Bending reinforcement of timber beams with composite carbon fiber and basalt fiber materials

En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo un estudio basado en datos obtenidos experimentalmente mediante el ensayo a flexión de vigas de madera de pino silvestre reforzadas con materiales compuestos. Las fibras que componen los tejidos utilizados para la ejecución de los refuerzos son de basalto y de carbono. En el caso de los compuestos de fibra de basalto se aplican en distintos gramajes, y los de carbono en tejido unidireccional y bidireccional. El material compuesto se realizó in situ, simultáneamente a la ejecución del refuerzo. Se aplicaron en una y en dos capas, según el caso, y la forma de colocación fue en ?U?, adhiriéndose al canto inferior y a las caras laterales de la viga mediante resina o mortero epoxi. Se analiza el comportamiento de las vigas según las variables de refuerzo aplicadas y se comparan con los resultados de vigas ensayadas sin reforzar. Con este trabajo queda demostrado el buen funcionamiento del FRP de fibra de basalto aplicado en el refuerzo de vigas de madera y de los tejidos de carbono bidireccionales con respecto a los unidireccionales.

Catalytic systems based on carbon fiber materials for the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide

New heterogenized catalytic systems for the low-temperature oxidation of CO were synthesized by supporting solutions of Pd, Cu, and Fe salts on carbon fibrous materials (carbopon and busofit). The carbon supports were studied by elemental analysis, SEM, TGA, and TPD. The effects of the nature of the support, the concentration and composition of the active component, and the conditions of preparation on the efficiency of the catalytic system were studied. It was ascertained that attenuation of hydrophilic properties of the support led to the decrease in system activity. The investigation of the catalysts by XPS showed that sample treatment in the reaction medium results in redistribution of the components of the active phase in the near-surface layer of the catalyst. The catalytic system based on carbon fibrous material carbopon prepared by supporting active components (Pd, Cu, and Fe salts) in three stages with intermediate activation in the reaction medium ensures 95% conversion of CO under respiratory conditions, and is promising for the design of the main element of breathing masks on its basis.

Composition Optimization of Tellurite Glass for Low-Loss and Robust Fiber Fabrication

低损耗高强度碲酸盐玻璃光纤用光学材料的优化方案

Flexural Strength of Four Adhesive Fixed Dental Prostheses of Composite Resin Reinforced with Glass Fiber

Purpose: To evaluate the flexural strength of two fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) designs simulating frameworks of adhesive fixed partial prostheses, reinforced or not by glass fiber.Materials and Methods: Forty specimens, made with composite resin, were divided into 4 groups according to the framework design and the presence of fiber reinforcement: A1 - occlusal support; A2: occlusal support + glass fiber; B1: occlusal and proximal supports; B2: occlusal and proximal supports + glass fiber. The specimens were subjected to the three-point bending test, and the data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%).Results: Group A2 (97.9 +/- 38 N) was statistically significantly different from all other experimental groups, presenting a significantly lower mean flexural strength.Conclusion: The use of glass fibers did not improve the flexural strength of composite resin, and designs with occlusal and proximal supports presented better results than designs simulating only occlusal support.

Dissipative nonlinear structures in fiber optics

Optical fiber materials exhibit a nonlinear response to strong electric fields, such as those of optical signals confined within the small fiber core. Fiber nonlinearity is an essential component in the design of the next generation of advanced optical communication systems, but its use is often avoided by engineers because of its intractability. The application of nonlinear technologies in fiber optics offers new opportunities for the design of photonic systems and devices. In this chapter, we make an overview of recent progress in mathematical theory and practical applications of temporal dissipative solitons and self-similar nonlinear structures in optical fiber systems. The design of all-optical high-speed signal processing devices, based on nonlinear dissipative structures, is discussed.

Dissipative nonlinear structures in fiber optics

Optical fiber materials exhibit a nonlinear response to strong electric fields, such as those of optical signals confined within the small fiber core. Fiber nonlinearity is an essential component in the design of the next generation of advanced optical communication systems, but its use is often avoided by engineers because of its intractability. The application of nonlinear technologies in fiber optics offers new opportunities for the design of photonic systems and devices. In this chapter, we make an overview of recent progress in mathematical theory and practical applications of temporal dissipative solitons and self-similar nonlinear structures in optical fiber systems. The design of all-optical high-speed signal processing devices, based on nonlinear dissipative structures, is discussed.

