A finite element assessment of flexural strength of prestressed concrete beams with fiber reinforcement

This paper presents an assessment of the flexural behavior of 15 fully/partially prestressed high strength concrete beams containing steel fibers investigated using three-dimensional nonlinear finite elemental analysis. The experimental results consisted of eight fully and seven partially prestressed beams, which were designed to be flexure dominant in the absence of fibers. The main parameters varied in the tests were: the levels of prestressing force (i.e, in partially prestressed beams 50% of the prestress was reduced with the introduction of two high strength deformed bars instead), fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%), fiber location (full depth and partial depth over full length and half the depth over the shear span only). A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS 5.5 [Theory Reference Manual. In: Kohnke P, editor. Elements Reference Manual. 8th ed. September 1998] general purpose finite element software to study the flexural behavior of both fully and partially prestressed fiber reinforced concrete beams. Influence of fibers on the concrete failure surface and stress-strain response of high strength concrete and the nonlinear stress-strain curves of prestressing wire and deformed bar were considered in the present analysis. In the finite element model. tension stiffening and bond slip between concrete and reinforcement (fibers., prestressing wire, and conventional reinforcing steel bar) have also been considered explicitly. The fraction of the entire volume of the fiber present along the longitudinal axis of the prestressed beams alone has been modeled explicitly as it is expected that these fibers would contribute to the mobilization of forces required to sustain the applied loads across the crack interfaces through their bridging action. A comparison of results from both tests and analysis on all 15 specimens confirm that, inclusion of fibers over a partial depth in the tensile side of the prestressed flexural structural members was economical and led to considerable cost saving without sacrificing on the desired performance. However. beams having fibers over half the depth in only the shear span, did not show any increase in the ultimate load or deformational characteristics when compared to plain concrete beams. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Laboratory investigation of plastic-glass fiber reinforcement for reinforced and prestressed concrete.

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of Elastomeric Hybrid Composite Based on Synthesised Manosilica and Short Nylon Fiber

Nanoscale silica was synthesized by precipitation method using sodium silicate and dilute hydrochloric acid under controlled conditions. The synthesized silica was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), BET adsorption and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The particle size of silica was calculated to be 13 nm from the XRD results and the surface area was found to be 295 m2/g by BET method. The performance of this synthesized nanosilica as a reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) compound was investigated. The commercial silica was used as the reference material. Nanosilica was found to be effective reinforcing filler in natural rubber compound. Filler-matrix interaction was better for nanosilica than the commercial silica. The synthesized nanosilica was used in place of conventional silica in HRH (hexamethylene tetramine, resorcinol and silica) bonding system for natural rubber and styrene butadiene rubber / Nylon 6 short fiber composites. The efficiency of HRH bonding system based on nanosilica was better. Nanosilica was also used as reinforcing filler in rubber / Nylon 6 short fiber hybrid composite. The cure, mechanical, ageing, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of nanosilica / Nylon 6 short fiber / elastomeric hybrid composites were studied in detail. The matrices used were natural rubber (NR), nitrile rubber (NBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and chloroprene rubber (CR). Fiber loading was varied from 0 to 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr) and silica loading was varied from 0 to 9 phr. Hexa:Resorcinol:Silica (HRH) ratio was maintained as 2:2:1. HRH loading was adjusted to 16% of the fiber loading. Minimum torque, maximum torque and cure time increased with silica loading. Cure rate increased with fiber loading and decreased with silica content. The hybrid composites showed improved mechanical properties in the presence of nanosilica. Tensile strength showed a dip at 10 phr fiber loading in the case of NR and CR while it continuously increased with fiber loading in the case of NBR and SBR. The nanosilica improved the tensile strength, modulus and tear strength better than the conventional silica. Abrasion resistance and hardness were also better for the nanosilica composites. Resilience and compression set were adversely affected. Hybrid composites showed anisotropy in mechanical properties. Retention in ageing improved with fiber loading and was better for nanosilica-filled hybrid composites. The nanosilica also improved the thermal stability of the hybrid composite better than the commercial silica. All the composites underwent two-step thermal degradation. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation of all the elastomeric composites followed a first-order reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that storage modulus (E’) and loss modulus (E”) increased with nanosiica content, fiber loading and frequency for all the composites, independent of the matrix. The highest rate of increase was registered for NBR rubber.

Assessment of cumulative damage by using ultrasonic C-scan on carbon fiber/epoxy composites under thermal cycling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Flexural Strength of Four Adhesive Fixed Dental Prostheses of Composite Resin Reinforced with Glass Fiber

Purpose: To evaluate the flexural strength of two fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) designs simulating frameworks of adhesive fixed partial prostheses, reinforced or not by glass fiber.Materials and Methods: Forty specimens, made with composite resin, were divided into 4 groups according to the framework design and the presence of fiber reinforcement: A1 - occlusal support; A2: occlusal support + glass fiber; B1: occlusal and proximal supports; B2: occlusal and proximal supports + glass fiber. The specimens were subjected to the three-point bending test, and the data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%).Results: Group A2 (97.9 +/- 38 N) was statistically significantly different from all other experimental groups, presenting a significantly lower mean flexural strength.Conclusion: The use of glass fibers did not improve the flexural strength of composite resin, and designs with occlusal and proximal supports presented better results than designs simulating only occlusal support.

