Teollisuuden energiaverorasitus EU-maissa ja eräissä muissa maissa

Useat maat ovat 1990-luvulla ottaneet käyttöön energiaveroja. Energiaverot vaikuttavat etenkin energiavaltaisen teollisuuden toimintaan. Energiaverojen aiheuttamien kustannusten siirto hintoihin on hankalaa tuotteiden kilpaillessa maailmanmarkkinoilla. Suomen perusteollisuus on hyvin energiaintensiivistä ja sen monet tuotteet on suunnattu vientiin. Suomen lisäksi kaikkia teollisuuden käyttämiä polttoaineita verotetaan vain Alanko-maissa, Italiassa ja Tanskassa. Teollisuudelle on usein lisäksi alhaisempi verotaso kuin kotitalouksille. Energiaverotasojen tarkastelu sellaisenaan ei kerro veron todellista vaikutusta. Diplo-mityössä tarkastellaan teollisuuden maksamien energiaverojen taloudellista rasittavuutta vertaamalla maksettuja energiaveroja tuotannon jalostusarvoon. Energiaveroja ympä-ristönäkökohdista tarkastellaan vertaamalla maksettuja energiaveroja hiilidioksidipäästöihin. Diplomityössä käsitellään kolmea teollisuuden energiavaltaisinta toimialaa: metsäteollisuutta, metallien jalostusta sekä kemianteollisuutta. Vertailumaina ovat Euroopan Unionin 15 jäsenmaan lisäksi Norja, Sveitsi, Japani, Kanada ja Yhdysvallat. Sähkön kulutus- ja/tai tuotantovero on monissa maissa ja useimmilla toimialoilla merkittävin yksittäinen energiavero. Sähkön käyttö teollisuudessa on runsasta, joten sillä on muita veroja selvemmin havaittava vaikutus verorasitusten kasvuun.

Détection de points chauds de déforestation à Bornéo de 2000 à 2009 à partir d'images MODIS

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherches appuyé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada.

Sector forestal-celulosa, agricultura de secano e industria en el Gran Concepción: ¿encadenamiento productivo o enclave?

Se aborda el binomio cadenas productivas y territorio, identificándose dos tipos de desarrollo: el "enclave" del Secano Interior y el de "encadenamiento potencial" entre dicho enclave y la Conurbación del Gran Concepción. Los beneficios de la cadena productiva forestal-celulosa, de importancia mundial, no llegan a su territorio, que permanece en la precariedad. El Gran Concepción, segunda conurbación industrial de importancia nacional, no logra conectarse virtuosamente con su entorno cercano mediante sus redes económicas, ni tampoco con la cadena forestal-celulosa del Secano Interior. El artículo se basa en datos de flujos económicos a partir de la matriz insumo-producto de 2008, en encuestas efectuadas en el contexto de un proyecto del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (FNDR, 2008), y en el estudio sobre Chile y sus tipos de desarrollo (Falabella, 2000 y 2002). Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de generar una plataforma política territorial para el desarrollo económico que facilite la rearticulación productiva.

Datos de los bosques de Illinois : grades K-3.

This activity book is designed to supplement the information provided in the A to Z From a Tree, Illinois Fall Colors, Illinois' Forestry Industry and Illinois Trees : Seeds and Leaves posters from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). When using this activity book, students will become familiar with many characteristics of trees, industries related to trees and products made from trees. The information and activities included can assist your students of grades kindergarten through three in meeting the Illinois Learning Standards listed below. Although it is not necessary to have a copy of the posters named above to complete this activity book, if you would like them, they can be ordered online. Go to http://dnr.state.il.us then click on the "Education" button in the right side box. You'll find the link to the online order form.

Illinois forest facts : grades K - 3.

This activity book is designed to supplement the information provided in the A to Z From a Tree, Illinois Fall Colors, Illinois' Forestry Industry and Illinois Trees : Seeds and Leaves posters from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). When using this activity book, students will become familiar with many characteristics of trees, industries related to trees and products made from trees. The information and activities included can assist your students of grades kindergarten through three in meeting the Illinois Learning Standards listed below. Although it is not necessary to have a copy of the posters named above to complete this activity book, if you would like them, they can be ordered online. Go to http://dnr.state.il.us then click on the "Education" button in the right side box. You'll find the link to the online order form.

Illinois forest facts : grades K - 3.

This activity book is designed to supplement the information provided in the A to Z From a Tree, Illinois Fall Colors, Illinois' Forestry Industry and Illinois Trees : Seeds and Leaves posters from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). When using this activity book, students will become familiar with many characteristics of trees, industries related to trees and products made from trees. The information and activities included can assist your students of grades kindergarten through three in meeting the Illinois Learning Standards listed below. Although it is not necessary to have a copy of the posters named above to complete this activity book, if you would like them, they can be ordered online. Go to http://dnr.state.il.us then click on the "Education" button in the right side box. You'll find the link to the online order form.

