Parametric analyses of anxiety in zebrafish scototaxis

Scototaxis, the preference for dark environments in detriment of bright ones, is an index of anxiety in zebrafish. In this work, we analyzed avoidance of the white compartment by analysis of the spatiotemporal pattern of exploratory behavior (time spent in the white compartment of the apparatus and shuttle frequency between compartments) and swimming ethogram (thigmotaxis, freezing and burst swimming in the white compartment) in four experiments. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that spatiotemporal measures of white avoidance and locomotion do not habituate during a single 15-min session. In Experiments 2 and 3, we demonstrate that locomotor activity habituates to repeated exposures to the apparatus, regardless of whether inter-trial interval is 15-min or 24-h; however, no habituation of white avoidance was observed in either experiment. In Experiment 4, we confined animals for three 15-min sessions in the white compartment prior to recording spatiotemporal and ethogram measures in a standard preference test. After these forced exposures, white avoidance and locomotor activity showed no differences in relation to non-confined animals, but burst swimming, thigmotaxis and freezing in the white compartment were all decreased. These results suggest that neither avoidance of the white compartment nor approach to the black compartment account for the behavior of zebrafish in the scototaxis test. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury

Dysfunction in the motor system is a feature of persistent whiplash associated disorders. Little is known about motor dysfunction in the early stages following injury and of its progress in those persons who recover and those who develop persistent symptoms. This study measured prospectively, motor system function (cervical range of movement (ROM), joint position error (JPE) and activity of the superficial neck flexors (EMG) during a test of cranio-cervical flexion) as well as a measure of fear of re-injury (TAMPA) in 66 whiplash subjects within 1 month of injury and then 2 and 3 months post injury. Subjects were classified at 3 months post injury using scores on the neck disability index: recovered (30). Motor system function was also measured in 20 control subjects. All whiplash groups demonstrated decreased ROM and increased EMG (compared to controls) at 1 month post injury. This deficit persisted in the group with moderate/severe symptoms but returned to within normal limits in those who had recovered or reported persistent mild pain at 3 months. Increased EMG persisted for 3 months in all whiplash groups. Only the moderate/severe group showed greater JPE, within 1 month of injury, which remained unchanged at 3 months. TAMPA scores of the moderate/severe group were higher than those of the other two groups. The differences in TAMPA did not impact on ROM, EMG or JPE. This study identifies, for the first time, deficits in the motor system, as early as 1 month post whiplash injury, that persisted not only in those reporting moderate/severe symptoms at 3 months but also in subjects who recovered and those with persistent mild symptoms. (C) 2002 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Incapacidade auto-reportada e retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com dor crónica lombar

