Fluoride Concentrations In The Water Of Maringá, Brazil, Considering The Benefit/risk Balance Of Caries And Fluorosis.

Current Brazilian law regarding water fluoridation classification is dichotomous with respect to the risks of and benefits for oral diseases, and fluoride (F) concentrations less than 0.6 or above 0.8 mg F/L are considered outside the normal limits. Thus, the law does not consider that both caries and fluorosis are dependent on the dosage and duration of fluoride exposure because they are both chronic diseases. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of water fluoridation in Maringá, PR, Brazil, considering a new classification for the concentration of F in water the supply, based on the anticaries benefit and risk of fluorosis (CECOL/USP, 2011). Water samples (n = 325) were collected monthly over one year from 28 distribution water networks: 20 from treatment plants and 8 from artesian wells. F concentrations were determined using a specific ion electrode. The average F concentration was 0.77 mg F/L (ppm F), ranging from 0.44 to 1.22 mg F/L. Considering all of the water samples analyzed, 83.7% of them presented from 0.55 to 0.84 mg F/L, and according to the new classification used, they would provide maximum anticaries benefit with a low risk of fluorosis. This percentage was lower (75.4%) in the water samples supplied from artesian wells than from those distributed by the treatment plant (86%). In conclusion, based on the new classification of water F concentrations, the quality of water fluoridation in Maringá is adequate and is within the range of the best balance between risk and benefit.

Exposure to lead exacerbates dental fluorosis

Aim: Our aim was to test: the hypothesis that co-exposure to lead and fluoride alter the severity of enamel fluorosis. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were allocated in four groups: control, and 3 groups that received water containing 100 ppm of fluoride (F), 30 ppm of lead (Pb), or 100 ppm of F and 30 ppm of Pb (F + Pb) from the beginning of gestation. Enamel analysis and F and Pb determinations in enamel, dentine, and bone were performed in 81-day-old animals. Fluorosis was quantified using a new fluorosis index based on the identification of incisor enamel defects (white bands and white islets, representing hypomineralization, and cavities) weighted according to their severity and quantity. Hypomineralization was validated histopathologically by polarizing microscopy and microradiography. Scores were given by two blinded calibrated examiners (intra and interexaminer kappa values were 0.8 and 0.86, respectively). Results: The control and the Pb groups presented normal enamel. The F + Pb group presented more severe enamel defects compared with the F group (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study shows that lead exacerbates dental fluorosis in rodents, suggesting that co-exposure to lead may affect the degree of fluorosis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.

Fluorosis endémica en el noroeste de la provincia de Cordoba: remoción de fluoruro del agua con filtros domiciliarios.

En el noroeste de la provincia de Córdoba, el agua utilizada para consumo humano contiene elevadas concentraciones de fluoruro (F-). La fluorosis endémica es un serio problema de salud pública que provoca principalmente fluorosis dental y esquelética, entre otras alteraciones. La fluorosis dental se caracteriza por la aparición de alteraciones en el esmalte dental, desde finas manchas blancas (grado leve) hasta manchas de color marrón oscuro con erosión del esmalte (grado moderado a severo). Integrantes del presente proyecto realizaron estudios en los establecimientos educacionales de Nivel Primario ubicados sobre la ruta nacional 38, al norte de Capilla del Monte, demostrando que el 86% de las superficies dentales estudiadas presentan distintos grados de fluorosis dental. Esta situación se traduce en serias consecuencias en la salud bucodental y en los aspectos psíquico y social de los individuos, detectándose en adolescentes de la zona acciones discriminatorias y auto-discriminatorias por razones estéticas, contribuyendo incluso a la deserción escolar. Hasta la actualidad, no se ha realizado el relevamiento en toda la población de las comunas comprendidas en esta zona con fluorosis endémica; sólo se ha investigado la salud bucodental de dos de sus comunas, que representan menos del 10% en los departamentos Punilla norte y Cruz del Eje. Ante la ausencia de una fuente alternativa de agua potable en la comuna de Charbonier y el bajo nivel socio-económico de sus habitantes, surge como alternativa la remoción del F- del agua mediante un procedimiento accesible a los pobladores. En otros países, una vía para solucionar esta problemática consiste en el uso de sistemas domiciliarios de remoción de flúor, basados en el uso de arcillas como adsorbentes de F-. Los análisis de la composición de los suelos de esta región (detallados por el INTA) son promisorios en este sentido. Las Hipótesis que guían el presente proyecto de investigación y desarrollo postulan la factibilidad de encontrar arcillas del lugar en estudio, que posean la capacidad de remover el F- del agua, y de diseñar un filtro domiciliario con dicho material adsorbente para ser aplicado por los pobladores. Como objetivo general se propone investigar y desarrollar un método de remoción de F- del agua potable que sea accesible a los habitantes de la zona con fluorosis endémica del noroeste cordobés. Para ello es necesario delimitar en una primera etapa la extensión del área total afectada por esta problemática, en los departamentos Punilla norte y Cruz del Eje, midiendo los niveles de F- en agua utilizada para el consumo en las diferentes comunidades. Además, se relevarán las consecuencias en la salud bucodental de sus pobladores, midiendo el grado de fluorosis dental en niños que concurren a los establecimientos educacionales de Nivel Primario. Esto permitirá identificar, de acuerdo al origen de los niños estudiados, las zonas de fluorosis endémicas más comprometidas. En cada zona se recolectará muestras de suelos arcillosos a fin de evaluar su capacidad de adsorción de F-. Una vez hallado el material óptimo se desarrollará un sistema domiciliario para la remoción de F- del agua mediante el diseño de un filtro con material adsorbente (arcillas) que permita obtener agua con niveles normales de F- para cada grupo familiar, de fácil uso, eficaz y económicamente accesible. El diseño del filtro se realizará con el asesoramiento de una empresa dedicada a este rubro. Los resultados del presente proyecto serán de utilidad para la salud pública y componen un potencial camino a seguir para solucionar la problemática de la región en estudio y otras regiones con fluorosis endémica del país.

