986 resultados para Ferramentas de corte


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O trabalho apresentado surgiu com a necessidade da realização de um projeto de mestrado, em conjunto com a oportunidade de implementar novos métodos organizacionais na empresa Farmi-Reparações, Lda. Para efetuar esta alteração recorreu-se à metodologia 5S, tendo sido necessário para tal realizar um estudo teórico às ferramentas de melhoria da qualidade, com maior destaque para a metodologia 5S e o fator de resistência à mudança inerente à implementação. No sentido de alcançar os objetivos propostos, realizou-se uma análise inicial à empresa, e delineou-se uma estratégia para contornar a resistência à mudança por parte dos colaboradores aos métodos de trabalho, que poderiam colocar em causa a implementação da metodologia 5S. Com base na estratégia definida, aplicou-se a metodologia em alguns postos de trabalho da secção de produção, e na totalidade da secção de bancada. Para tal, foi necessário a empresa realizar alguns investimentos, nomeadamente, com a aquisição e fabricação de sistemas de organização. Ao nível da medição do impacto da implementação dos 5S, foi analisado o grau de aplicação de cada senso e identificados os benefícios obtidos na seção de bancada. Foi realizada ainda uma auditoria 5S e comparados os resultados das quebras de ferramentas de corte e saída por desgaste do 1º semestre de 2016 com o 1º semestre de 2015. Com base nos resultados e trabalho realizado, é de destacar que o impacto mais positivo deste trabalho foi o facto de este ter sido o início do processo de melhoria contínua na empresa, gerando as condições necessárias para implementar outras técnicas da qualidade, pois permitiu contornar a resistência à mudança dos colaboradores no que respeita aos métodos de trabalho e organizacionais estabelecidos.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a influência do tratamento superficial, através da técnica de nitretação a plasma, no processo de fresamento com fresas de aço rápido AISI M2. Foram investigados os efeitos deste tratamento superficial no processo de corte, variando-se a forma de refrigeração/lubrificação das fresas com fluído de corte convencional (emulsão) em abundância, com minimização e sem fluído (lubrificação a seco). Na nitretação, a composição da mistura de gases utilizada nos experimentos foi de 5% N2 e 95% H2 em volume, a uma pressão de tratamento de 5 mbar (3,8 Torr). A temperatura utilizada foi de 440oC, durante um tempo de tratamento de 30 minutos, resultando em uma camada nitretada com uma zona de difusão com aproximadamente 8µm de profundidade. As ferramentas empregadas no processo de fresamento foram investigadas através de medição de forças de usinagem, medições de desgaste na superfície de incidência (flanco) e na superfície de saída (face), sendo as camadas nitretadas caracterizadas por metalografia óptica e microdureza. Foi observado um desempenho superior das fresas nitretadas apenas para as condições de corte a seco.

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This work presents the results, analyses and conclusions about a study carried out with objective of minimizing the thermal cracks formation on cemented carbide inserts during face milling. The main focus of investigation was based on the observation that milling process is an interrupted machining process, which imposes cyclic thermal loads to the cutting tool, causing frequent stresses changes in its superficial and sub-superficial layers. These characteristics cause the formation of perpendicular cracks from cutting edge which aid the cutting tool wear, reducing its life. Several works on this subject emphasizing the thermal cyclic behavior imposed by the milling process as the main responsible for thermal cracks formation have been published. In these cases, the phenomenon appears as a consequence of the difference in temperature experienced by the cutting tool with each rotation of the cutter, usually defined as the difference between the temperatures in the cutting tool wedge at the end of the cutting and idle periods (T factor). Thus, a technique to minimize this cyclic behavior with objective of transforming the milling in an almost-continuous process in terms of temperature was proposed. In this case, a hot air stream was applied into the idle period, during the machining process. This procedure aimed to minimize the T factor. This technique was applied using three values of temperature from the hot air stream (100, 350 e 580 oC) with no cutting fluid (dry condition) and with cutting fluid mist (wet condition) using the hot air stream at 580oC. Besides, trials at room temperature were carried out. Afterwards the inserts were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, where the quantity of thermal cracks generated in each condition, the wear and others damages was analyzed. In a general way, it was found that the heating of the idle period was positive for reducing the number of thermal cracks during face milling with cemented carbide inserts. Further, the cutting fluid mist application was effective in reducing the wear of the cutting tools.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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In contrast to what happened in the past where it was possible to select which species had a lower degree of variation, it is now necessary to use fast-growing species with efficient processing. For that we use the wood of Eucalyptus sp and studies related to the machining processes and their parameters such as wear of cutting tools and roughness. The present work aims to analyze the influence of geometry of cutting tools of high speed steel and the influence of the diameter of the final pieces in the process of turning wood of Eucalyptus sp in relation to power consumption, roughness, temperature machining, chip formed and wear of cutting tools. It was observed that the smaller the diameter of the end parts and greater wear of the tools, the worse quality of the machined surfaces and the greater the power consumed in the process of machining