Effect of colloidal silica on the mechanical properties of fiber-cement reinforced with cellulosic fibers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of random/aligned nylon-6/MWCNT fibers on dental resin composite reinforcement

The aims of this study were (1) to synthesize and characterize random and aligned nanocomposite fibers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/nylon-6 and (2) to determine their reinforcing effects on the flexural strength of a dental resin composite.Nylon-6 was dissolved in hexafluoropropanol (10 wt%), followed by the addition of MWCNT (hereafter referred to as nanotubes) at two distinct concentrations (i.e., 0.5 or 1.5 wt%). Neat nylon-6 fibers (without nanotubes) were also prepared. The solutions were electrospun using parameters under low- (120 rpm) or high-speed (6000 rpm) mandrel rotation to collect random and aligned fibers, respectively. The processed fiber mats were characterized by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies, as well as by uni-axial tensile testing. To determine the reinforcing effects on the flexural strength of a dental resin composite, bar-shaped (20 x 2 x 2 mm(3)) resin composite specimens were prepared by first placing one increment of the composite, followed by one strip of the mat, and one last increment of composite. Non-reinforced composite specimens were used as the control. The specimens were then evaluated using flexural strength testing. SEM was done on the fractured surfaces. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey's test (alpha=5%).Nanotubes were successfully incorporated into the nylon-6 fibers. Aligned and random fibers were obtained using high- and low-speed electrospinning, respectively, where the former were significantly (p<0.001) stronger than the latter, regardless of the nanotubes'presence. Indeed, the dental resin composite tested was significantly reinforced when combined with nylon-6 fibrous mats composed of aligned fibers (with or without nanotubes) or random fibers incorporated with nanotubes at 0.5 wt%. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assessment of cumulative damage by using ultrasonic C-scan on carbon fiber/epoxy composites under thermal cycling

In recent years, structural composites manufactured by carbon fiber/epoxy laminates have been employed in large scale in aircraft industries. These structures require high strength under severe temperature changes of -56° until 80 °C. Regarding this scenario, the aim of this research was to reproduce thermal stress in the laminate plate developed by temperature changes and tracking possible cumulative damages on the laminate using ultrasonic C-scan inspection. The evaluation was based on attenuation signals and the C-scan map of the composite plate. The carbon fiber/epoxy plain weave laminate underwent temperatures of -60° to 80 °C, kept during 10 minutes and repeated for 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 times. After 1000 cycles, the specimens were inspected by C-scanning. A few changes in the laminate were observed using the inspection methodology only in specimens cycled 3000 times, or so. According to the found results, the used temperature range did not present enough conditions to cumulative damage in this type of laminate, which is in agreement with the macro - and micromechanical theory.

Steel fiber reinforced concrete pipes: part 1: technological analysis of the mechanical behavior

This paper is the first part of an extensive work focusing the technological development of steel fiber reinforced concrete pipes (FRCP). Here is presented and discussed the experimental campaign focusing the test procedure and the mechanical behavior obtained for each of the dosages of fiber used. In the second part ("Steel fiber reinforced concrete pipes. Part 2: Numerical model to simulate the crushing test"), the aspects of FRCP numerical modeling are presented and analyzed using the same experimental results in order to be validated. This study was carried out trying to reduce some uncertainties related to FRCP performance and provide a better condition to the use of these components. In this respect, an experimental study was carried out using sewage concrete pipes in full scale as specimens. The diameter of the specimens was 600 mm, and they had a length of 2500 mm. The pipes were reinforced with traditional bars and different contents of steel fibers in order to compare their performance through the crushing test. Two test procedures were used in that sense. In the 1st Series, the diameter displacement was monitored by the use of two LVDTs positioned at both extremities of the pipes. In the 2nd Series, just one LVDT is positioned at the spigot. The results shown a more rigidity response of the pipe during tests when the displacements were measured at the enlarged section of the socket. The fiber reinforcement was very effective, especially when low level of displacement was imposed to the FRCP. At this condition, the steel fibers showed an equivalent performance to superior class pipes made with traditional reinforced. The fiber content of 40 kg/m3 provided a hardening behavior for the FRCP, and could be considered as equivalent to the critical volume in this condition.

Caracterização de concreto reforçado com fibras pela técnica de microtomografia computadorizada por transmissão de raios X

Nesta dissertação de Mestrado do programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Materiais é apresentado um estudo para a caracterização do concreto reforçado com fibras de polipropileno e de aço pela análise das imagens de microtomografia computadorizada por transmissão de raios X (μCT). Foram produzidos corpos de prova de concreto para determinar a sua resistência mecânica à compressão. As imagens foram obtidas no sistema Skyscan, modelo 1174, reconstruídas e analisadas. Foi possível observar na análise das imagens a estrutura da fibra de aço dispersa na matriz do concreto e quantificá-las pelo programa de análise de imagens Ctan e perceber um ganho na resistência mecânica em relação ao concreto sem fibras. Não foi feito a quantificação das amostras de fibras de polipropileno dispersas na matriz de concreto, mas foi observada a presença de aglomerados dessa fibra que resultaram na perda da resistência mecânica em relação ao concreto sem fibras.

