Analyses of cataract surgery performed by the Unified Health System in Brazil, 2006-2007

Objective. Estimate cataract surgical rates (CSR) for Brazil and each federal unit in 2006 and 2007 based on the number of surgeries performed by the Unified Health System to help plan a comprehensive ophthalmology network in order to eliminate cataract blindness in compliance with the target set by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 3 000 cataract surgeries per million inhabitants per year. Methods. This descriptive study calculates CSR by using the number of cataract surgeries carried out by the Brazilian Unified Health System for each federal unit and estimates the need for cataract surgery in Brazil for 2006-2007, with official population data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The number of cataract surgeries was compared with the WHO target. Results. To reach the WHO goal for eliminating age-related cataract blindness in Brazil, 560 312 cataract surgeries in 2006 and 568 006 surgeries in 2007 needed to be done. In 2006, 179 121 cataract surgeries were done by the Unified Health System, corresponding to a CSR of 959 per million population; in 2007, 223 317 were performed, with a CSR of 1 179. With the Brazilian Council of Ophthalmology estimation of 165 000 surgeries each year by the non-public services, the CSR for Brazil would be 1 842 for 2006 and 2 051 for 2007. The proportions needed to achieve the proposed target were 38.6% in 2006 and 31.6% in 2007. Conclusions. Human resources, technical expertise, and equipment are crucial to reach the WHO goal. Brazil has enough ophthalmologists but needs improved planning and infrastructure in order to eliminate the problem, aspects that require greater financial investment and stronger political commitment.

The viewpoint of health professionals on the role of basic units in the healthcare network of the Brazilian Unified Health System

In the process of creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) as a universal policy seeking to ensure comprehensive care, unscheduled assistance in primary healthcare units (UBS) is an unresolved challenge. The scope of this paper is to analyze the viewpoint of health professionals on the role of primary healthcare units in meeting this demand. It is a transversal study of qualitative data obtained through questionnaires and interviews with 106 medical practitioners from 6 emergency medical services and 190 professionals from 30 units. They explained why people seek emergency care for occurrences pertaining to primary care. The content analysis technique with thematic categories was used for data analysis. Lack of resources and problems with primary health unit work processes (50.8%) were the reasons most frequently cited by emergency care physicians to explain this inadequate demand. Only 33.3% of the health unit professionals agreed that these occurrences should be attended in the primary healthcare services. The limited viewpoint of the role of health services on the unscheduled care, particularly among primary care professionals, possibly leads to restrictive practices for access by the population.

Adherence to statin treatment and associated factors in female users from the Unified Health System (SUS)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The legal framework of the Australian health system

This chapter is about the role of law in the creation and operation of Australian health systems. Accordingly, this chapter discusses how law regulates the way in which health services in Australia are funded, organised, regulated, managed, operated and governed. (The question of how health professionals are regulated is discussed in Chapter 15.) Although the focus of much of health law is on legal mechanisms for the resolution of disputes or disagreements between the state, health providers, professionals, patients and families and friends, and through dispute resolutions processes setting standards for practice, these are only some of the “jobs” that health law performs. In health systems where the state undertakes a significant role in regulating, funding, managing and providing health services, health law also performs an important constitutive function. Health law declares the values upon which the health system is based, shapes social processes to achieve public ends and provides a structure for the complex interactions that occur within a modern health system. Health law regulates decision-makers in health systems by establishing who has the power to participate in decisions and in what circumstances, establishing processes through which decisions are made and creating mechanisms for decision-makers to be held publicly accountable. It is this broader constitutive function of health law that is a primary focus of much of this chapter — how and why governments use their legislative powers to structure and shape the health system.

The emerging role of private health care provision in China : a critical analysis of the current health system

China continues to face great challenges in meeting the health needs of its large population. The challenges are not just lack of resources, but also how to use existing resources more efficiently, more effectively, and more equitably. Now a major unaddressed challenge facing China is how to reform an inefficient, poorly organized health care delivery system. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of private health care provision in China and discuss the implications of increasing private-sector development for improving health system performance. This study is based on an extensive literature review, the purpose of which was to identify, summarize, and evaluate ideas and information on private health care provision in China. In addition, the study uses secondary data analysis and the results of previous study by the authors to highlight the current situation of private health care provision in one province of China. This study found that government-owned hospitals form the backbone of the health care system and also account for most health care service provision. However, even though the public health care system is constantly trying to adapt to population needs and improve its performance, there are many problems in the system, such as limited access, low efficiency, poor quality, cost inflation, and low patient satisfaction. Currently, private hospitals are relatively rare, and private health care as an important component of the health care system in China has received little policy attention. It is argued that policymakers in China should recognize the role of private health care provision for health system performance, and then define and achieve an appropriate role for private health care provision in helping to respond to the many challenges facing the health system in present-day China.