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The nickel alloys have a chemical composition with high tenor of alloy elements which are responsible for the material's mechanical and thermal properties, but also are the main causative of problems during the machining, making the process difficult. The objective of this work is the study of the machining by external cylindrical turning of the nickel based alloy Nimonic 80A, seeking the machining optimization of this alloy, seeking the best condition of lubricant fluid use, providing real increases of productivity without the need of investments in new production means. Besides, the results of this work should offer more detailed information regarding the behavior of this alloy in relation to machining by turning. The machining experiences were accomplished in a specimen of the nickel alloy, considering the machining parameters: cutting speed (75 and 90 m/min), cutting depth (0,8 mm) and feed rate (0,15 and 0,18 mm/v). The valuations were accomplished in a CNC lathe and tools with of hard metal inserts. After each stage of the turning the measures of the cutting length were accomplished, of the waste of the tools through a magnifying glass (8x) and the roughness of the specimen evaluated in each phase of the process, with the aid of a portable roughness meter. Through light optical microscopy it was possible to observe the wear of the cutting tools for each appraised condition. The roughness values, Ra and Ry, for the appraised conditions were always superiors to the theoretical values. After analysis of the results it was possible to end that, the best acting for this work strip tested it was obtained for ap=0,8mm: f=0,15mm/rev and VC=75m/min, what resulted in a larger cutting length (1811 m)

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Due to the rapid development of some species such as pine and eucalyptus and a growing demand for raw materials, timber, there was a need for detailed studies to better use and higher quality in products derived from wood. In order to contribute to to better utilization of wood ,this study aims to analyze the quality of the wood surface after machining Corymbia citrodora around, with varying feed rates (40, 70, 100 mm/mim), shear rate (1.88, 2.19, 2.51 m/s) and with the use of inserts for turning new and used (cemented carbide). 18 were used bodies and each body was made three different assays for each test were a total of 54 tests three replicates. This study will also addres the analysis of power consumption for each of the tests. With the results obtained through experiments, including the surface roughness of parts and power consumption for each test, we try to evaluate the power consumption in machining with the variations in cutting speed and feed, with two tools carbide

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In experimental conditions, cutting forces were studied during turning of green alumina billets, including their correlation with surface aspects of the workpiece. The correlation between cutting power and the removal rate are important parameters for defining the design of ceramic products, since inadequate parameters can produce excessive surface damage to the workpiece. This study examined the forces obtained during turning of alumina workpieces with 99.8% purity in their green state, by means of a three-point dynamometer, evaluating the cutting, feed and depth forces, using a cermet tool under constant machining conditions. Variables were compared with the forces, including surface finish, tool wear and temperature during machining. In the study, it was found that the depth of cut had no significant effect on the surface quality, and the cutting speed and feed influencing the finish. However, preliminary tests for selecting the cutting conditions showed that unsuitables cutting speeds and feeds generate severe damage to the workpiece surface. The best condition was 1.00 mm depth of cut, and the forces increasedfor with each pass performed, with the feed force the variable with greatest increases in relation to the cutting and depth forces, and wear of the cutting tool directly influenced the surface finish, generated by the highly abrasive nature of the alumina particles of the green compact. It is emphasized that the alumina in its green state showed high abrasive effect on the cutting tool during the turning process and the surface finishing of the green workpiece had a direct influence on the sintered workpiece.