RESUMO: O absentismo à actividade profissional devido à condição de Dor Lombar apresenta-se como um problema de saúde pública com elevados custos económicos nas sociedades ocidentais. É estimado que cerca de 20% a 47% dos utentes com Dor Lombar não retornam à sua actividade profissional no período de 3 meses, sendo responsáveis por 75% a 90% de todos os custos e baixas médicas associadas à condição. Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com Dor Crónica Lombar (DCL), que procuraram a Fisioterapia em situação de agudização dos seus sintomas, e averiguar a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Secundariamente pretendemos avaliar a influência das Crenças de medo-evitamento, nos níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Metodologia: Foi efectuado um estudo correlacional prospectivo no qual se observou uma amostra de 56 utentes com DCL que tivessem apresentado novos episódios de agudização dos seus sintomas. Após 3 meses de follow-up (n=42) foi avaliado o “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” e a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade iniciais, bem como o contributo das Crenças de medo-evitamento para essa Incapacidade funcional. Resultados: Foi verificada uma correlação negativa entre os níveis de Incapacidade funcional e o Sucesso no “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” (ρ = -0.369; p =0.016), sendo que os scores mais elevados da Incapacidade correspondem à Falha nesse regresso. Verificámos também uma correlação positiva entre a existência das Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho e a Incapacidade (r =0.511; p =0,001), apresentando estas Crenças um valor preditivo (β= 0.533; p =0.001) na Incapacidade auto-reportada. Conclusões: A capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional nos utentes com DCL, após um novo episódio de agudização dos seus sintomas, está relacionada com níveis de Incapacidade funcional. Os factores psicossociais, nomeadamente as Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho apresentam um valor preditivo para essa Incapacidade auto-reportada.------------------------------ABSTRACT:Work-absenteeism due to the condition of Low Back Pain (LBP) presents itself as a public health problem with high economic costs in Western societies. It is estimated that 20% to 47% of patients with LBP not returned to their work-activity in period of 3 months, accounting for 75% to 90% of all medical costs and sickness compensation associated. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the ability to return to work on patients with chronic LBP, who searched for physical therapy in a situation of worsening of their symptoms, and examine their relationship with levels of self-reported disability. Secondly we intend to evaluate the influence of fear-avoidance beliefs to the levels of self-reported disability. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in which we observed 56 patients chronic LBP with new episodes of exacerbation of their symptoms. After a 3 months follow-up (n = 42) we evaluated the “return to work in good health” and its relationship with initial levels of disability and the contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs for that disability. Results: There was a negative correlation between levels of disability and “return to work in good health” success (ρ = -0.369, p = 0.016), with the highest scores correspond to the failure in the work-return. We also found a positive correlation between the existence of fear-avoidance beliefs for work and disability (r = 0.511; p = 0.001), with a predictive value of these fear-avoidance beliefs (β = 0.533; p = 0.001) in self-reported disability. Conclusions: The ability to return to work in chronic LBP patients, after a new episode of exacerbation of symptoms is related to the levels of functional disability. Psychosocial factors, including fear-avoidance beliefs for work showed a predictive value for the self-reported disability.

Dor crónica lombar : incapacidade auto-reportada em trabalhadores das IPSS de Arronches e sua relação com factores psicossociais e intensidade da dor

