Analyse de mouvements faciaux à partir d'images vidéo

Lors d'une intervention conversationnelle, le langage est supporté par une communication non-verbale qui joue un rôle central dans le comportement social humain en permettant de la rétroaction et en gérant la synchronisation, appuyant ainsi le contenu et la signification du discours. En effet, 55% du message est véhiculé par les expressions faciales, alors que seulement 7% est dû au message linguistique et 38% au paralangage. L'information concernant l'état émotionnel d'une personne est généralement inférée par les attributs faciaux. Cependant, on ne dispose pas vraiment d'instruments de mesure spécifiquement dédiés à ce type de comportements. En vision par ordinateur, on s'intéresse davantage au développement de systèmes d'analyse automatique des expressions faciales prototypiques pour les applications d'interaction homme-machine, d'analyse de vidéos de réunions, de sécurité, et même pour des applications cliniques. Dans la présente recherche, pour appréhender de tels indicateurs observables, nous essayons d'implanter un système capable de construire une source consistante et relativement exhaustive d'informations visuelles, lequel sera capable de distinguer sur un visage les traits et leurs déformations, permettant ainsi de reconnaître la présence ou absence d'une action faciale particulière. Une réflexion sur les techniques recensées nous a amené à explorer deux différentes approches. La première concerne l'aspect apparence dans lequel on se sert de l'orientation des gradients pour dégager une représentation dense des attributs faciaux. Hormis la représentation faciale, la principale difficulté d'un système, qui se veut être général, est la mise en œuvre d'un modèle générique indépendamment de l'identité de la personne, de la géométrie et de la taille des visages. La démarche qu'on propose repose sur l'élaboration d'un référentiel prototypique à partir d'un recalage par SIFT-flow dont on démontre, dans cette thèse, la supériorité par rapport à un alignement conventionnel utilisant la position des yeux. Dans une deuxième approche, on fait appel à un modèle géométrique à travers lequel les primitives faciales sont représentées par un filtrage de Gabor. Motivé par le fait que les expressions faciales sont non seulement ambigües et incohérentes d'une personne à une autre mais aussi dépendantes du contexte lui-même, à travers cette approche, on présente un système personnalisé de reconnaissance d'expressions faciales, dont la performance globale dépend directement de la performance du suivi d'un ensemble de points caractéristiques du visage. Ce suivi est effectué par une forme modifiée d'une technique d'estimation de disparité faisant intervenir la phase de Gabor. Dans cette thèse, on propose une redéfinition de la mesure de confiance et introduisons une procédure itérative et conditionnelle d'estimation du déplacement qui offrent un suivi plus robuste que les méthodes originales.

Identification of protein coding regions using the modified Gabor-wavelet transform

An important topic in genomic sequence analysis is the identification of protein coding regions. In this context, several coding DNA model-independent methods based on the occurrence of specific patterns of nucleotides at coding regions have been proposed. Nonetheless, these methods have not been completely suitable due to their dependence on an empirically predefined window length required for a local analysis of a DNA region. We introduce a method based on a modified Gabor-wavelet transform (MGWT) for the identification of protein coding regions. This novel transform is tuned to analyze periodic signal components and presents the advantage of being independent of the window length. We compared the performance of the MGWT with other methods by using eukaryote data sets. The results show that MGWT outperforms all assessed model-independent methods with respect to identification accuracy. These results indicate that the source of at least part of the identification errors produced by the previous methods is the fixed working scale. The new method not only avoids this source of errors but also makes a tool available for detailed exploration of the nucleotide occurrence.

Deformation of Gabor systems

We introduce a new notion for the deformation of Gabor systems. Such deformations are in general nonlinear and, in particular, include the standard jitter error and linear deformations of phase space. With this new notion we prove a strong deformation result for Gabor frames and Gabor Riesz sequences that covers the known perturbation and deformation results. Our proof of the deformation theorem requires a new characterization of Gabor frames and Gabor Riesz sequences. It is in the style of Beurling's characterization of sets of sampling for bandlimited functions and extends significantly the known characterization of Gabor frames 'without inequalities' from lattices to non-uniform sets.