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Machining is one of the most commonly manufacturing processes used in the modern world, consuming millions of dollars annually. Because of this, it is crucial for the automotive industry to reduce costs on their heat-resistant alloy machining processes, such as compacted graphite iron (CGI), which has shown an increasing trend of its application in diesel engine blocks, brakes disks, among other applications, due to its superior mechanical properties to gray cast iron. Despite this advantage, its use is still limited due to its difficulty of machining, moreover, cutting tools are displayed as the main factor in increasing the machining cost. Seeking an alternative to a better machinability of CGI, this paper aims to study two types of ceramic tools developed in Brazil, and benchmark their performance by dry turning. For this, were used CGI class 450 and two tools: ceramic of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and alumina-based (Al2O3), with a cutting speed (Vc) of 300, 400 and 500 m / min; feed (f) of 0.2 mm / rev and depth of cut (ap) of 0.5 mm, using three replicates and starting with new cutting edges. The results showed that the Al2O3 tool had the best performance in Vc of 500 m / min, while the Si3N4 tool had the best results in Vc of 300 m / min. This can be explained by the tool of Si3N4 based include soft intergranular phase, called amorphous, while alumina has higher abrasion resistance due to its high refractoriness. The results make it clear that the tools have significant potential for machining of compacted graphite iron, being necessary a strict control of the cutting parameters used

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Machining is one of the most commonly manufacturing processes used in the modern world, consuming millions of dollars annually. Because of this, it is crucial for the automotive industry to reduce costs on their heat-resistant alloy machining processes, such as compacted graphite iron (CGI), which has shown an increasing trend of its application in diesel engine blocks, brakes disks, among other applications, due to its superior mechanical properties to gray cast iron. Despite this advantage, its use is still limited due to its difficulty of machining, moreover, cutting tools are displayed as the main factor in increasing the machining cost. Seeking an alternative to a better machinability of CGI, this paper aims to study two types of ceramic tools developed in Brazil, and benchmark their performance by dry turning. For this, were used CGI class 450 and two tools: ceramic of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and alumina-based (Al2O3), with a cutting speed (Vc) of 300, 400 and 500 m / min; feed (f) of 0.2 mm / rev and depth of cut (ap) of 0.5 mm, using three replicates and starting with new cutting edges. The results showed that the Al2O3 tool had the best performance in Vc of 500 m / min, while the Si3N4 tool had the best results in Vc of 300 m / min. This can be explained by the tool of Si3N4 based include soft intergranular phase, called amorphous, while alumina has higher abrasion resistance due to its high refractoriness. The results make it clear that the tools have significant potential for machining of compacted graphite iron, being necessary a strict control of the cutting parameters used

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As time passed, humanity needed the development of new materials used in various activities. High strength materials such as titanium and Inconel for example, had been studied because they are widely used for implants in biomedicine, as well as their use in aerospace and automotive industries. Because of its thermal and mechanical properties, these materials are considered difficult to machine, promoting a rapid wear of cutting tools, primarily caused by the high temperatures in machining. With the development of new materials has emerged the need of developing new manufacturing processes. One of today’s innovative processes is the micro-manufacturing. Being a process with a defined cutting tool geometry, burr formation is a constant and undesirable phenomenon formed during the machininig process. Being detrimental to the manufacturing process, overspending deburring operations are constantly employed leading to increase the aggregate cost to the manufactured material. Assembly components are also impaired if there is no control of the burr, with consequences including the disposal of components due to the occurence of this phenomenon. This paper presents the study of micro-milling Inconel 718, investigating influential parameters in the formation of burrs in order to minimize the occurrence of this phenome non. Different feed rates per tooth and cutting speed are evaluated, and different cutting fluids with different methods of applying the fluid. Adding graphene to cutting fluids was considered as a variable to be investigated, which is considered an excellent solid lubricant, in addition to increasing the thermal conductivity of the cooling solution (AZIMI; MOZAF FARI, 2015). The micro-milling temperature was evaluated in the present work. It was observed a new phenomenon that causes the machined surface temperature decreases below room temperature when using the solution water + oil. This phenomenon is explained in further chapters. In order to unravel this phenomenon, a new test was proposed and, from this test, it can be concluded, comparatively, which cutting fluid has a better cooling property.Using cutting fluid with different thermal properties has shown influence when analy zing burr formation and reducing machining temperature.