Synchronization of the unified chaotic system and application in secure communication

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The financial protection impact of the public health system and private insurance in Brazil

Includes bibliography

The Brazilian National Health Agency and the Mental Health Policy in the Context of the Private Health System: developments and challenges

This work analyses the mental health policy-making activity of the Brazilian National Health Agency (ANS), responsible for controlling health insurance companies. Three points are discussed: a) the framework of an economic and private health assistance regulatory activity, b) the ANS and its regulation activity and c) the rules produced by ANS in the mental health care field. It was concluded that, despite advances like the legal obligation to ensure medical treatment to all the diseases listed in ICD-10, the inclusion of suicidal patient damage and self-inflicted damage care, care provided by a multiprofessional team, the increase in the number of sessions with a psychologist, with an occupational therapist and of psychotherapy sessions, and mental health day hospitals included as part of the services offered, the authors identified specific regulatory gaps in this area. Some issues that ANS has to solve so that it can really play its institutional role of defending the public interest in the private health system are: the regulation of co-participation and franchise mechanisms, the increasing co-participation as a limitation of psychiatric hospitalization, and the limited number of crisis intervention psychotherapy sessions.

Obama's law : analysis of a breakthrough law on healthcare access and lessons for the Portuguese health system management

ABSTRACT - The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act shook the foundations of the US health system, offering all Americans access to health care by changing the way the health insurance industry works. As President Obama signed the Act on 23 March 2010, he said that it stood for “the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it comes to their health care”. Unlike the U.S., the Article 64 of the Portuguese Constitution provides, since 1976, the right to universal access to health care. However, facing a severe economic crisis, Portugal has, under the supervision of the Troika, a tight schedule to implement measures to improve the efficiency of the National Health Service. Both countries are therefore despite their different situation, in a conjuncture of reform and the use of new health management measures. The present work, using a qualitative research methodology examines the Affordable Care Act in order to describe its principles and enforcement mechanisms. In order to describe the reality in Portugal, the Portuguese health system and the measures imposed by Troika are also analyzed. The intention of this entire analysis is not only to disclose the innovative U.S. law, but to find some innovative measures that could serve health management in Portugal. Essentially we identified the Exchanges and Wellness Programs, described throughout this work, leaving also the idea of the possibility of using them in the Portuguese national health system.

Decentralization and regionalization: dynamics and conditioning factors for the implementation of the Health Pact in Brazil

Decentralization and regionalization represent constitutional guidelines for the organization of the Unified Health System, which in the last 20 years has required the adoption of mechanisms to coordinate and accommodate federative tensions in Brazil's healthcare sector. This paper analyzes the national implementation of the Health Pact between 2006 and 2010 involving a strategy that reconfigures intergovernmental relations in the sector. The study involved the analysis of documents, official data and interviews with federal, state and municipal managers in the Brazilian states. The content of the national proposal is initially discussed, including its implications for health policy. The different rhythms and degrees of implementation of the Health Pact are then reviewed, with respect to adherence by states and municipalities and the formation of Regional Management Boards. Lastly, the conditioning factors for the multiplicity of experiences observed in the country are identified and the challenges facing progress toward a decentralized and regionalized health system in Brazil are discussed.

Municipalização plena da saúde: a prática de uma utopia

Nos anos 1990, desencadeou-se, no Brasil, um processo de descentralização política e administrativa que no campo social da saúde assume claramente o sentido da municipalização da gestão dos serviços locais de saúde. O deslocamento do poder de gestão para os municípios favorece o acompanhamento, a fiscalização e a participação da sociedade no processo de formulação e execução das políticas públicas. A municipalização da saúde transforma os municípios brasileiros em gestores do sistema de saúde local, e a implantação e consolidação de um Sistema Único de Saúde dependem da capacidade efetiva de os gestores locais formularem e implementarem políticas voltadas a responder às demandas sociais locais dentro do modelo de relacionamento federativo das três instâncias de gestão: federal, estadual e municipal. A heterogeneidade dos municípios brasileiros, a aplicabilidade homogênea da normatização do sistema pelo ente federativo e a elevada participação da União no financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde são fatores que facilitam a centralização do poder no Governo Federal. Adotando a metodologia do estudo de caso, tomando como base empírica município de Umuarama, localizada na região noroeste do Paraná, busca-se dissertar sobre o sistema local de saúde estruturado a partir de uma combinação entre as normas institucionais e as singularidades sociais e políticas locais.