RESUMO: Vários estudos realizados sugerem que os factores psicossociais (nível de satisfação laboral; nível educacional; a catastrofização da dor e crenças de medoevitamento)têm um importante papel como factores associados ao desenvolvimento de cronicidade da DL (Krismer & van Tulder, 2007; Kwon et al., 2006; Leclerc et al., 2009; Pincus, Santos, Breen, Burton e Underwood., 2008.) Objectivo: Analisar a associação entre as variáveis catastrofização da dor, crenças de medo-evitamento da dor e intensidade da dor com a incapacidade funcional auto-reportada, numa amostra de indivíduos com DCL. Metodologia: A população alvo foi constituída por 160 funcionários da Santa Casa da Misericórdia e Centro de Bem Estar Social de Arronches. Integraram a amostra 133 funcionários que se disponibilizaram a responder aos diferentes instrumentos de avaliação utilizados (“Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire”(RMQ); “ Questionário de Caracterização e Levantamento de Factores de Risco e Impacto associado à DCL”; “Pain Catastrophing Scale” (PCS) e o “Fear- Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire” (FABQ). A recolha de dados realizou-se entre Agosto e Novembro de 2010. Resultados: Neste estudo, verificou-se que 39,1 % dos indivíduos referiam DCL não específica. Relativamente à incapacidade funcional autoreportada, obteve-se um score médio 5,87 no RMQ. Obteve-se um valor de rs=0,425,p<0,01, para a associação entre a catastrofização da dor e incapacidade. Relativamente à associação entre crenças de medo-evitamento, sub-escala actividade física e incapacidade, foi obtido o valor de rs= 0,074 e para a associação entre as crenças de medo-evitamento, sub-escala trabalho e incapacidade, verificou-se rs=0,422, p<0,01. No que respeita à associação entre percepção da intensidade dor actual e a incapacidade, obteve-se um valor rs= 0,177 e a associação entre a dor percepcionada em 2009 e incapacidade, aferiu um resultado de rs=0,291, p<0,05. Conclusão: Concluímos que existe uma associação moderada entre catastrofização da dor e a incapacidade funcional auto-reportada, e também entre crenças de medo-evitamento relativamente ao trabalho e a incapacidade funcional auto-reportada. Relativamente à associação entre a dor percepcionada em 2009 e a incapacidade funcional auto-reportada a associação é baixa. Não sendo encontrada associação entre crenças de medo-evitamento relativamente à actividade física e a incapacidade funcional auto-reportada, nem para a associação entre percepção da intensidade da dor actual e a incapacidade. Esta pesquisa contribuiu assim, para dar a conhecer factores relevantes avaliar em indivíduos com DCL, podendo a sua modificação contribuir para a prevenir maiores níveis de incapacidade funcional ou melhorar a efectividade do tratamento utilizado. --------------------ABSTRACT: Several studies suggest that psychosocial factors (level of job satisfaction, education level, and the pain catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs) have an important role as factors associated with development of chronicity LBP (Krisma & van Tulder, 2007 ; Kwon et al., 2006, Leclerc et al. 2009; Pincus, Santos, Breen, Burton and Underwood., 2008.) Objective: To assess the association between the variables of pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance beliefs, pain, intensity pain and self-reported functional disability in a sample of people with chronic LBP. Methodology: The study consisted of 160 employees of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia and Centro de Bem Estar Social of Arronches. Integrated sample of 133 employees who agreed to respond to different assessment tools used (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ), "Questionnaire Survey of Characterization and Risk Factors and Impact associated with the DCL," "Pain Catastrophing Scale(PCS) and "Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Data collection took place between August and November 2010. Results: In this study, it was found that 39.1% of subjects reported no specific chronic LBP. For the self-reported functional disability, we obtained a medium score of 5.87 on the RMQ. We obtained a value of rs = 0.425, p <0.01, for the association between catastrophizing in pain and disability. Regarding the association between fear-avoidance beliefs, sub-scale physical activity and disability, was obtained a value of rs = 0.074 and for the association between fear-avoidance beliefs, sub-scale work and disability, there was rs = 0.422, p <0.01. Regarding the association between perceived pain intensity and pain disability present we obtained a value rs = 0.177 association between pain and perceived disability in 2009 and measured an outcome of rs = 0.291, p <0.05.Conclusion: That there is a moderate association between catastrophizing and pain self-reported functional disability, and also between fear-avoidance beliefs in relation to employment and self-reported functional disability. Regarding the association between pain and perceived disability in 2009 self-reported the association is low. Not being an association between earavoidance beliefs for physical activity and self-reported functional disability, or for the association between perception of current pain intensity and disability. This research contributed so, to disclose relevant factors evaluate in individuals with chronic LBP, its modification may help to prevent higher levels of functional disability or improve the effectiveness of treatment used.

Dor crónica lombar : incapacidada auto-reportada em trabalhadores de saúde e sua relação com variáveis psicossociais e intensidade da dor

