Joint determinants of education enrolment and first birth timing in France and West Germany

We examined the reciprocal influence between educational decisions and the timing of first births, using the Family and Fertility Surveys of France and West Germany. Since these two processes are potentially endogenous, we modelled them jointly, using event history models. We hypothesise that the reciprocal impact of educational and fertility careers, as well as the impact of the common determinants of both processes, are gender specific and context specific.The results show a significant endogeneity for women and men in both countries. This endogeneity is stronger for women than for men, while no substantial differences are found between the two countries. Removing this shared and unobserved heterogeneity, the results show a stronger reciprocal impact between the processes for women than for men. A similar impact of being enrolled in education on first birth in both countries is found, while the effect of the birth (and especially of the pregnancy) of the first child on terminating one’s education appeared to be more marked in West Gernany than in France.

Birth records from Swiss married couples analyzed over the past 35 years reveal an aging of first-time mothers by 5.1 years while the interpregnancy interval has shortened.

Although the general trend for delaying childbearing is generally viewed as causing infertility, its consequences on the interpregnancy interval have been unknown. A study of birth records for Swiss married women from 1969 to 2006 revealed that the woman's age at first birth has increased from 25.0 to 30.1 years, whereas calculated theoretical interpregnancy intervals after the first and second child decreased from 23.2 to 13 and from 22.4 to 7.9 months, respectively.

The association between parity and selected structural birth defects

BACKGROUND: Parity is a risk factor in neonatal morbidity and mortality. This dissertation examined the association between first births and selected birth defects. The first aim was to assess the risk of 66 birth defects among first births and third or greater births. The second aim was to determine if maternal race, maternal age, infant sex or infant birth weight modify the association between first births and selected birth defects. METHODS: The Texas Birth Defects Registry provided data for 1999-2009. For the first aim, odds ratios were calculated for each birth defect. For the second aim, analysis was restricted to the ten birth defects significantly associated with first births. Stratified analyses were conducted and interaction terms were added to logistic regression models to assess whether differences in the odds ratios for the effect of first birth were statistically significant across strata. RESULTS: Findings for the first aim showed that first births had significantly increased odds of having an infant with 24 of the 66 birth defects. Third or greater births had significantly increased odds of having four of the 66 birth defects. For the second aim, a number of significant effect modifiers were observed. For patent ductus arteriosis, obstructive urinary defects and gastroschisis, the effect of first births was significantly modified by black or U.S.-born Hispanic mothers. The effect of first birth was also significantly modified among mothers ≥30 years for mitral valve insufficiency, atrial septal defect and congenital hip dislocation. The effect of first births was significantly modified among infants with low birth weight for hypospadias, congenital hip dislocation and gastroschisis. CONCLUSIONS: First births were associated with an elevated risk of 24 categories of birth defects. For some of the birth defects studied, the effect of first birth is modified by maternal age, maternal race and low birth weight. Knowledge of the increased risk for birth defects among women having their first birth allows physicians and midwives to provide better patient care and spur further research into the etiology of associated birth defects. This knowledge may bring about interventions prior to conception in populations most likely to conceive.^

Italy's Path to Very Low Fertility : The Adequacy of Economic and Second Demographic Transition Theories

The deep drop of the fertility rate in Italy to among the lowest in the world challenges contemporary theories of childbearing and family building. Among high-income countries, Italy was presumed to have characteristics of family values and female labor force participation that would favor higher fertility than its European neighbors to the north. We test competing economic and cultural explanations, drawing on new nationally representative, longitudinal data to examine first union, first birth, and second birth. Our event history analysis finds some support for economic determinants of family formation and fertility, but the clear importance of regional differences and of secularization suggests that such an explanation is at best incomplete and that cultural and ideational factors must be considered.

Transition to parenthood: The role of social interaction and endogenous networks

Empirical studies indicate that the transition to parenthood is influenced by an individual's peer group. To study the mechanisms creating interdepen- dencies across individuals' transition to parenthood and its timing we apply an agent-based simulation model. We build a one-sex model and provide agents with three different characteristics regarding age, intended education and parity. Agents endogenously form their network based on social closeness. Network members then may influence the agents' transition to higher parity levels. Our numerical simulations indicate that accounting for social inter- actions can explain the shift of first-birth probabilities in Austria over the period 1984 to 2004. Moreover, we apply our model to forecast age-specific fertility rates up to 2016.