An analysis of fatal accidents in agriculture in Great Britain

The number of fatal accidents in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry industry in Great Britain has declined from an annual rate of about 135 in the 1960's to its current level of about 50. Changes to the size and makeup of the population at risk mean that there has been no real improvement in fatal injury incidence rates for farmers. The Health and Safety Executives' (HSE) current system of accident investigation, recording, and analysis is directed primarily at identifying fault, allocating blame, and punishing wrongdoers. Relatively little information is recorded about the personal and organisational factors that contributed to, or failed to prevent accidents. To develop effective preventive strategies, it is important to establish whether errors by the victims and others, occur at the skills, rules, or knowledge level of functioning: are violations of some rule or procedure; or stem from failures to correctly appraise, or control a hazard. A modified version of the Hale and Glendon accident causation model was used to study 230 fatal accidents. Inspectors' original reports were examined and expert judgement applied to identify and categorise the errors committed by each of the parties involved. The highest proportion of errors that led directly to accidents occurred whilst the victims were operating at the knowledge level. The mix and proportion of errors varied considerably between different classes of victim and kind of accident. Different preventive strategies will be needed to address the problem areas identified.

Policy issues in rural areas:an examination with special reference to Cumbria

This thesis develops the requirements of the Cumbria Division of the MAFF to have detailed information on a number of rural topics of particular concern to the area's socia-economic advisory service. Information was generated upon the effects of road developments upon agriculture; the possibility of economic and employment growth through tourism, industry, forestry and agriculture; and upon their relationship with conservation and development control issues generally. A working conference was organised (The Whitbarrow Exercise) to review in specific terms a number of the above problems, in which representatives of the major groups active in rural policy formulation and implementation participated. The study was extended to consider these policy issues on a more prosperous agricultural estate; and in the county of Cumbria as a whole. An examination of the development and likely future impact of agricultural policy upon rural policy generally was also undertaken. All the research was set in the context of an extensive literature review. The results indicate that while state intervention to relieve those problems collectively known as rural deprivation still has an important place in modern rural policy, the scope for such intervention to be successful is limited. Opportunities for employment and wealth creation through tourism, forestry, industry and agriculture are limited for social and economic reasons; developments in these sectors can have adverse effects upon the environment; can compound existing problems; and are often resisted by local people. The lack of success of such ventures indicates continued structural change within rural communities, with some adverse effects for the less privileged members. Recognising this it is argued that fural policy seeks to adapt to, rather than attempt to fundamentally alter inevitable change, recognising that in the long term social and structural problems will resolve themselves. It is further argued that a reduction in state support for agriculture appears inevitable, and this can bring considerable conservation benefits, even in upland areas where positive links between agriculture and conservation have been found by some commentators. It is also argued that for social and economic reasons, and because of the declining importance of agricultural land, a vigorous landscape and ecological conservation policy is pursued by planning authorities and is reasonable. With regard to road developments on agricultural land, the research has shawn that although it is the norm far the agricultural community to experience severe difficulty during developments, these can be overcame by increasing the resources of professional expertise available to affected farmers. This indicates a possible important increased role for the MAFF in the development process.

THE ROLE OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED NURSERY GROWN WHITE SPRUCE

Nursery grown seedlings are an essential part of the forestry industry. These seedlings are grown under high nutrient conditions caused by fertilization. Though grown in a controlled environment, symbionts such as ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) are often found in these conditions. To examine the effects of EcMF in these conditions, colonized Picea glauca seedlings were collected from Toumey Nursery in Watersmeet, MI. After collection, the EcMF present were morphotyped, and seedlings with different morphotypes were divided equally into two treatment types- fertilized and unfertilized. Seedlings received treatment for one growing season. After that time, seedlings were collected, ectomycorrhizas identified using morphotyping and DNA sequencing, and seedlings were analyzed for differences in leaf nutrient concentration, content, root to shoot ratio, total biomass, and EcMF community structure. DNA sequencing identified 5 unique species groups- Amphinema sp. 1, Amphinema sp. 5, Thelephora terrestris, Sphaerosporella brunnea, and Boletus variipes. In the unfertilized treatment it was found that Amphinema sp. 1 strongly negatively impacted foliar N concentration. In fertilized seedlings, Thelephora terrestris had a strong negative impact on foliar phosphorus concentration, while Amphinema sp. 1 positively impacted foliar boron, magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus concentration. In terms of content, Amphinema sp. 1 led to significantly higher content of manganese and boron in fertilized treatments, as well as elevated phosphorus in unfertilized seedlings. Amphinema sp. 5 had a significant negative effect on phosphorus content. When examining root to shoot ratio and biomass, those seedlings with more non-mycorrhizal tips had a higher root to shoot ratio. Findings from the study shed light on the interactions of the species. Amphinema sp. 5 shows very different functionality than Amphinema sp. 1. Amphinema sp. 1 appears to have the highest positive effect on seedling nutrition when in both fertilized and unfertilized environments. Amphinema sp. 5 and T. terrestris appear to behave parasitically in both fertilized and unfertilized conditions.

The forestry and cellulose sector in the Province of Concepción, Chile: Production linkages between the Secano Interior and industry in Greater Concepción, or an enclave economy?

Includes bibliography.

To regulate the production and ginning of cotton : hearings before the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Seventy-third Congress, second session, on S. 1974, a bill to place the cotton industry on a sound basis, and to prevent unfair competition and practices in putting cotton into the channels of interstate and foreign commerce. January 15, 16, 17, and 20, 1934.

Ellison D. Smith, chairman; John H. Bankhead, presiding, Jan. 16, 1934.

Government control of the meat-packing industry. Hearings before the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Sixty-fifth Congress, third session, on S. 5305, a bill to stimulate the production, sale, and distribution of live stock and live-stock products, and for other purposes. Part I-[2]. ... .

Printed for the use of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.