RESUMO: A dor crónica lombar, é uma condição de saúde cuja prevalência tem aumentado nas últimas décadas. É uma condição que pode ser bastante incapacitante para o indivíduo e por consequência, ter importante impacto social e económico na sociedade. É um fenómeno complexo, multifactorial e pouco estudado na população portuguesa. Objectivo: Estudar a associação entre a catastrofização da dor, crenças de medo evitamento da dor, intensidade da dor e a incapacidade funcional auto reportada em indivíduos com dor crónica lombar. Metodologia: Estudo observacional analítico de corte transversal, com uma amostra de 38 indivíduos com dor crónica lombar, seleccionados a partir de uma população de 186 trabalhadores de uma unidade local de saúde. A recolha de dados foi realizada através de 4 instrumentos de avaliação: Questionário de caracterização e levantamento de factores de risco e impacto associados à dor crónica lombar; Questionário de incapacidade de Roland e Morris; Escala de catastrofização da dor; e Questionário de crenças de medo evitamento da dor. A análise dos dados foi feita através de estatística descritiva pela distribuição de frequências e medidas de tendência central para análise da prevalência e caracterização da amostra e por estatística inferencial para estudar as relações entre variáveis através do teste de correlação não paramétrico de Spearman. Resultados: A variável catastrofização da dor obteve um valor de correlação com a incapacidade auto-reportada de rs=0,473, para p<0,01; a variável crença de medo evitamento da dor relacionada com o trabalho obteve um valor de correlação com a incapacidade auto-reportada de rs=0,462 para p<0,01, a percepção da intensidade actual de dor e a intensidade percepcionada no ano anterior, obtiveram valores de correlação com a incapacidade auto-reportada de rs=0,327 e rs= 0,359 respectivamente para valor de p<0,05. Conclusão: As variáveis psicossociais catastrofização da dor e crença de medo evitamento da dor relacionada com o trabalho, influenciam de forma moderada a incapacidade em indivíduos com dor crónica lombar. A associação entre a intensidade da dor e a incapacidade parece ter um papel menos importante demonstrando associações baixas.--------------------------ABSTRACT: Chronic low back pain is a health condition whose prevalence has increased in recent decades. It is a condition that can be quite disabling for the individual and therefore have important social and economic impact on society. It is a complex phenomenon, multifactorial and poorly studied in the Portuguese population. Objective: To study the association between pain catastrophizing, fear avoidance beliefs, pain, pain intensity and self-reported functional disability in individuals with chronic low back pain. Methods: Observational analytical cross sectional study of a sample of 38 individuals with chronic low back pain, selected from a population of 186 workers at a local health unit. Data collection was performed through four assessment instruments: questionnaire characterization, evaluation of risk factors and impact associated to chronic low back pain, questionnaire Roland and Morris disability, pain catastrophizing scale and fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics for the distribution of frequencies and measures of central tendency to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of the sample and inferential statistics to study the relationships between variables by testing for Spearman nonparametric correlation. Results: The pain catastrophizing variable had a correlation value rs= 0,473, p<0,01 with the self-reported disability, the variable of fear avoidance belief of pain related to the work achived a correlation value with the self-reported disability, rs = 0.462 p <0.01, current pain intensity and in the previous year obtained values of correlation with self-reported disability rs = 0.327 and rs = 0.359 respectively for values of p <0.05 .Conclusion: The psychosocial variables of pain catastrophizing and fear avoidance belief of pain related to the work had a moderate association with disability in individuals with chronic low back pain. The association between pain intensity and disability seems to have a less important role demonstrating low associations.

Educação e exercício em utentes com dor crónica lombar : efeitos de um Programa ao nível da incapacidade funcional, intensidade da dor e crenças de medo-evitamento do movimento

RESUMO:Este trabalho de investigação englobou a realização de um estudo quasi expçerimental, de carácter exploratório, com dois objectivos distintos. O primeiro objectivo consistiu em estudar os efeitos de um programa baseado na educação e exercício ao nível da capacidade funcional, intensidade da dor e crenças de medo/ evitamento do movimento relacionadas com a actividade física e o trabalho em utentes com DCL.--------------------------ABSTRACT:The aims of this study were twofold. The first aim was to analyse the effect of a Programme based on Education and Exercise in Pain Intensity, Disability and Movement Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Portuguese Chrnic Back Low Pain (CLBP) patients.

