The field book of manures; or The American muck book; treating of the nature, properties, sources, history, and operations of all the principal fertilizers and manures in common use, with specific directions for their preparation, preservation, and application to the soil and to crops; as combined with the leading principles of practical and scientific agriculture; drawn from authentic sources, actual experience, and personal observation ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A student's book on soils and manures.

Mode of access: Internet.

SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) AS AFFECTED BY THE APPLICATION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND INOCULATION WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

The use of organic fertilizers and the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in the cultivation of oil crops is essential to reduce production costs and minimize negative impacts on natural resources. A field experiment was conducted in an Argissolo Amarelo (Ultisol) with the aim of evaluating the effects of fertilizer application and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth attributes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and on soil chemical properties. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replicates in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four treatments in regard to application of organic fertilizer (liquid biofertilizer, cow urine, mineral fertilizer, and unfertilized control) and two treatments in regard to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (with and without mycorrhizal fungi). The results showed that the physiological attributes of relative growth rate and leaf weight ratio were positively influenced by fertilization, compared to the control treatment, likely brought about by the supply of nutrients from the fertilizers applied. The growth and productivity attributes were positively affected by mycorrhization.

Operational characteristics of four metering systems for agricultural fertilizers and amendments

The use of fertilizers and solid amendments in agriculture generates special interest for their effect on crop productivity, as well as for their environmental impact. The efficient use of these products demands knowing their physical and mechanical properties, the storing conditions effect and the operational characteristics of the metering systems used in the fertilizing equipment. In this context, the present study was developed with the purpose of evaluating the operational characteristics of different fertilizing metering systems and to determine the adequate metering system-product operational parameters, using powder lime, powder gypsum, granular 10-30-10 (N-P-K), and granular urea. Operational differences were established among four types of commercial fertilizer metering systems, including wire auger, star-shaped feed wheel, feed screw and ridged traction wheel. The study found that the unloading rate depends directly on the fertilizer metering system's rotating speed and is affected by particle size, repose angle, bulk density and moisture content of the applied product. The wire auger and star-shaped feed wheel metering systems were adequate for the distribution of powder products and the feed screw for granulated fertilizers. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental characteristic equations were established, defining curves for calibration and handling of the products plus the rotating speed range in which a better distributing behavior was achieved.

Bacterial diversity in soil in response to different plans, phosphate fertilizers and liming

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The potential of organic fertilizers and water management to reduce N2O emissions in Mediterranean climate cropping systems. A review.

Environmental problems related to the use of synthetic fertilizers and to organic waste management have led to increased interest in the use of organic materials as an alternative source of nutrients for crops, but this is also associated with N2O emissions. There has been an increasing amount of research into the effects of using different types of fertilization on N2O emissions under Mediterranean climatic conditions, but the findings have sometimes been rather contradictory. Available information also suggests that water management could exert a high influence on N2O emissions. In this context, we have reviewed the current scientific knowledge, including an analysis of the effect of fertilizer type and water management on direct N2O emissions. A meta-analysis of compliant reviewed experiments revealed significantly lower N2O emissions for organic as opposed to synthetic fertilizers (23% reduction). When organic materials were segregated in solid and liquid, only solid organic fertilizer emissions were significantly lower than those of synthetic fertilizers (28% reduction in cumulative emissions). The EF is similar to the IPCC factor in conventionally irrigated systems (0.98% N2O-N N applied−1), but one order of magnitude lower in rainfed systems (0.08%). Drip irrigation produces intermediate emission levels (0.66%). Differences are driven by Mediterranean agro-climatic characteristics, which include low soil organic matter (SOM) content and a distinctive rainfall and temperature pattern. Interactions between environmental and management factors and the microbial processes involved in N2O emissions are discussed in detail. Indirect emissions have not been fully accounted for, but when organic fertilizers are applied at similar N rates to synthetic fertilizers, they generally make smaller contributions to the leached NO3− pool. The most promising practices for reducing N2O through organic fertilization include: (i) minimizing water applications; (ii) minimizing bare soil; (iii) improving waste management; and (iv) tightening N cycling through N immobilization. The mitigation potential may be limited by: (i) residual effect; (ii) the long-term effects of fertilizers on SOM; (iii) lower yield-scaled performance; and (iv) total N availability from organic sources. Knowledge gaps identified in the review included: (i) insufficient sampling periods; (ii) high background emissions; (iii) the need to provide N2O EF and yield-scaled EF; (iv) the need for more research on specific cropping systems; and (v) the need for full GHG balances. In conclusion, the available information suggests a potential of organic fertilizers and water-saving practices to mitigate N2O emissions under Mediterranean climatic conditions, although further research is needed before it can be regarded as fully proven, understood and developed.

