The institutional environment and its influence on political options to Protect Winnipeg’s Female garments Workers against the impact of globalization

The principal objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between the re­sults of the Canadian policies implemented to protect female workers against the impact of globalization on the garment industry and the institutional setting in which this labour market is immersed in Winnipeg. This research paper begins with a brief summary of the institutional theory appro­ach that sheds light on the analysis of the effects of institutions on the policy options to protect female workers of the Winnipeg garment industry. Next, this paper identi­fies the set of beliefs, formal procedures, routines, norms and conventions that cha­racterize the institutional environment of the female workers of Winnipeg’s garment industry. Subsequently, this paper descri­bes the impact of free trade policies on the garment industry of Winnipeg. Afterward, this paper presents an analysis of the ba­rriers that the institutional features of the garment sector in Winnipeg can set to the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect the female workforce of this sector. Three policy options are considered: ethical purchasing; training/retraining programs and social engage­ment support for garment workers; and protection of migrated workers through promoting and facilitating bonds between Canada’s trade unions and trade unions of the labour sending countries. Finally, this paper concludes that the formation of isolated cultural groups inside of factories; the belief that there is gender and race discrimination on the part of the garment industry management against workers; the powerless social conditions of immi­grant women; the economic rationality of garment factories’ managers; and the lack of political will on the part of Canada and the labour sending countries to set effective bilateral agreements to protect migrate wor­kers, are the principal barriers that divide the actors involved in the garment industry in Winnipeg. This division among the prin­cipal actors of Winnipeg’s garment industry impedes the change toward more efficient institutions and, hence, the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect women workers. 

Female concentration and the gender wage differential in the United Kingdom

The paper utilizes the methodology proposed by Johnson and Solon (American Economic Review, 76 (5), 1117-1125, 1986) to examine the impact of job segregation on the gender wage gap in the UK in 1991. The results suggest that despite implementation of the UK 1983 Equal Pay Amendment there remains clear evidence that male/female workers in female dominated jobs continue to earn less for work of ‘similar worth’ than their counterparts in male dominated jobs within the same firm. This conclusion is insensitive to whether one adopts an occupation or firm based measure of gender concentration.

Risks Associated With Tendinitis: Effects From Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Psychological Status Among Brazilian Workers

Background Self-reported tendinitis/tenosynovitis was evaluated by gender, age group, skin color, family income, and educational and psychological status. Methods The study was carried out in a representative sample of formally contracted Brazilian workers from a household survey. A total of 54,660 participants were included. Occupations were stratified according to estimated prevalences of self-reported injuries. Non-conditional logistic regression was performed, and all variables were analyzed in two occupational groups. Results The overall prevalence rate of tendinitis/tenosynovitis was 3.1%: 5.5% in high-prevalence occupations (n=10,726); and 2.5% in low-prevalence occupations (n=43,934). White female workers between the ages of 45 and 64 years and at a higher socioeconomic level were more likely to report tendinitis/tenosynovitis regardless of their occupational category. An adjusted OR = 3.59 [95% CI: 3.15-4.09] was found between tendinitis/tenosynovitis and psychological status. Conclusion Among formally contracted Brazilian workers, higher income can imply greater physical and psychological demands that, regardless of occupational stratum, increase the risk of tendinitis/tenosynovitis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:72-79, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Shift Work and the United States Female Workforce: The Relationship Between Shift-Work and Ill-Health Effects