Cement composites reinforced with surface modified coir fibers

An experimental investigation of coir mesh reinforced mortar (CMRM) is conducted using nonwoven coir mesh matting. The main parameters in this study are the fiber volume fraction (number of mesh layers) and fiber surface treatment with a wetting agent. The composites are subjected to the four-point bending test. The short-term mechanical properties of CMRM are discussed. Scanning electron micrograph analysis is used to observe the fiber—matrix interfacial characteristics. The results indicate that the addition of coir mesh to mortar significantly improves the composite post-cracking flexural stress, toughness, ductility, and toughness index, compared to plain mortar materials. The Albatex © FFC wetting agent (2-ethylhexanol) can effectively improve water absorption of coir fiber and enhance the fiber—matrix bonding strength. These coir mesh reinforced composites may be useful in civil engineering applications.

High-performance composite from epoxy and glass fibers : morphology, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal analysis

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin cured with diamino diphenyl sulfone was used as the matrix for fiber-reinforced composites to get improved mechanical and thermal properties for the resulting composites. E-glass fiber was used for fiber reinforcement. The morphology, tensile, flexural, impact, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of the composites were analyzed. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties showed dramatic improvement with the addition of glass fibers. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to obtain the Tg of the cured matrix as well as the composites. The improved thermal stability of the composites was clear from the thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron micrographs were taken to understand the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. The values of mechanical properties were compared with modified epoxy resin composite system. Predictive models were applied using various equations to compare the mechanical data obtained theoretically and experimentally.

Surface energy of silk fibroin and mechanical properties of silk cocoon composites

Silkworm cocoons are biological composite structures protecting the silkworms against environmental damage and physical attack by natural predators. In particular, some outdoor reared silk cocoons exhibit outstanding mechanical properties that are relevant to the higher level protection required to enhance the survival chance of silkworms while supporting their metabolic activity. The performance of composite materials strongly depends on the adhesion between the fiber reinforcement and matrix, with the surface properties of the fibers playing a key role in determining the level of adhesion achieved. For this reason it is important to study the surface properties of silk fibroin to further understand the composite properties of the cocoons. In this work, both the mechanical properties of the silk cocoons and silk fibroin were studied. The surface topography was examined using scanning probe microscopy (SPM), which revealed distinct longitudinal ridges and striations along the fiber axis of the four silk fiber types. The fibers were found to exhibit heterogeneity in surface energy as evidenced from inverse gas chromatography (IGC) measurements. The combination of excellent mechanical properties and the more energetically heterogeneous surface nature of the wild A. pernyi silk fibroin fibers correlates well with the excellent mechanical properties of the A. pernyi cocoons. This journal is

THE EFFECT of E-GLASS FIBERS and ACRYLIC RESIN THICKNESS on FRACTURE LOAD IN A SIMULATED IMPLANT-SUPPORTED OVERDENTURE PROSTHESIS

Statement of problem. Implant overdenture prostheses are prone to acrylic resin fracture because of space limitations around the implant overdenture components.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of E-glass fibers and acrylic resin thickness in resisting acrylic resin fracture around a simulated overdenture abutment.Material and methods. A model was developed to simulate the clinical situation of an implant overdenture abutment with varying acrylic resin thickness (1.5 or 3.0 mm) with or without E-glass fiber reinforcement. Forty-eight specimens with an underlying simulated abutment were divided into 4 groups (n=12): 1.5 mm acrylic resin without E-glass fibers identified as thin with no E-glass fiber mesh (TN-N); 1.5 mm acrylic resin with E-glass fibers identified as thin with E-glass fiber mesh (TN-F); 3.0 mm acrylic resin without E-glass fibers identified as thick without E-glass fiber mesh (TK-N); and 3.0 mm acrylic resin with E-glass fibers identified as thick with E-glass fiber mesh (TK-F). All specimens were submitted to a 3-point bending test and fracture loads (N) were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (alpha=.05).Results. The results revealed significant differences in fracture load among the 4 groups, with significant effects from both thickness (P<.001) and inclusion of the mesh (P<.001). Results demonstrated no interaction between mesh and thickness (P=.690). The TN-N: 39 +/- 5 N; TN-F: 50 +/- 6.9 N; TK-N: 162 +/- 13 N; and TK-F: 193 +/- 21 N groups were all statistically different (P<.001).Conclusions. The fracture load of a processed, acrylic resin implant-supported overdenture can be significantly increased by the addition of E-glass fibers even when using thin acrylic resin sections. on a relative basis, the increase in fracture load was similar when adding E-glass fibers or increasing acrylic resin thickness. (J Prosthet Dent 2011;106:373-377)

Efeito da inclusão de fibras de vidro na resistência flexural e módulo de elasticidade de resinas compostas indiretas em função da espessura e do padrão de poilimerização

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)