Commercial fertilizers and notes on agricultural chemistry /

Caption title.

Fertilizers and covercrops for California orchards /

Mode of access: Internet.

Principles and practice of agricultural analysis; a manual for the study of soils, fertilizers, and agricultural products; for the use of analysists, teachers, and students of agricultural chemistry.

v. 1. Soils. -v. 2. Fertilizers and insecticides. -v.3. Agricultural products.

Principles and practice of agricultural analysis; a manual for the study of soils, fertilizers, and agricultural products, for the use of analysts, teachers, and students of agricultural chemistry.

Mode of access: Internet.

Principles and practice of agricultural analysis. A manual for the estimation of soils, fertilizers, and agricultural products. For the use of analysts, teachers, and students of agricultural chemistry.

V. 1 Soils.--v. 2. Fertilizers.--v. 3. Agricultural products.

Fertilizers and lime in the United States : resources, production, marketing and use.

"Issued May 1946."

Avaliação do potencial de uso agrícola da fluorita com óxido silício (AgroSiCa), derivado da fabricação de fertilizantes fosfatados

Phosphate fertilizers are critical for crop production in tropical soils, which are known for having high phosphate-fixing capacity and aluminium saturation, as well as low pH and calcium contents. Fluorine is a component of many phosphate rocks used to make phosphate fertilizers, via a process that generates hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6). While many treatment technologies have been proposed for removal of fluorine in industrial facilities, little attention has been given to a process of neutralizing H2SiF6 with calcium oxide aiming to find out an alternative and sustainable use of a by-product with a great potential for beneficial use in tropical agriculture. This study evaluated the effect of a by-product of phosphoric acid production (fluorite with silicon oxide, hereafter called AgroSiCa) in levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al) and fluorine (F) and some others parameters in soils as on growth of soybean and corn. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse condition at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, using different types of soils in tropical regions and different doses of AgroSiCa. The application of AgroSiCa resulted in a slight increase in soil pH and significant increases in calcium, phosphorus and silicon in the soil solution and the shoots of corn and soybeans. We also found very low levels of fluoride in all soil leachates. A significant reduction of labile aluminum levels found in all soils after the cultivation of corn and soybeans. In sum, AgroSiCa improved soil properties and contributed to better growth of both cultures. In sum, AgroSiCa improved soil properties and contributed to a better growth of both crops. Our results show that reacting H2SiF6 derived from the wet-process phosphoric acid production with calcium oxide leads to a by-product with potential for agricultural use, especially when applied in highly-weathered soils. Besides providing calcium and silicon to plants, the use of such by-product in soils with high phosphate-fixing capacity and high aluminium saturation delivers additional benefits, since fluoride and silicon can play an important role in improving soil conditions due to the formation of less plant-toxic forms of aluminium, as well as upon decreasing phosphate fixation, thus improving root development and making fertilizer-derived phosphate more available for plant growth.