The present study was designed to determine the magnitude of the relationship between amount, frequency, and length of shift work completed by female transportation employees and the number, degree, and extent of problems related to physical, menstrual and psychological health including depression. It was hypothesized that workers that are employed in areas such as transportation who are working shift work on a regular basis place themselves at higher risk for developing health or psychosocial related effects. These health related outcomes can have a profound impact on an employee’s job performance, daily functioning, and personal life. The present study sought to understand the potential relationship between working shift work and higher disturbances to the bodies’ natural functioning. The present study has the potential for explaining new ways to decrease the risk factors for those working shift work by contributing to the overall understanding of this multifaceted relationship. This study has many important findings and implications. This study has implications for explaining that the effects of disturbances to the circadian rhythm as a result of certain shift work schedules can result in ill-related health effects. Additionally, this study sought to challenge limitations to current research that has been conducted on the topic as the majority of studies have been performed on men. The overall purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of the negative effects of shift work on females working within the transportation industry. This study sought to explain the health implications specifically for female workers as fewer studies have been conducted with gender as a main effect in the analysis. The present study suggests that due to the circadian rhythm controlling hormone secretion within the body, disturbances to its natural rhythm can have additional effects on female cycles such as menstruation. Overall, this study offers implications for further research on females working shift work and highlights the continued importance for further exploration into recent developments. These implications have the potential to further our current understanding of the relationship between shift work and ill-health effects, particularly the factors that women face.

Differences in exposure to occupational health risks in Spanish and foreign-born workers in Spain (Itsal Project)

Migrant workers usually show higher rates of work-related health problems than natives. However, little information is available about their exposure to occupational risks. We describe self-reported working exposure in Spanish and foreign-born workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted as part of the ITSAL Project. Data on sociodemographic and self-reported occupational exposure in 1,841 foreign-born and 509 Spanish workers were collected through face-to-face interviews. Prevalence and adjusted odds ratios-aOR- (by age, education, type of contract) were calculated. Foreign-born men in non-services sectors and those in manual occupations perceived exposure to occupational risks with lower prevalence than Spanish workers. Foreign-born women reported higher prevalence of exposure than Spanish female workers. By occupation, foreign-born female workers were more likely than Spanish workers to report working many hours/day (aOR2.68; 95 % CI 1.06–6.78) and exposure to extreme temperatures (aOR2.19; 95 % CI 1.10–4.38). Some groups of migrant workers may need increased protection regarding some occupational exposures.

The WTO and Female Labor Rights in Developing Countries. IES WORKING PAPER 3/2008

The impacts of WTO on women’s labour rights in the developing countries have been raised to the international agenda by various nongovernmental organizations. On the one hand it is assumed that international trade policies are gender neutral. On the other hand a number of authors hold the view that the negative impacts of WTO policies are more pronounced on female than male workers. This paper takes a critical look at these claims. It argues that the impact of the WTO system, the driving force of trade liberalization, on women’s labour rights in the developing countries is a complicated issue, because the effects have been both negative and positive. In support of this claim, this paper first briefly reviews the international framework for the protection of women’s labour rights. Next, the WTO agreements and policies are analysed insofar as they are relevant for the protection of women’s labour rights. The analysis covers, for example, the use of the trade policy review mechanism and restrictions of trade on grounds of violation of public morals.. Finally, a case study is conducted on the situation of female workers in Bangladesh and Pakistan, countries that have recently undergone a liberalization of trade in the textiles and clothing sectors. It is concluded that the increase of international trade in the developing countries has created many work opportunities for women, helped them to become more independent and allowed them to participate in the society more actively. However, it is at the same time posited that in order to comply with its own objectives of raising standards of living and full employment, the WTO should engage itself in active policies to overcome the negative aspects of trade on female workers in the developing countries.

Unemployment rates and population changes in Spain

Published as an article in: Journal of Applied Economics, 2004, vol. VII, pages 47-76.

Career Planning in Spain: Do temporary contracts delay marriage and motherhood?

The aim of this paper is to find an empirical connection between the impressive increase in the use of temporary contracts in Spain and the observed increase in age at marriage and maternity. Using a pool of the six available waves of individual information from the European Household Panel for Spain, we find that holding temporary contracts rather than permanent ones delays marriage for males, but not for females. Concerning maternity, the labor market situation of both members of the household affects entry into motherhood. In particular, if woman has a temporary contract rather than a permanent one, motherhoods is delayed independently of the husband's contract. As expected, postponement of maternity is not found for non-working women. These results give strong support to the career planning, motive to delay maternity in Spain, given that an unstable labor market situation of female workers is found to be the main deterrent to entry into motherhood.