Manual therapy followed by specific active exercises versus a placebo followed by specific active exercises on the improvement of functional disability in patients with chronic non specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical recommendations still propose active exercises (AE) for CNSLBP. However, acceptance of exercises by patients may be limited by pain-related manifestations. Current evidences suggest that manual therapy (MT) induces an immediate analgesic effect through neurophysiologic mechanisms at peripheral, spinal and cortical levels. The aim of this pilot study was first, to assess whether MT has an immediate analgesic effect, and second, to compare the lasting effect on functional disability of MT plus AE to sham therapy (ST) plus AE. METHODS: Forty-two CNSLBP patients without co-morbidities, randomly distributed into 2 treatment groups, received either spinal manipulation/mobilization (first intervention) plus AE (MT group; n = 22), or detuned ultrasound (first intervention) plus AE (ST group; n = 20). Eight therapeutic sessions were delivered over 4 to 8 weeks. Immediate analgesic effect was obtained by measuring pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale) before and immediately after the first intervention of each therapeutic session. Pain intensity, disability (Oswestry Disability Index), fear-avoidance beliefs (Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire), erector spinae and abdominal muscles endurance (Sorensen and Shirado tests) were assessed before treatment, after the 8th therapeutic session, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. RESULTS: Thirty-seven subjects completed the study. MT intervention induced a better immediate analgesic effect that was independent from the therapeutic session (VAS mean difference between interventions: -0.8; 95% CI: -1.2 to -0.3). Independently from time after treatment, MT + AE induced lower disability (ODI mean group difference: -7.1; 95% CI: -12.8 to -1.5) and a trend to lower pain (VAS mean group difference: -1.2; 95% CI: -2.4 to -0.30). Six months after treatment, Shirado test was better for the ST group (Shirado mean group difference: -61.6; 95% CI: -117.5 to -5.7). Insufficient evidence for group differences was found in remaining outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the immediate analgesic effect of MT over ST. Followed by specific active exercises, it reduces significantly functional disability and tends to induce a larger decrease in pain intensity, compared to a control group. These results confirm the clinical relevance of MT as an appropriate treatment for CNSLBP. Its neurophysiologic mechanisms at cortical level should be investigated more thoroughly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: NCT01496144.

A phenomenological approach to understanding the psychological response to chronic low back pain

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex health problem of psychological manifestations not fully understood. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted to help understand the meaning of the lived experience of CLBP; focusing on the psychological response to pain and the role of depression, catastrophizing, fear-avoidance behavior, anxiety and somatization. Participants characterized CLBP as persistent tolerable low back pain (TLBP) interrupted by periods of intolerable low back pain (ILBP). ILBP contributed to recurring bouts of helplessness, depression, frustration with the medical system and increased fear based on the perceived consequences of anticipated recurrences, all of which were mediated by the uncertainty of such pain. During times of TLBP all participants pursued a permanent pain consciousness as they felt susceptible to experience a recurrence. As CLBP progressed, participants felt they were living with a weakness, became isolated from those without CLBP and integrated pain into their self-concept.

Quelles personnes sont susceptibles de développer une invalidité en raison de la douleur et comment intervenir en phase initiale? Les principes extraits des résultats de la recherche sur les facteurs prédisposants à l’invalidité

L’invalidité attribuable à la douleur représente un problème important en raison de ses coûts personnels, financiers et sociétaux. L’effort scientifique mène à l’identification des facteurs de risque pour l’évolution de la douleur vers un état qui mine la capacité de la personne affligée à vaquer à ses occupations fondamentales. Cet effort met en relief le rôle déterminant que jouent les facteurs psychosociaux à chaque stade de l’évolution vers l’invalidité en raison de la douleur. Parmi les facteurs mis en cause, se trouvent les difficultés psychologiques (dépression, anxiété, somatisation, trouble de la personnalité, catastrophisme et évitement de l’activité), l’insatisfaction au travail et le contexte de réclamation. Forts de cette connaissance, les pays industrialisés se dotent de lignes directrices pour la prise en charge de la douleur aiguë dans le but de réduire les coûts, tant pour la personne que pour la société. Vingt ans après la parution des premiers guides de pratique, et la publication subséquente de dizaines d’autres guides véhiculant essentiellement les mêmes informations, les médecins peinent toujours à appliquer les recommandations. À partir des données probantes issues de la littérature scientifique, le présent ouvrage propose une synthèse critique des résultats pour pousser la réflexion et faire avancer la démarche dans le sens d’une réduction des coûts personnels, financiers et sociétaux.

A prospective two-year examination of cognitive and behavioral correlates of provoked vestibulodynia outcomes.