稀土离子掺杂的多组分玻璃光纤

abstract {Rare earth ions doped multi-component glass fibers have important application in broad band fiber amplifier and up-conversion fiber lasers. In this paper, the mechanism and the progress of study on rare earth ions doped multi-component glass fibers in broad band fiber amplifier and up-conversion fiber lasers are introduced and reviewed. The questions and the applications of rare earth ions doped multi-component glass fibers in the future are also prospected. Based on the present research progress, it is suggested to further study the tellurite and bismuth glasses, which are used as fiber materials in broad band fiber amplifier. To up-conversion fiber laser, it is still need to further investigate novel glasses, which has low phonon energy and good physical and chemical properties.}

Tb3+/Yb3+ heavily-doped tellurite glasses with efficient green light emission

Without introducing concentration quenching phenomenon, a few wt% of Tb3+ and Yb3+ ions were doped into a group of easily-fiberized tellurite glasses characterized by loose polyhedron structures and rich interstitial positions. Intense green upconversion emission from Tb3+ ions centered at 539 nm due to transition 5D4→7F5 was observed by direct excitation of Yb3+ ions with a laser diode at 976 nm. Optimizing the concentration ratio of Tb3+/Yb3+, a tellurite glass with composition of 80TeO2-10ZnO-10Na2O (mol%)+1.0wt% Tb2O3+3.0wt% Yb2O3 was found to present the highest green light intensity and therefore is especially suitable for efficient green fiber laser development.

Highly Stretchable Conducting SIBS-P3HT Fibers

Poly(styrene-β-isobutylene-β-styrene)-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (SIBS-P3HT) conducting composite fibers are successfully produced using a continuous flow approach. Composite fibers are stiffer than SIBS fibers and able to withstand strains of up 975% before breaking. These composite fibers exhibit interesting reversible mechanical and electrical characteristics, which are applied to demonstrate their strain gauging capabilities. This will facilitate their potential applications in strain sensing or elastic electrodes. Here, the fabrication and characterization of highly stretchable electrically conducting SIBS-P3HT fibers using a solvent/non-solvent wet-spinning technique is reported. This fabrication method combines the processability of conducting SIBS-P3HT blends with wet-spinning, resulting in fibers that could be easily spun up to several meters long. The resulting composite fiber materials exhibit an increased stiffness (higher Young’s modulus) but lower ductility compared to SIBS fibers. The fibers’ reversible mechanical and electrical characteristics are applied to demonstrate their strain gauging capabilities.

Elintarvikepakkauskartongin vettyminen

Elintarviketeollisuudessa tärkeimpiä pakkausmateriaaleja ovat erilaiset kartonkipakkaukset ja erityisesti niiden kuljetuksessa käytettävät aaltopahvipakkaukset. Aaltopahvilta vaadittavia ominaisuuksia ovat muun muassa puristuslujuus ja kosteudenkestävyys. Elintarvikekäyttöön tarkoitetuilla aaltopahveilla on myös tiettyjä vaatimuksia niissä käytettävistä yhdisteistä. Erilaiset kuitumateriaalit käyttäytyvät vettyessään eri tavalla ja niistä voi liueta yhdisteitä pakattavaan elintarvikkeeseen. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää vettymiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä ja veden vaikutus aaltopahvin rakenteeseen. Havaittiin, että ligniiniä tai uuteaineita sisältävä mekaanisesti valmistettu kartonkimateriaali ei sido vettä yhtä paljon kuin kemiallisesti valmistettu tai valkaistu kartonki. Aaltopahvissa tapahtuvan kapillaariabsorptio sai veden nousemaan pääasiassa aallotuskartonkiin. Vesi imeytyi korkeammalle puolikemiallisesti valmistetuissa aaltopahveissa kuin keräyskartonkipahveissa, jotka eivät myöskään turvonneet yhtä voimakkaasti. Työssä kartoitettiin myös elintarvikekäyttöä rajoittavia liukoisia yhdisteitä, jotka löytyivät paperiteollisuudessa yleisesti käytetyistä liimoista. Tällaisia yhdisteitä olivat märkälujaliimojen formaldehydiyhdisteet ja polyamidoamiini-epikloorihydriinihartsi. Keräyskartongin joukossa olevat raskasmetallit rajoittavat myös niiden käyttöä elintarvikepakkauksissa.