A organização do trabalho na Unidade de Doenças Infecto-contagiosas e a ocorrência de Burnout nos trabalhadores de Enfermagem

Na organização do trabalho hospitalar há vários determinantes que acarretam no desgaste psicofísico do trabalhador de enfermagem, mesmo com o discurso de que gostam da profissão e se sentem realizados em cuidar de pessoas enfermas, especialmente, no cuidado de clientes adoecidos com o HIV/Aids. A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho é uma ciência que possibilita analisar a configuração da organização laboral, a qual comprovadamente incide na dimensão subjetiva do trabalhador, identificando o sofrimento psíquico, o que potencializa o desenvolvimento de doenças mentais, entre elas a Síndrome de Burnout. Nesta perspectiva, o objeto deste estudo trata da organização do trabalho na Unidade de Doença Infecto-Contagiosa, espaço de cuidado de clientes com HIV/Aids e a ocorrência de Burnout entre os trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam neste espaço laboral. A fim de apreender o objeto traçaram-se três objetivos: a) identificar a percepção dos trabalhadores acerca das características do trabalho de enfermagem no contexto da Unidade de Doença Infecto-Contagiosa, local de assistência ao cliente portador do HIV/Aids; b) descrever as repercussões no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores de enfermagem decorrente da assistência ao cliente com HIV/AIDS; e c) analisar as repercussões do processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores de enfermagem com vistas à identificação de situações do aparecimento da Síndrome de Burnout. Para a realização desta pesquisa, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, de caráter descritivo e exploratório. Os dados foram obtidos nos meses de maio a agosto de 2010, utilizando as seguintes fontes de coleta de informações: a entrevista semi-estruturada e o formulário Maslach Burnout Inventory. Optou-se por analisar as informações através do Método de Análise Temática de Conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que o perfil do profissional de enfermagem era composto por trabalhadores do sexo feminino, que estavam na faixa etária entre 44 e 54 anos de idade, na grande maioria técnicos de enfermagem com tempo médio de 2 a 10 anos de trabalho com clientes HIV/Aids. Verificou-se também que havia discrepâncias marcantes entre o trabalho prescrito e o real, o que acarretava sofrimento para o profissional de enfermagem. Constatou-se também que o sofrimento psíquico resultava da vivência cotidiana do processo de morte/morrer do cliente com HIV/Aids, pelo profissional de enfermagem. Além disso, este sofrimento era determinado também pela precarização das relações e das condições de trabalho. Concluiu-se que havia vários trabalhadores com fortes indícios de ocorrência de Burnout, tanto porque a organização do trabalho se configurava como incoerente e pouco racional como pelas características do processo de cuidar do cliente com HIV/Aids. Recomendam-se medidas que promovam a saúde dos trabalhadores de enfermagem e previnam os agravos em seus processos saúde-doença, tais como: a diminuição da carga emocional de trabalho, grupos de reflexão, ginástica laboral, entre outras. É preciso haver conscientização dos gestores, vontade política e estímulo da organização laboral para que os trabalhadores participem.

Linking climate change, rice yield, and migration: the Philippine experience

This study tests the hypothesis that climate change, through its rice productivity impacts, induces out-migration in the Philippines. Results show that climate change effects such as increasing night time temperature and extreme rainfall pattern, by way of reduction in rice yield and farm revenues, significantly increases the number of Overseas Filipino Workers. Findings also show that overseas migration of female workers is more sensitive to climate and rice productivity changes compared to male overseas migration. However, unlike overseas migration, the reduction in yield and farm revenues act as a constraint to domestic migration.

Évolution de la qualité de l'emploi des femmes et des hommes au Québec entre 1997 et 2007 : l'ascenseur de la scolarisation et le fardeau des responsabilités familiales

