias didáticas para o desenvolvimento de competências

Existe um crescente reconhecimento nacional e internacional do papel da Educação Pré-Escolar (EPE) no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem das crianças dos 3 aos 6 anos. As mais recentes orientações curriculares de diversos países para este nível de educação definem linhas de orientação para as aprendizagens das crianças que contemplam uma área das ciências. Em Portugal as Orientações Curriculares para a Educação Pré-Escolar (OCEPE) constituem-se como eixo estruturante das práticas didático-pedagógicas dos educadores. Este documento integra várias áreas de conteúdo, sendo a sensibilização às ciências considerada na área de Conhecimento do Mundo. A perspetiva que defende a educação em ciências (EC) desde os primeiros anos de escolaridade tem vindo a consolidar-se, dados os resultados alcançados em diversas investigações que demonstram que esta tem tido um impacte positivo relevante na promoção da literacia científica (LC), bem como no desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas face à ciência e à aprendizagem das ciências. Várias investigações, um pouco por todo o mundo, conferiram uma nova abrangência e profundidade à EC, tendo-se vindo a consolidar a ideia de que as crianças conseguem fazer construções cognitivas, ainda que elementares, acerca de fenómenos e conceitos alegadamente difíceis pela sua abstração e que também são muito competentes em processos de descoberta científica. O conceito de competência tem vindo a conquistar uma relevância cada vez mais acentuada nos contextos educativos, constituindo um pilar central em documentos curriculares de diversos níveis de ensino. Tem-se revelado vital na caracterização da interação dos indivíduos nas suas esferas pessoal, social e profissional. Concomitantemente, o caráter eminentemente científico e tecnológico das sociedades atuais exige cidadãos competentes e cientificamente literados, capazes de interagir com o mundo, sendo essa LC imprescindível para que as sociedades continuem a evoluir. Assumindo-se que a EC se implementa através de atividades práticas, importa conhecer formas específicas de abordar os conceitos e explorar os fenómenos com as crianças, em contexto de EPE. Os educadores devem ter acesso a estratégias didáticas (ED) especialmente concebidas para este nível de escolaridade, que suportem práticas inovadoras neste domínio e promovam a mobilização de competências científicas pelas crianças, contribuindo para a promoção da LC. A presente investigação pretende ser um contributo para a operacionalização da EC em contexto pré-escolar. O percurso de investigação desenvolvido, de natureza qualitativa, incidiu em dois focos estruturais que se consubstanciam nas suas duas grandes finalidades: (1) o desenvolvimento de ED para operacionalizar a EC, e (2) o desenvolvimento do quadro teórico referente à mobilização de competências pelas crianças e relativo ao processo de conceção de ED. Assim, o percurso investigativo suportou-se numa metodologia de Investigação Baseada em Design que integrou 15 fases multicontextuais articuladas entre si, envolvendo especialistas da área educativa e científica em processos cíclicos de design, produção, validação, revisão e avaliação das ED. A avaliação dos processos e produtos desta investigação efetuou-se tendo por base a análise dos dados recolhidos e o seu tratamento através de diversos métodos, técnicas e instrumentos, tendo possibilitado: (1) identificar as limitações das OCEPE nas suas linhas de orientação para a EC; (2) desenvolver um conjunto de ED validadas como instrumentos de inovação curricular e como instrumentos de mobilização e desenvolvimento de competências pelas crianças; (3) definir um Quadro de referência conceptual que permite clarificar as interações das crianças em termos de mobilização de capacidades e atitudes/valores e construção de conhecimento; (4) definir Princípios de conceção de estratégias didáticas que permitem replicar o seu processo de desenvolvimento, e (5) clarificar orientações para uma perspetiva integrada de EC. Assumindo-se como um contributo para impulsionar a educação em ciências em contexto pré-escolar, esta investigação fundamenta a necessidade de nela se investir de forma intencional, sistemática e contextualizada neste nível educativo.

Object-centric process models and the design of flexible processes

Mainstream business process modelling techniques promote a design paradigm wherein the activities to be performed within a case, together with their usual execution order, form the backbone of a process model, on top of which other aspects are anchored. This paradigm, while eective in standardised and production-oriented domains, shows some limitations when confronted with processes where case-by-case variations and exceptions are the norm. In this thesis we develop the idea that the eective design of exible process models calls for an alternative modelling paradigm, one in which process models are modularised along key business objects, rather than along activity decompositions. The research follows a design science method, starting from the formulation of a research problem expressed in terms of requirements, and culminating in a set of artifacts that have been devised to satisfy these requirements. The main contributions of the thesis are: (i) a meta-model for object-centric process modelling incorporating constructs for capturing exible processes; (ii) a transformation from this meta-model to an existing activity-centric process modelling language, namely YAWL, showing the relation between object-centric and activity-centric process modelling approaches; and (iii) a Coloured Petri Net that captures the semantics of the proposed meta-model. The meta-model has been evaluated using a framework consisting of a set of work ow patterns. Moreover, the meta-model has been embodied in a modelling tool that has been used to capture two industrial scenarios.

A flexible asset maintenance decision-making process model

Optimal Asset Maintenance decisions are imperative for efficient asset management. Decision Support Systems are often used to help asset managers make maintenance decisions, but high quality decision support must be based on sound decision-making principles. For long-lived assets, a successful Asset Maintenance decision-making process must effectively handle multiple time scales. For example, high-level strategic plans are normally made for periods of years, while daily operational decisions may need to be made within a space of mere minutes. When making strategic decisions, one usually has the luxury of time to explore alternatives, whereas routine operational decisions must often be made with no time for contemplation. In this paper, we present an innovative, flexible decision-making process model which distinguishes meta-level decision making, i.e., deciding how to make decisions, from the information gathering and analysis steps required to make the decisions themselves. The new model can accommodate various decision types. Three industrial case studies are given to demonstrate its applicability.

Generating natural language texts from business process models

Process Modeling is a widely used concept for understanding, documenting and also redesigning the operations of organizations. The validation and usage of process models is however affected by the fact that only business analysts fully understand them in detail. This is in particular a problem because they are typically not domain experts. In this paper, we investigate in how far the concept of verbalization can be adapted from object-role modeling to process models. To this end, we define an approach which automatically transforms BPMN process models into natural language texts and combines different techniques from linguistics and graph decomposition in a flexible and accurate manner. The evaluation of the technique is based on a prototypical implementation and involves a test set of 53 BPMN process models showing that natural language texts can be generated in a reliable fashion.