Climate Change and Human Displacement

This paper will focus on the legal issues associated with people displaced as a result of water scarcity. Human displacement can lead to internal displacement (displacement of people within their country) and external displacement (displacement of people into another country). If the displacement takes place as a result of climate change these people may be referred to as climate refugees. The majority of work on climate refugees has focused on those people that will lose their homes as a result of sea –level rise. The number of people that could be displaced as a result of prolonged drought and lack of adequate water supplies is likely to be far more significant in number. There are estimates that around 2.8 billion people will suffer water shortages by 2025 and many of these people are at increased risk of internal or external displacement. Certain groups are more likely to be displaced as a result of prolonged drought or water scarcity. These groups include indigenous and minorities groups living in areas that are more susceptible to climate change and groups living in areas with a history of water shortage and supply issues. People displaced as a result of water scarcity are at increased risks of malnutrition and of dehydration. Furthermore the lack of adequate water supplies in such areas increases the risk and spread of disease among the population. In certain instances internal and external displacement may lead to escalation of conflict and competition for water resources in newly settled territories. This paper will use case studies from Australia (indigenous groups and rural landholders) and East Africa (Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya) to demonstrate the significance of human displacement arising as a result of water scarcity. Climate adaptation policy frameworks will need to address a number of legal issues, arising as a result of climate displacement from water scarcity. There are a number of unresolved legal issues for both categories of environmental displaced people. The major legal issue for externally environmentally displaced people is lack of international recognition and support for these people. The Climate Change Convention, the Refugee Convention, the Desertification Convention and Human Rights instruments all fail to provide recognition for people externally displaced as a result of environmental conditions. Similarly there is a lack of legal recognition and legal support mechanisms to assist those people internally displaced by environmental conditions. The lack of developed environmental rights in most countries contributes to this problem. Polices and governance frameworks must be put in place which aims to prevent such displacement through programs identifying populations at risk and instigating damage mitigation and relocation programs. In addition there are a number of legal issues which may arise such as; rights of compensation, property and tenure disputes, increases on the water demand and environmental degradation in places of relocation and jurisdictional issues arising in federal countries. This paper will provide an overview of the legal issues at the international and national levels arising as a result of climate displacement from water scarcity.  

El federalismo en el origen, consolidación, desarrollo y superación del constitucionalismo

Resumen: Los poderes territoriales predominaron en el nacimiento de los Estados en Europa occidental, en los que se advierten contrapesos entre órganos, de sustento consuetudinario y reconocimiento escrito de derechos. En la aparición y el afianzamiento del constitucionalismo escrito tienen singular importancia la transformación de confederaciones en Estados federales, en Estados Unidos, Suiza y Alemania; así como los procesos de Venezuela, Colombia, México, Brasil y Argentina. Su consolidación resulta de los sistemas de control de constitucionalidad: el difuso, que nace en Estados Unidos; y el concentrado, que comienza en Austria; ambos países federales. En la actualidad los Estados semicontinentales y las regiones de similares dimensiones pueden entenderse como superación del constitucionalismo, pues se ha modificado sustancialmente su ámbito geográfico, el cual resulta esencial para que la representación posea una inmediación suficiente y puedan funcionar los frenos y contrapesos que aseguran la moderación del poder. Una gran autonomía y fortaleza de las instituciones locales, es decir un auténtico federalismo, puede configurar un reaseguro suficiente para los objetivos iniciales del constitucionalismo: que el reconocimiento de los derechos y los equilibrios entre los titulares de poderes locales y centrales tengan la oportunidad de lograrse.

Comentarios sobre la facultad normativa de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados (Tema Central)

La Constitución de la República de 2008, no obstante calificar al Ecuador como un Estado unitario, dota a los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados de una “facultad legislativa” que, a primera vista, haría pensar en la existencia de ordenamientos jurídicos locales, de modo similar a lo que sucede en un Estado federal. Esta aparente contradicción merece un análisis sobre la naturaleza y alcance que tienen los instrumentos normativos que emiten los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados, sobre sus límites y contenidos y sobre la función que cumplen en el ordenamiento jurídico de un Estado unitario como es el Ecuador.