Penalties for traffic offenses.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

A Responsabilidade Civil dos Gerentes e Administradores pelo pagamento das coimas e multas imputáveis à sociedade

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Contratos e da Empresa

Criminal debt collection efforts : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, July 19, 1995.

Shipping list no.: 96-0171-P.

Evaluation of New York State's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law: volume IV - enforcement and adjudication of violations of the law. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Evaluation of New York State's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law: volume VI - final summary report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

The federal motor carrier safety program: not yet achieving what the congress wanted. Report to the congress.

Mode of access: Internet.

FY 2004 : fee and penalty increases : Public Act 93-0032 (SB 1903)

"LPU Order 38511"--Colophon.

Non-resident violator compact fiscal impact/cost effectiveness : a case study /

Mode of access: Internet.

An Assessment of the Penalties System for Infringements of EU Competition Law: Can Personal Sanctions be the Missing Piece of the Puzzle? IES WORKING PAPER 6/2013

Competition law seeks to protect competition on the market as a means of enhancing consumer welfare and of ensuring an efficient allocation of resources. In order to be successful, therefore, competition authorities should be adequately equipped and have at their disposal all necessary enforcement tools. However, at the EU level the current enforcement system of competition rules allows only for the imposition of administrative fines by the European Commission to liable undertakings. The main objectives, in turn, of an enforcement policy based on financial penalties are two fold: to impose sanctions on infringing undertakings which reflect the seriousness of the violation, and to ensure that the risk of penalties will deter both the infringing undertakings (often referred to as 'specific deterrence') and other undertakings that may be considering anti-competitive activities from engaging in them (often referred to as 'general deterrence'). In all circumstances, it is important to ensure that pecuniary sanctions imposed on infringing undertakings are proportionate and not excessive. Although pecuniary sanctions against infringing undertakings are a crucial part of the arsenal needed to deter competition law violations, they may not be sufficient. One alternative option in that regard is the strategic use of sanctions against the individuals involved in, or responsible for, the infringements. Sanctions against individuals are documented to focus the minds of directors and employees to comply with competition rules as they themselves, in addition to the undertakings in which they are employed, are at risk of infringements. Individual criminal penalties, including custodial sanctions, have been in fact adopted by almost half of the EU Member States. This is a powerful tool but is also limited in scope and hard to implement in practice mostly due to the high standards of proof required and the political consensus that needs first to be built. Administrative sanctions for individuals, on the other hand, promise to deliver up to a certain extent the same beneficial results as criminal sanctions whilst at the same time their adoption is not likely to meet strong opposition and their implementation in practice can be both efficient and effective. Directors’ disqualification, in particular, provides a strong individual incentive for each member, or prospective member, of the Board as well as other senior executives, to take compliance with competition law seriously. It is a flexible and promising tool that if added to the arsenal of the European Commission could bring balance to the current sanctioning system and that, in turn, would in all likelihood make the enforcement of EU competition rules more effective. Therefore, it is submitted that a competition law regime in order to be effective should be able to deliver policy objectives through a variety of tools, not simply by imposing significant pecuniary sanctions to infringing undertakings. It is also clear that individual sanctions, mostly of an administrative nature, are likely to play an increasingly important role as they focus the minds of those in business who might otherwise be inclined to regard infringing the law as a matter of corporate risk rather than of personal risk. At the EU level, in particular, the adoption of directors’ disqualification promises to deliver more effective compliance and greater overall economic impact.

Collateral, default penalties and infinite horizon equilibrium

Pascoa and Seghir (2009) noticed that when collateralized promises become subject to utility penalties on default, Ponzi schemes may occur. However, equilibrium exists in some interesting cases. Under low penalties, equilibrium exists if the collateral does not yield utility (for example, when it is a productive asset or a security). Equilibrium exists also under more severe penalties and collateral utility gains, when the promise or the collateral are nominal assets and the margin requirements are endogenous: relative inflation rates and margin coefficients can make the income effects dominate the penalty effects. An equilibrium refinement avoids no-trade equilibria with unduly repayment beliefs. Our refinement differs from the one used by Dubey, Geanakoplos and Shubik (2005) as it does not eliminate no trade equilibria whose low delivery rates are consistent with the propensity to default of agents that are on the verge of selling.

Estudios de compuestos heterocíclicos y modificaciones químicas de membranas con fines farmacéuticos 4127

Teniendo en cuenta las propiedades bactericidas y tripanosas de algunos de los derivados sintetizados en nuestro laboratorio, se continuará con la obtención de nuevos derivados naftoquinónicos con sustituyentes hetericíclicos, derivados del isoxazol y del pirazol. A los compuestos obtenidos se le estudiarán sus propiedades físico-químicas y su estabilidad, tanto en solución como en estado sólido. Por otro lado se prepararán y caracterizarán membranas de polisacáridos naturales o semisintéticos con el objeto de obtener materiales farmacéuticos con propiedades especiales. Los estudios comprenderán: I. Síntesis de nuevos análogos nitrogenados de naftoquinonas. Se obtendrán derivados con sustituyentes carboxílicos, y con la posterior formación de sales se intentarán mejorar las propiedades hidrofílicas de derivados de isoxazolilnaftoquinonas. Se continuará con la síntesis de las pirazolilnaftoquinonas. II. Estabilidad de isoxazolilnaftoquinonas. Se realizarán estudios hidrolíticos, utilizando espectrofotometría UV-visible y cromatografía líquida de alta presión, y térmicos, por DSC, TG y DTA, a diversas isoxazolilnaftoquinonas con finalidad de establecer las mejores condiciones para su formulación. III. Se aplicarán los conceptos de QSAR a fin de establecer los parámetros que mejor se correlacionen con la actividad biológica. También se determinarán las modificaciones moleculares que incrementen la actividad biológica mediante cálculos utilizando métodos semiempíricos. IV. Preparación de membranas asimétricas de polisacáridos naturales o semisintéticos y sus modificaciones químicas. Estas investigaciones comprenderán cuatro etapas: 1- preparación de membranas; 2- reacciones de superficie; 3- estudios de liberación de los principios activos en diferentes medios; 4- caracterización de las membranas.