Federalismo, relações fiscais e financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde: a distribuição de receitas vinculadas à saúde nos orçamentos municipais e estaduais

O trabalho aborda as relações entre o federalismo fiscal e o financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no período de 1990 a 2002. Parte-se do pressuposto que decisões críticas dos atores federativos subnacionais estão submetidas aos critérios e condicionantes que regem a distribuição, apropriação e uso de recursos setoriais e de receitas próprias vinculadas à saúde pelos dispositivos da Emenda Constitucional n.29 de 2000. Na pesquisa, os resultados das regras que definem o financiamento descentralizado do SUS são analisados, comparando-se e correlacionando-se os valores das receitas públicas informadas pelos municípios e estados através do Sistema de Informações de Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde no ano 2002. Verifica-se que os municípios do Norte, Nordeste e aqueles com população de 20 mil a 100 mil habitantes, se comparados a outros grupos: 1) possuem menores chances de ampliação de recursos próprios para a saúde como efeito da vinculação estabelecida pela Emenda Constitucional, já que a disponibilidade dessas fontes é relativamente mais baixa; 2) precisam empreender maior esforço fiscal e comprometer uma parcela mais elevada de seus orçamentos para garantirem a adequação dos recursos às suas necessidades de gasto em saúde; e 3) são os que mais dependem das transferências federais da saúde para ampliar suas receitas destinadas ao SUS e, por isso, estão mais sujeitos aos mecanismos de indução e controle do Ministério da Saúde. No âmbito estadual, percebem-se importantes diferenças entre as regiões, sendo particularmente crítica a situação financeira dos estados do Nordeste. Ainda que o grau de vinculação de recursos à saúde no Brasil seja comparável ao de outros países, observa-se a heterogeneidade nas condições de financiamento, acompanhada pela fragmentação dos dispositivos de transferência e forte determinação no uso dos recursos. Em que pese a importância das transferências regulares de recursos federais do SUS nos orçamentos subnacionais, ressalta-se a fragilidade dos mecanismos de descentralização implantados. A saúde é sustentada por uma grande variedade de recursos próprios e setoriais que remetem a uma teia de relações e interdependência fiscal e orçamentária envolvendo os três níveis de governo. Entretanto, os entraves para a redistribuição fiscal e para expansão efetiva dessas receitas permanecem no início dos anos 2000. No balanço orçamentário final das esferas subnacionais, verifica-se que as diferenças nas receitas totais vinculadas à saúde são expressivas entre os municípios agrupados por região, estados, porte populacional e capitais, entre os estados e o Distrito Federal. Os achados indicam os problemas do sistema tributário brasileiro, incapaz de compensar desequilíbrios fiscais e orçamentários mais permanentes e estruturais dos diferentes níveis de governo. Também sugerem efeitos contraditórios de um financiamento público da saúde que reagiu e se institucionalizou numa federação marcada por profundas desigualdades e em uma conjuntura política e econômica adversa à expansão do papel do Estado.

Developing pictorial conceptual metaphors as a means of understanding and changing the Australian health system for Indigenous people

This paper describes the development of Pictorial Conceptual Metaphors, created out of a literature review on gendered Indigenous health and wellbeing that depicts the inherited effects of the ‘system’ past, present and future. The Pictorial Conceptual Metaphors are pictures that were created to tell the story of colonisation and its inherited and ongoing impacts on Indigenous people’s health and wellbeing. Aboriginal historical experiences, past, present and future are briefly overviewed in order to unpack and communicate to readers the significance and impact of these experiences on Aboriginal health, and ultimately, to bring about understanding to initiate change within the Australian health system. Systemic racism, embedded in the Australian health system, excludes and discriminates against Indigenous peoples through a lack of cultural consideration resulting in a cumulative and ongoing negative effect on Indigenous people’s health (Dudgeon et al. 2014; Fredericks 2008; Marmot 2011; Queensland Government 2012). Systemic action research identifies actions and processes in large systems such as health and education in order to bring about systemic change. Our intention to highlight the systemic changes needed in the Australian health system to improve Indigenous people’s health and wellbeing require us to understand the processes involved in bringing about systemic change. For this to occur, we needed to ‘see the system’ in order to identify the system dynamics in operation. The Pictorial Conceptual Metaphors are the first step in ‘seeing the system’; they illustrate the past and the present, and identify the preferred future for Indigenous health and wellbeing outcomes