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l’évolution de la qualité de l’emploi des travailleuses et des travailleurs québécois entre 1997 et 2007. À partir d’une nouvelle typologie, nous analysons les changements dans la qualité de l’emploi des femmes et des hommes et l’impact sur l’écart entre les genres. L’originalité de cette thèse est qu’elle permet de jeter un regard multidimensionnel sur la qualité de l’emploi en considérant quatre dimensions à la fois : la rémunération, la stabilité de l’emploi, la qualification et les heures de travail. Après avoir présenté notre problématique de recherche relative aux inégalités professionnelles entre les genres, l’étude fait une revue des écrits portant sur les principales théories en jeu et sur le concept de la qualité de l’emploi. Ensuite, le cadre conceptuel est présenté afin de situer notre contexte de recherche, les questions générales considérées, la pertinence d’une typologie et les principaux déterminants de la qualité de l’emploi. Le chapitre suivant est consacré à la démarche visant la création d’une nouvelle typologie de la qualité de l’emploi et celle relative au cadre d’analyse. Enfin, nous présentons une analyse des changements de la situation des hommes et des femmes dans les divers types d’emploi en tenant compte de la situation familiale, du niveau de scolarité des personnes et de certaines caractéristiques du marché du travail. Le constat global qui ressort de notre étude est qu’il y a eu une réduction appréciable de l’écart entre les genres au chapitre de la qualité de l’emploi (baisse générale de plus de 30 %). Notre recherche révèle que ce changement s’est surtout produit chez les personnes ayant une scolarité élevée, vivant en couple mais engagées dans des responsabilités familiales limitées. Une bonne partie des changements notés s’expliquent par l’amélioration notable de la qualité de l’emploi des femmes, plutôt que par une baisse de la qualité de l’emploi des hommes. Ces résultats montrent que la situation conjugale et la charge familiale de même que le niveau de scolarité sont des paramètres déterminants des changements observés.

Las trayectorias de los estudiantes universitarios : un modelo integral = Les trajectoires des étudiants universitaires : un modèle intégré

Nous avons développé un modèle qui cherche à identifier les déterminants des trajectoires scolaires des élèves universitaires en articulant deux perspectives théoriques et en utilisant une approche méthodologique mixte en deux phases : quantitative et qualitative. La première phase est basée sur le modèle de Tinto (1992) avec l'incorporation d'autres variables de Crespo et Houle (1995). Cette étape a atteint deux objectifs. Dans le premier, on a identifié les différences entre les variables exogènes (indice économique, l'éducation parentale, moyen au lycée et moyenne dans l’examen d'entrée) et trois types de trajectoires: la persévérante, de décalage et d’abandon. Cette phase était basée sur les données d'un sondage administré à 800 étudiants à l'Université de Sonora (Mexique). Les résultats montrent que ceux qui ont quitté l'institution ont obtenu des scores significativement plus bas sur les variables exogènes. Le deuxième objectif a été atteint pour les trajectoires persévérantes et de décalage, en établissant que les étudiants ont une plus grande chance d’être persévérants lorsqu’ils présentent de meilleurs scores dans deux variables exogènes (l'examen d'entrée et être de genre féminin) et quatre viable endogènes (haute intégration académique, de meilleures perspectives d'emploi, ont une bourse). Dans la deuxième phase nous avons approfondi la compréhension (Verstehen) des processus d'articulation entre l'intégration scolaire et sociale à travers de trois registres proposés par Dubet (2005): l'intégration, le projet et la vocation. Cette phase a consisté dans 30 interviews avec étudiantes appartenant aux trois types de trajectoire. À partir du travail de Bourdages (1994) et Guzman (2004), nous avons cherché le sens de l'expérience attribuée par les étudiants au processus éducatif. Les résultats révèlent cinq groupes d’étudiantes avec des expériences universitaires identifiables : ceux qui ont une intégration académique et sociale plus grande, les femmes travailleuses intégrées académiquement, ceux qui ont les plus grandes désavantages économiques et d’intégration scolaire, ceux qui ont cherché leur vocation dans un autre établissement et ceux qui n'ont pas poursuivi leurs études. L'utilisation de différents outils statistiques (analyse de corrélation, analyse de régression logistique et analyse des conglomérats) dans la première phase a permis d’identifier des variables clés dans chaque type de trajectoire, lesquelles ont été validées avec les résultats de la phase qualitative. Cette thèse, en plus de montrer l'utilité d'une approche méthodologique mixte, étend le modèle de Tinto (1987) et confirme l'importance de l'intégration scolaire pour la persévérance à l'université.