Note de l'éditeur : This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the journal. It is not the copy of record. / Cet article ne constitue pas la version officielle, et peut différer de la version publiée dans la revue.

The association between beliefs about low back pain and work presenteeism

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of beliefs about low back pain (LBP) on reduced productivity at work ("presenteeism") caused by LBP. METHODS: Two thousand five hundred seven individuals completed the Back Beliefs Questionnaire, the Fear Avoidance Beliefs questionnaire (FABQ), and questions about LBP-related work-absence, reduced work-productivity, pain, comorbidity, and demographics. RESULTS: Six hundred seventy (25%) individuals were of working age, employed and reported current LBP. Univariate models showed beliefs were more "negative" in individuals with work-absence and reduced productivity (P = 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, controlling for confounders, "FABQwork" was a unique predictor of both absenteeism and presenteeism (each, P = 0.0001), though with small effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Negative beliefs about LBP are associated with both work absence and reduced work-productivity. Further investigations should examine their potential as a target for educational interventions when considering initiatives to reduce the socioeconomic costs of LBP.

Beliefs about back pain predict the recovery rate over 52 consecutive weeks

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the course of low-back pain over 52 weeks following current pain at baseline. Initial beliefs about the inevitability of the pain's negative consequences and fear avoidance beliefs were examined as potential risk factors for persistent low-back pain. METHODS: On a weekly basis over a period of one year, 264 participants reported both the intensity and frequency of their low-back pain and the degree to which it impaired their work performance. In a multilevel regression analysis, predictor variables included initial low-back pain intensity, age, gender, body mass index, anxiety/depression, participation in sport, heavy workload, time (1-52 weeks), and scores on the "back beliefs" and "fear-avoidance beliefs" questionnaires. RESULTS: The group mean values for both the intensity and frequency of weekly low-back pain, and the impairment of work performance due to such pain showed a recovery within the first 12 weeks. In a multilevel regression of 9497 weekly measurements, greater weekly low-back pain and impairment were predicted by higher levels of work-related fear avoidance beliefs. A significant interaction between time and the scores on both the work-related fear-avoidance and back beliefs questionnaires indicated faster recovery and pain relief over time in those who reported less fear-avoidance and fewer negative beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Negative beliefs about the inevitability of adverse consequences of low-back pain and work-related, fear-avoidance beliefs are independent risk factors for poor recovery from low-back pain.

The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury

Psychological distress is a feature of chronic whiplash-associated disorders, but little is known of psychological changes from soon after injury to either recovery or symptom persistence. This study prospectively measured psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire 28 GHQ-28). fear of movement/re-injury (TAMPA Scale of Kinesphobia, TSK), acute post-traumatic stress (Impact of Events Scale, IES) and general health and well being (Short Form 36, SF-36) in 76 whiplash subjects within I month of injury and then 2, 3 and 6 months post-injury. Subjects were classified at 6 months post-injury using scores on the Neck Disability Index: recovered (< 8), mild pain and disability (10-28) or moderate/severe pain and disability (> 30). All whiplash groups demonstrated psychological distress (GHQ-28, SF-36) to some extent at 1 month post-injury. Scores of the recovered group and those with persistent mild symptoms returned to levels regarded as normal by 2 months post-injury, parallelling a decrease in reported pain and disability. Scores on both these tests remained above threshold levels in those with ongoing moderate/severe symptoms. The moderate/severe and mild groups showed elevated TSK scores at 1 month post-injury. TSK scores decreased by 2 months in the group with residual mild symptoms and by 6 months in those with persistent moderate/severe symptoms. Elevated IES scores, indicative of a moderate post-traumatic stress reaction, were unique to the group with moderate/severe symptoms. The results of this study demonstrated that all those experiencing whiplash injury display initial psychological distress that decreased in those whose symptoms subside. Whiplash participants who reported persistent moderate/severe symptoms at 6 months continue to be psychologically distressed and are also characterised by a moderate post-traumatic stress reaction. (C) 2003 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.