Combined effect of short stature and socioeconomic status on body mass index and weight gain during reproductive age in Brazilian women

Short stature, a marker for undernutrition early in life, has been associated with obesity in Brazilian women, but not in men. We tested the hypothesis that weight gain during the reproductive years could explain this gender difference. A national two-stage household survey of mothers with one or more children under five years of age was conducted in Brazil in 1996. The subjects were women aged 20 to 45 years (N = 2297), with last delivery seven months or more prior to the interview. The regions of the country were divided into rural, North/Northeast (urban underdeveloped) and South/Southeast/Midwest (urban developed). The dependent variables were current body mass index (BMI) measured, BMI prior to childbearing (reported), and BMI change. Socioeconomic variables included mother's years of education and family purchasing power score. A secondary analysis was restricted to primiparous women. The prevalence of current overweight and overweight prior to childbearing (BMI > or = 25 kg/m²) was higher among shorter women (<1.50 m) compared to normal stature women only in the urban developed region (P < 0.05). After adjustment for socioeconomic variables, age, parity, BMI prior to childbearing, and age at first birth, current BMI was 2.39 units higher (P = 0.008) for short stature women living in the urban developed area compared with short stature women living in the urban underdeveloped area. For both multiparous and primiparous women, BMI gain compared to the value prior to childbearing was significantly higher among short stature women living in the urban developed region (P <= 0.04). These results provide clear evidence that short stature was associated with a higher BMI and with an increased risk of weight gain/retention with pregnancy in the developed areas of Brazil, but not in the underdeveloped ones.

Parcours d'entrée en vie féconde des femmes au Burkina Faso : une analyse séquentielle

Alors que dans les sociétés de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, le mariage représente traditionnellement le point de départ de la séquence des événements démographiques associés à la formation de la famille, aujourd’hui cette séquence s’est complexifiée. Suite à l’effritement des modes traditionnels du passage à l’âge adulte, les jeunes citadins reportent leur mariage, le contexte de l’initiation sexuelle est plus fréquemment prénuptial et le nombre de naissances hors mariage semble augmenter. Peu d’études se sont penchées sur l’analyse de la séquence de ces événements sous l’angle du parcours individuel. L’objectif central de ce mémoire est d’explorer, de décrire et d’expliquer les changements survenus dans les parcours d’entrée en vie féconde des femmes durant leur jeunesse en utilisant comme unité d’analyse l’entièreté des parcours. Utilisant les données EDS du Burkina Faso, nous synthétisons en parcours, sous forme des séquences d’épisodes, les calendriers du premier rapport sexuel, de la première union et de la première naissance. Avec l’analyse séquentielle, nous identifions quatre catégories de parcours : nuptial, sexualité prénuptiale, maternité prénuptiale et célibataires. La méthode permet également une catégorisation plus fine des parcours et une visualisation de modèles de transitions. Nous analysons ensuite l’association entre les caractéristiques individuelles et les parcours suivis grâce à des modèles multinomiaux. Nos résultats confirment l’augmentation des parcours non nuptiaux auprès des jeunes. De plus, ils montrent qu’un niveau de scolarité plus élevé augmente la probabilité de suivre un parcours non-traditionnel, notamment chez les femmes urbaines, le milieu de socialisation à l’enfance ayant aussi un effet sur le choix du parcours.

Le parcours matrimonial et professionnel vers le premier enfant : une comparaison des régimes providentiels de Suède, d'Italie et de France

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Suplementação da dieta de bovinos de corte como estratégia do manejo das pastagens

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de ovinos lanados

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo da idade da vaca ao último parto para avaliar longevidade em rebanhos da raça nelore por análise de sobrevivência

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Patterns of regional differentiation in post-Soviet Russia