Generative Part-Based Gabor Object Detector

Object detection is a fundamental task of computer vision that is utilized as a core part in a number of industrial and scientific applications, for example, in robotics, where objects need to be correctly detected and localized prior to being grasped and manipulated. Existing object detectors vary in (i) the amount of supervision they need for training, (ii) the type of a learning method adopted (generative or discriminative) and (iii) the amount of spatial information used in the object model (model-free, using no spatial information in the object model, or model-based, with the explicit spatial model of an object). Although some existing methods report good performance in the detection of certain objects, the results tend to be application specific and no universal method has been found that clearly outperforms all others in all areas. This work proposes a novel generative part-based object detector. The generative learning procedure of the developed method allows learning from positive examples only. The detector is based on finding semantically meaningful parts of the object (i.e. a part detector) that can provide additional information to object location, for example, pose. The object class model, i.e. the appearance of the object parts and their spatial variance, constellation, is explicitly modelled in a fully probabilistic manner. The appearance is based on bio-inspired complex-valued Gabor features that are transformed to part probabilities by an unsupervised Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The proposed novel randomized GMM enables learning from only a few training examples. The probabilistic spatial model of the part configurations is constructed with a mixture of 2D Gaussians. The appearance of the parts of the object is learned in an object canonical space that removes geometric variations from the part appearance model. Robustness to pose variations is achieved by object pose quantization, which is more efficient than previously used scale and orientation shifts in the Gabor feature space. Performance of the resulting generative object detector is characterized by high recall with low precision, i.e. the generative detector produces large number of false positive detections. Thus a discriminative classifier is used to prune false positive candidate detections produced by the generative detector improving its precision while keeping high recall. Using only a small number of positive examples, the developed object detector performs comparably to state-of-the-art discriminative methods.

Análisis multiescala y multiorientación de imágenes mediante un banco de filtros de Gabor-2D.

Resumen basado en el del autor. Resumen en español e inglés. Notas al finalîp. 243-244

Unsupervised segmentation using Gabor wavelets and statistical features in LIDAR data analysis

In this paper, we address issues in segmentation Of remotely sensed LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) data. The LIDAR data, which were captured by airborne laser scanner, contain 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) terrain surface height information, e.g. houses, vegetation, flat field, river, basin, etc. Our aim in this paper is to segment ground (flat field)from non-ground (houses and high vegetation) in hilly urban areas. By projecting the 2.5D data onto a surface, we obtain a texture map as a grey-level image. Based on the image, Gabor wavelet filters are applied to generate Gabor wavelet features. These features are then grouped into various windows. Among these windows, a combination of their first and second order of statistics is used as a measure to determine the surface properties. The test results have shown that ground areas can successfully be segmented from LIDAR data. Most buildings and high vegetation can be detected. In addition, Gabor wavelet transform can partially remove hill or slope effects in the original data by tuning Gabor parameters.

Face verification using Gabor wavelets and AdaBoost

This paper presents a new face verification algorithm based on Gabor wavelets and AdaBoost. In the algorithm, faces are represented by Gabor wavelet features generated by Gabor wavelet transform. Gabor wavelets with 5 scales and 8 orientations are chosen to form a family of Gabor wavelets. By convolving face images with these 40 Gabor wavelets, the original images are transformed into magnitude response images of Gabor wavelet features. The AdaBoost algorithm selects a small set of significant features from the pool of the Gabor wavelet features. Each feature is the basis for a weak classifier which is trained with face images taken from the XM2VTS database. The feature with the lowest classification error is selected in each iteration of the AdaBoost operation. We also address issues regarding computational costs in feature selection with AdaBoost. A support vector machine (SVM) is trained with examples of 20 features, and the results have shown a low false positive rate and a low classification error rate in face verification.

Facial feature extraction and selection by Gabor wavelets and boosting

In this paper, we present a feature selection approach based on Gabor wavelet feature and boosting for face verification. By convolution with a group of Gabor wavelets, the original images are transformed into vectors of Gabor wavelet features. Then for individual person, a small set of significant features are selected by the boosting algorithm from a large set of Gabor wavelet features. The experiment results have shown that the approach successfully selects meaningful and explainable features for face verification. The experiments also suggest that for the common characteristics such as eyes, noses, mouths may not be as important as some unique characteristic when training set is small. When training set is large, the unique characteristics and the common characteristics are both important.

Modèle d'état à coefficient aléatoire: filtrage par densités approchées

Le filtrage de Bucy-Kalman s'applique au modèle d'état comprenant des équations linéaires bruitées, décrivant l'évolution de l'état et des équations linéaires bruitées d'observation . Ce filtrage consiste dans le cas gaussien, à calculer de façon récursive, la loi de probabilité, a posteriori, de l'état, au vu de l' observation actuelle et des observations passées . Le filtrage par densités approchées permet de traiter des équations d'état, non linéaires ou à bruits non Gaussiens. Pour un coefficient de rappel aléatoire, cas typique d'une situation de changements de modèles, l'article introduit une famille de lois de probabilité, paramétrées, bimodales servant, par ajustement des paramètres, à approcher les lois a posteriori de l'état aux divers instants . Les paramètres sont recalculés récursivement, lors des mises à jour et des prédictions.