Monivaihemuovauksen soveltaminen kuitumateriaalille

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on kehittää uudentyyppinen menetelmä erään kuitumateriaalin muovaukseen ja testata sen toimivuutta. Työ aloitetaan kirjallisuustutkimuksena koskien olemassa olevia kuitumateriaalin muovausmenetelmiä ja kuitumateriaalin materiaaliominaisuuksia. Kehitettävä menetelmä eroaa olemassa olevista kuitumateriaalin muovausmenetelmistä monivaiheisuudellaan. Menetelmässä monivaiheinen muovaus tapahtuu yhdellä iskulla, joka eroaa myös olemassa olevista metallin muovausmenetelmistä merkittävästi. Muovauksessa on tarkoitus hyödyntää kuitumateriaalin paikallista venymää. Kehitettävään muovausmenetelmään soveltuva työkalu ideoidaan ja suunnitellaan hyödyntäen nykyaikaisia CAD-ohjelmistoja. Suunniteltu työkalu myös valmistettiin ja sen todettiin toimivan suunnitellusti: muovaus on monivaiheista, eikä aihio pääse luistamaan pidättimien alla. Työkalulla suoritetaan myös koeajoja eri kuitumateriaaleilla, joilla selvitetään eri prosessiparametrien ja materiaaliominaisuuksien vaikutus muovauksen onnistumiseen. Koeajetut materiaalit soveltuvat kehitetylle menetelmälle heikosti, mutta työkalun jatkokehityksellä ja eri materiaaleilla voi onnistunut muovaus olla mahdollista.

Non-destructive evaluation of porosity and its effect on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite materials

In this work, an attempt is made to induce porosity of varied levels in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy based polymer composite laminates fabricated using prepregs by varying the fabrication parameters such as applied vacuum, autoclave pressure and curing temperature. Different NDE tools have been utilized to evaluate the porosity content and correlate with measurable parameters of different NDE techniques. Primarily, ultrasonic imaging and real time digital X-ray imaging have been tried to obtain a measurable parameter which can represent or reflect the amount of porosity contained in the composite laminate. Also, effect of varied porosity content on mechanical properties of the CFRP composite materials is investigated through a series of experimental investigations. The outcome of the experimental approach has yielded interesting and encouraging trend as a first step towards developing an NDE tool for quantification of effect of varied porosity in the polymer composite materials.

Non-destructive evaluation of porosity and its effect on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite materials

Structural adhesive bonding is widely used to execute assemblies in automobile and aerospace structures. The quality and reliability of these bonded joints must be ensured during service. In this context non destructive evaluation of these bonded structures play an important role. Evaluation of adhesively bonded composite single lap shear joints has been attempted through experimental approach. Series of tests, non-destructive as well as destructive were performed on different sets of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite lap joint specimens with varied bond quality. Details of the experimental investigations carried out and the outcome are presented in this paper.

Static and fatigue failure behavior of carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy composite-materials with edge notch

A study of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite material with 0° ply or ±45°ply(unnotched or with edge notch) was carried out under static tensile and tension-tensioncyclic loading testing. Static and fatigue behaviour and damage failure modes in unnotched/notched specimens plied in different manners were analysed and compared with each other.A variety of techniques (acoustic emission, two types of strain extensometer, high speed pho-tography, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope, etc.) were used to examine thedamage of the laminates. Experimental results show that when these carbon/epoxy laminateswith edge notch normal to the direction of the load are axially loaded in static or fatiguetension, the crack does not propagate along the length of notch but is in the interface (fiberdirection). The notch has no substantial effect on the stresses at the unnotched portion. Thedamage failure mechanism is discussed.

Fiber laser processing of amorphous rare earth NeFeB magnetic materials

Since the exchange coupling theory was proposed by Kneller and Hawig in 1991 there has been a significant effort within the magnetic materials community to enhance the performance of rare earth magnets by utilising nano-composite meta-materials. Inclusions of magnetically soft iron smaller than approximately 10 nm in diameter are exchange coupled to a surrounding magnetically hard Nd2Fe14B matrix and provide an enhanced saturisation magnetisation without reducing coercivity. For such a fine nanostructure to be produced, close control over the thermal history of the material is needed. A processing route which provides this is laser annealing from an amorphous alloy precursor. In the current work, relationships between laser parameters, thermal histories of laser processed amorphous stoichiometric NdFeB ribbons and the magnetic properties of the resulting nanocrystalline products have been determined with a view to applying the process to thick film nanocomposite magnet production.