This doctoral thesis aims at contributing to the literature on transition economies focusing on the Russian Federations and in particular on regional income convergence and fertility patterns. The first two chapter deal with the issue of income convergence across regions. Chapter 1 provides an historical-institutional analysis of the period between the late years of the Soviet Union and the last decade of economic growth and a presentation of the sample with a description of gross regional product composition, agrarian or industrial vocation, labor. Chapter 2 contributes to the literature on exploratory spatial data analysis with a application to a panel of 77 regions in the period 1994-2008. It provides an analysis of spatial patterns and it extends the theoretical framework of growth regressions controlling for spatial correlation and heterogeneity. Chapter 3 analyses the national demographic patterns since 1960 and provides a review of the policies on maternity leave and family benefits. Data sources are the Statistical Yearbooks of USSR, the Statistical Yearbooks of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Demographic Yearbooks of Russia. Chapter 4 analyses the demographic patterns in light of the theoretical framework of the Becker model, the Second Demographic Transition and an economic-crisis argument. With national data from 1960, the theoretically issue of the pro or countercyclical relation between income and fertility is graphically analyzed and discussed, together with female employment and education. With regional data after 1994 different panel data models are tested. Individual level data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey are employed using the logit model. Chapter 5 employs data from the Generations and Gender Survey by UNECE to focus on postponement and second births intentions. Postponement is studied through cohort analysis of mean maternal age at first birth, while the methodology used for second birth intentions is the ordered logit model.

Anthropometric measures as a predictor of cephalopelvic disproportion

This study compared three body measurements, height, hip width (bitrochanteric) and foot length, in 120 Hispanic women who had their first birth by cesarean section (N = 60) or by spontaneous vaginal delivery (N = 60). The objective of the study was to see if there were differences in these measurements that could be useful in predicting cephalopelvic disproportion. Data were collected from two public hospitals in Houston Texas over a 10 month period from December 1994 to October 1995. The statistical technique used to evaluate the measures was discriminant analysis.^ Women who delivered by cesarean section were older, shorter, had shorter feet and delivered heavier infants. There were no differences in the bitrochanteric widths of the women or in the mean gestational age or Apgar scores of the infants.^ Significantly more of the mothers and infants were ill following cesarean section delivery. Maternal illness was usually infection; infant illness was primarily infection or respiratory difficulties.^ Discriminant analysis is a technique which allows for classification and prediction to which group a particular entity will belong given a certain set of variables. Using discriminant analysis, with a probability of cesarean section 50 percent, the best combination to classify who would have a cesarean section was height and hip width, correctly classifying 74.2 percent of those who needed surgery. When the probability of cesarean section was 10 percent and probability of vaginal delivery was 90 percent, the best predictor of who would need operative delivery was height, hip width and age, correctly classifying 56.2 percent. In the population from which the study participants were selected the incidence of cephalopelvic disproportion was low, approximately 1 percent.^ With the technologic assistance available in most of the developed world, it is likely that the further pursuit of different measures and their use would not be of much benefit in attempting to predict and diagnose disproportion. However, in areas of the world where much of obstetrics is "hands on", the availability of technology extremely limited, and the incidence of disproportion larger, the use of anthropometric measures might be useful and of some potential benefit. ^

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN THE DES-EXPOSED DAUGHTERS

This research examined the relation between prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and subsequent reproductive performance in females. Although previous studies have agreed that unfavorable pregnancy outcomes (spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, ectopic pregnancies, and premature births) occur with greater frequency in the exposed as compared to unexposed women, the role of exposure to DES in-utero on subsequent fertility (pregnancy achievement) remains controversial. Also, the possibility that the reproductive dysfunction reported in exposed women might be due to familial predisposition to reproductive dysfunction rather than to DES exposure has not been examined heretofore.^ The purposes of the research were to: (1) measure the overall differences in rates of live births between exposed and unexposed women; (2) determine if infertility or early unrecognized spontaneous miscarriages (as opposed to recognized fetal death) contributes to poor reproductive performance in the exposed; and (3) determine if constitutional predisposition contributes to poor reproductive performance in exposed daughters.^ The study population comprised those participants in the National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project who were identified through review of prenatal records. Birth interval curves (survival analyses) were used to compare the reproductive performance of exposed daughters and unexposed women. Birth interval curves were also constructed for unexposed siblings (of exposed participants) and unexposed nonsiblings to determine the role of constitutional predisposition in the reproductive performance of exposed daughters.^ The DES-daughters, as compared to unexposed women, were found to be at a reproductive disadvantage when the overall differences in rates of live births were compared.^ When the differences in rates of live births due specifically to infertility or early unrecognized spontaneous miscarriages (as opposed to recognized fetal death) were examined, the exposed maintained the reproductive disadvantage. This analysis was suggestive but not statistically significant for the first-birth-interval and was neither suggestive nor significant in the second-birth-interval. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) ^