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Este trabalho pretende avaliar e melhorar o modo de execução da aplicação da técnica de perfuração, não comprometendo a jusante, no ciclo de operações, a qualidade do desmonte, visando assim, uma optimização técnico-económica. Este manuscrito irá centrar-se na optimização da etapa da perfuração, visando assim a optimização do ciclo total da perfuração. As tarefas realizadas numa pedreira constituem um ciclo de operações. Uma das operações envolvidas no desmonte de maciços rochosos é a perfuração. A forma como esta é executada é determinante para o sucesso do desmonte. O correcto dimensionamento dos acessórios de perfuração, afiação de bits, manutenção preventiva dos equipamentos de perfuração e a constante formação dos operadores fazem parte de um conjunto de acções que irão determinar o sucesso da operação de perfuração, tendo sempre em vista, uma optimização técnico-económica, ou seja, produzir mais a um custo mais baixo. O estudo dos parâmetros do maciço rochoso aliado a uma perfuração cuidadosa e alinhada é evidenciado com o intuito de uma abordagem de geoengenharia integrada dos maciços rochosos. O estudo foi realizado na pedreira da APS, S.A. (Pedreira de Monte Chãos), tendo como análise os dados desde o início do projecto até à data. Para fundamentar este estudo, aborda-se os parâmetros geológico-geotécnicos e geomecânicos do maciço remanescente, verificando assim as ferramentas de corte mais adequadas ao caso e averiguar a influência da afiação de bits, quer seja manual ou semiautomática, e de que forma a mesma irá influenciar nos rendimentos e vidas úteis obtidas, tendo como objectivo, melhorar o custo por metro de furação realizado.

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Com o aperfeiçoamento de técnicas de aquisição de imagens médicas, como, por exemplo, a tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, a capacidade e a fidelidade do diagnóstico por imagens foram ampliadas. Atualmente, existe a tendência de utilizarem-se imagens através de diversas modalidades para um único diagnóstico, principalmente no caso de doenças graves. Entretanto, o registro e a fusão dessas imagens, chamadas mutimodais, em uma única representação 3D do paciente é uma arefa extremamente dif[icil, que consome tempo e que está sujeita a erros. Sendo assim, a integração de imagens de diferentes modalidades tem sido objeto de pesquisa sob a denominação de Visualização de Volumes de Dados Multimodais. Sistemas desenvolvidos com este objetivo são usados, principalmente, para combinar informações metabólicas e funcionais com dados de anatomia, aumentando a precisão do diagnóstico, uma vez que possibilitam extrrair uma superfície ou região da imagem que apresenta a anatomia, e, então, observar a atividade funcional na outra modalidade. Durante a análise de tais imagens, os médicos estão interessados e quantificar diferentes estruturas. Seusobjetivos envolvem, por exemplo, a visualização de artérias e órgãos do corpo humano para análise de patologias, tais como tumores, má-formações artério-venosas, ou lesões em relação às estuturas que as circundam. Assim, um dos principais obetivos de um algoritmo de visualização volumétrica é permitir a identificação e exploração de estruturas internas no volume. Como o volume é normalmente um "bloco de dados", não se pode visualizar o seu interior, a menos que se assuma que é possível ver através de voxels transparentes, ou que é possivel remover voxels que estão na frente na qual o usuário está interessado, o que foi feito através de técnicas de segmentação ou de corte. Este trabalho presenta uma abordagem para a visualização de estruturas internas em volumes de dados multimodais. A abordagem está fundamentada na utilização de ferramentas de corte, tanto geométricas quanto baseadas em conteúdo, evitando, assim, o uso de técnicas de segmentação; e na integração dos dados multimodais na etapa de acumulação de pipeline de visualização volumétrica. Considerando que as aplicações que suportam este tipo de visualização envolvem a integração de várias ferramentas, tais como registro, corte e visualização, também é apresentado o projeto de um framework que permite esta integração e um alto grau de interação com usuário. Para teste e validação das técnicas de visualização de estruturas internas propostas e do algoritmo desenvolvido, que consiste numa extensão do algoritmo de ray casting tradicional, foram implementadas algumas classes desse framework. Uma revisão baseada na análise e na classificação das ferramentas de corte e funções de transferências, que correspondem a técnicas que permitem visualizar estruturas internas, também é apresentada.