Residuos orgánicos como fuentes de fósforo

En este trabajo, se han llevado a cabo distintos experimentos en laboratorio, con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de residuos orgánicos como fuentes de P en las pérdidas de este elemento, que se producen en suelo, tanto por escorrentía superficial como por lixiviación. El interés por evaluar las pérdidas de P se debe a la necesidad de conocer mejor los factores que influyen en los procesos de pérdidas de este elemento y así, poder reducir los problemas de eutrofización de aguas, tanto superficiales como subterráneas, provocadas por un exceso de este nutriente, junto con otros como el nitrógeno. Los trabajos experimentales que se han llevado a cabo se detallan a continuación: Se ha realizado el estudio de las formas de P contenidas en una serie de 14 residuos orgánicos, de distinto origen y tratamiento (compost, lodos, purines y digestato), comparando la información aportada por tres protocolos de fraccionamientos de P diferentes, seleccionados entre los principales métodos utilizados: protocolo de fraccionamiento de Ruttemberg (1992), protocolo de Normas, medidas y ensayos (Ruban et al., 2001a) y protocolo de Huang et al. (2008). Todos los métodos de fraccionamiento empleados aportaron información útil para conocer las formas de P de los residuos, a pesar de que alguno de ellos fue descrito para sedimentos o suelos. Sin embargo, resulta difícil comparar los resultados entre unos y otros, ya que cada uno emplea extractantes y tiempos de ensayos diferentes. Las cantidades de P total determinadas por cada método mantienen una relación lineal, aunque el método SMT, por ser más directo, obtiene las cantidades más elevadas para todos los residuos. Los métodos secuenciales (métodos de Huang y Ruttemberg), a pesar de ser más largos y tediosos, aportan información más detallada de la disponibilidad de las formas de P, y con ello, permiten obtener una mejor estimación de las pérdidas potenciales de este elemento tras su aplicación en suelo. Se han encontrado relaciones positivas entre las fracciones determinadas por estos dos métodos. Así mismo, se encuentra una correlación entre las formas solubles de P y la concentración de los iones [Ca + Fe + Al] de los residuos, útiles como indicadores de la disponibilidad de este elemento. Sin embargo, el protocolo SMT, no obtiene información de la solubilidad o disponibilidad de las formas de P contenidas, ni las formas determinadas mantienen relaciones directas con las de los otros métodos, con excepción del P total. Para el estudio del comportamiento de los residuos aplicados en suelos, se pusieron a punto sistemas de lluvia simulada, con el objetivo de caracterizar las pérdidas de P en la escorrentía superficial generada. Por otra parte, se emplearon columnas de suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, para el estudio de las pérdidas de P por lixiviación. Los ensayos de simulación de lluvia se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo al “National Phosphorus Research proyect“ (2001), que consigue simular eventos sucesivos de lluvia en unas condiciones semejantes a la realidad, empleando cajas llenas de suelo del horizonte superficial, con residuos aplicados tanto superficialmente como mediante mezcla con el propio suelo. Los ensayos se realizaron con seis residuos de diferente naturaleza y sometidos a distintos tratamientos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las pérdidas de las formas de P analizadas, tanto disueltas como particuladas, en las aguas de escorrentía generadas. En general, las pérdidas en el primer evento de lluvia tras la aplicación de los residuos fueron mayores a las generadas en el segundo evento, predominando las formas de P particuladas respecto a las disueltas en ambos. Se encontró una relación positiva entre las pérdidas de P en las aguas de escorrentía generadas en cada ensayo, con los contenidos de P soluble en agua y fácilmente disponible de los residuos empleados, determinados por los protocolos de fraccionamientos secuenciales. Además, se emplearon los modelos matemáticos desarrollados por Vadas et al. (2005, 2007), de evaluación de las pérdidas de P por escorrentía para fertilizantes y estiércoles. La predicción de estos modelos no se cumple en el caso de todos los residuos. Las distintas propiedades físicas de los residuos pueden afectar a las diferencias entre las pérdidas experimentales y las esperadas. Los ensayos de simulación del proceso de lixiviación se llevaron a cabo en columnas de percolación, con suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, de acuerdo a la norma “CEN/TS 14405–2004: Caracterización de los residuos – Test de comportamiento de lixiviación – Test de flujo ascendente”. Las pérdidas de P por procesos de lixiviación de agua, han sido despreciadas durante mucho tiempo respecto a las pérdidas por escorrentía. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que deben tenerse en consideración, principalmente en algunos tipos de suelos o zonas cercanas a acuíferos. Se utilizaron tres suelos de distinta procedencia para los ensayos, de manera que se pudo estudiar la influencia del tipo de suelo en las pérdidas de P para cada tipo de residuo (purín, compost, digestato y lodo de EDAR). Los índices de adsorción de P determinados para cada suelo permiten evaluar aquellos que presentarán más riesgo de producir pérdidas de este elemento al aplicarse fuentes externas de P, encontrando una relación positiva entre ambos. Las pérdidas de P en los lixiviados varían en función tanto del residuo como del suelo empleado. Para el compost, el purín y el lodo, se encontró una relación entre las pérdidas generadas en el agua lixiviada de las columnas y las formas de P soluble contenidas en los residuos. Sin embargo, en el caso del digestato, no existía esta correlación. Las pérdidas para este residuo fueron en todos los casos menores a las estimadas, considerando las formas de P contenido. El estudio de la mojabilidad, propiedad física del residuo que evalúa la capacidad de interacción residuo-agua, permitió explicar el comportamiento anómalo de este residuo, con una mayor resistencia a que el agua entrara en su estructura y por tanto, una mayor dificultad de solubilizar el P contenido en el propio residuo, que en el caso de otros residuos. En general, podemos considerar que el estudio de las formas de P más disponibles o solubles en agua, aporta información útil de las pérdidas potenciales de P. Sin embargo, es necesario estudiar las propiedades físicas de los residuos orgánicos aplicados y la capacidad de adsorción de P de los suelos, para estimar las pérdidas de P y con ello, colaborar a controlar los procesos de eutrofización en aguas. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the effect of organic wastes application as sources of P in losses of this element that occur by both surface runoff and leaching in soil. To do so, diverse laboratory experiments are conducted and presented here. Evaluating P losses is necessary to better understand the factors that influence the processes behind the loss of this element. Reducing P losses reduces eutrophication problems of both surface water and groundwater caused by an excess of this nutrient, along with other as nitrogen. Details of the experiments are presented below: The first experiment studies the forms of P contained in a series of 14 organic wastes of different origin and treatment (compost, sludge, slurry and digestate), comparing the information provided by three methods of P fractionation. The methods selected were: Ruttemberg protocol (1992); Standards, Measurements and Testing protocol (Ruban et al., 2001a); and Huang protocol (Huang et al., 2008). All fractionation methods employed successfully contribute to our knowledge of P forms in wastes, even though one of them was originally described for sediments or soils information. However, it is difficult to compare results among each other, as each protocol employs different extractants and time in the trials. Total amounts of P obtained by each method show a linear relationship, although the SMT method, which is more direct, obtains the highest amounts for all residues. Sequential methods (Huang and Ruttemberg’s protocols), despite being longer and more tedious, provide more detailed information on the availability of the forms of P. Therefore, allow the estimation of the potential losses of P after application in soil. Furthermore, positive relationships have been found among fractions obtained by these methods. Positive relationship has been found also among soluble forms of P and the concentration of ions Fe + Ca + Al, which is useful as an indicator of the availability of this element. However, the SMT protocol does not collect information about solubility or availability of forms of P contained; neither do certain forms maintain direct relations with the forms from other methods, with the exception of total P methods. To study the behavior of wastes applied to soils two experiments were conducted. Simulated rain systems were prepared to characterize P losses in the surface runoff generated. In addition, columns of soils amended with organic waste were developed for the study of P leaching losses. Simulated rain systems were carried out according to the ’National Phosphorus Research Project’ (2001), which manages to simulate successive rainfall events in conditions resembling reality. The experiment uses boxes filled with soil from the surface horizon amended with residues, both superficially and by mixing with the soil. Tests were conducted with six residues of different type and subjected to diverse treatments. Findings show significant differences in losses of the P forms analyzed in the generated runoff water, in both solution and particulate forms. In general, losses in the first rainfall event after application of waste were higher than the losses generated in the second event, predominating particulate forms of P over dissolved forms in both events. In all trials, a positive relationship was found between various P forms determined by sequential fractionation protocols (water soluble P and readily available P forms) and P losses in runoff. Furthermore, results from Vadas´s mathematical models (Vadas et al., 2005; 2007) to assess P losses by runoff fertilizers and manures indicate that the prediction of this model is not fulfilled in the case of all residues. The diverse physical properties of wastes may affect the differences between experimental and expected losses. Finally, leaching simulation processes were carried out in percolation columns, filled with soils amended with organic wastes, following the ‘CEN/TS 14405-2004 standard: Characterization of waste - Leaching behavior test - Test Flow ascending ’. P losses by leaching have been neglected for a long time with respect to runoff losses. However, findings corroborate previous studies showing that these P losses have to be taken into account, especially in certain types of soils and in zones near aquifers. To study the influence of soil type on P losses, experiments were carried out with three different soils and for each type of waste (manure, compost, digestate and sludge WWTP). Each soil’s P adsorption rates allow assessing which soils imply a higher risk of P losses when external sources of P are applied. P losses in leachate vary according to the type of soil employed and according to the specific residue. In the case of compost, manure and sludge, there is a relationship between leaching losses and residues’ soluble forms of P. The exception being the digestate, where there was no such correlation. Digestate P losses by leaching were lower than expected in all cases considering the forms of P contained. Moreover, examining digestate wettability -- that is, the physical property of the residue that assesses the capacity of waste-water interaction -- allowed explaining the anomalous behavior of this residue. Digestate has a high resistance to water entering its structure and thus higher difficulty to solubilize the P contained. Overall, studying the more available or soluble P forms provides useful information about the potential loss of P. However, this dissertation shows that it is necessary to examine the physical properties of organic residues applied as well as the P adsorption capacity of soils to estimate P losses, and thus to control eutrophication in water.