Infant formula and enamel fluorosis A systematic review

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Validation of Fingernail Fluoride Concentration as a Predictor of Risk for Dental Fluorosis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management

Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel, caused by successive exposures to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development, leading to enamel with lower mineral content and increased porosity. The severity of dental fluorosis depends on when and for how long the overexposure to fluoride occurs, the individual response, weight, degree of physical activity, nutritional factors and bone growth. The risk period for esthetic changes in permanent teeth is between 20 and 30 months of age. The recommended level for daily fluoride intake is 0.05 - 0.07 mg F/Kg/day, which is considered of great help in preventing dental caries, acting in remineralization. A daily intake above this safe level leads to an increased risk of dental fluorosis. Currently recommended procedures for diagnosis of fluorosis should discriminate between symmetrical and asymmetrical and/or discrete patterns of opaque defects. Fluorosis can be prevented by having an adequate knowledge of the fluoride sources, knowing how to manage this issue and therefore, avoid overexposure.

Epidemiology of fluorosis and dental caries according to different types of water supplies

O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar a relação fluorose/cáries em escolas, de acordo com o nível de fluoreto no abastecimento público de água. A amostra consistiu em 360 alunos de doze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, que frequentam as escolas próximas da região em que nasceram. As escolas foram classificadas em três grupos de acordo com a presença de fluoreto no abastecimento de água: 1) fluoretação na Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA); 2) fluoretação direta em poços; e 3) áreas não fluoretadas (ANF). Os testes deχe de Goodman (significância = 5%) foram utilizados para avaliar a associação entre a origem da água e o grau de fluorose. Os resultados mais predominantes foram presença de cáries em toda a amostra (P<0,05); ausência de fluorose em ambos gêneros, para indivíduos brancos e aqueles vivendo em áreas abastecidas com água fluoretada diretamente de poços e não fluoretadas (P<0,05). Não houve diferença no grau de severidade da fluorose entre as fontes de abastecimento de água (P>0,05). As cáries ainda são uma importante questão nessa população, apesar do estabelecimento de medida preventiva. A observação da fluorose em alunos vivendo em áreas não fluoretadas confirma a presença de outras fontes de fluorose.

Fluoridation of the public water supply and prevalence of dental fluorosis in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru, SP

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the fluoride concentration in the public water supply and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren between 7 and 15 years old, living in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru. Material and Methods: For this, fifty two water samples were collected on three different days of one week. These samples were analyzed for fluoride by means of the ion-sensitive electrode method (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer (Procyon, model 720). In this method, 1.0 mL of TISAB II (Orion) was added to 1.0 mL of the sample. For the epidemiological survey of fluorosis, 52 schoolchildren of both genders, aged between 7 and 15 were assessed, with prior authorization from their caretakers. Only one person examined the children, after supervised toothbrushing and drying with cotton wool rolls. The TF index was used. Results: The fluoride concentrations in the water samples ranged from 0.62 to 1.20 mg/L, with a mean of 0.9 mg/L. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 33%, with severity ranging from TF1 to TF4 (Kappa of 0.73 and concordance of 83.33%). Conclusions: The results from the analysis of water samples indicated a fluoride concentration greater than recommended for Bauru. The fluorosis levels found were higher than expected for a peripheral district, in which water is one of the few sources of fluoride.

Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis in scholars aging 12 to 15 years old, residents in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: 1318 volunteers were enrolled in this study and examined in 18 public schools of the State of São Paulo. The examinations were performed in the schools' court by three dentists (with a Master's degree in Public Health), after toothbrushing supervised by another dentist. The teeth were dried with cotton pellets and examined under natural light by visual inspection, using an explorer as recommended by the WHO, a plane mirror and a tongue depressor. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index was used for rating fluorosis. Intra and inter-examiner reproducibility was calculated and data were submitted to descriptive analysis. Results: Approximately 36% of the children presented dental fluorosis, of which 28% was diagnosed as TF1 while the remaining received scores between TF2 and TF4. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental fluorosis in Bauru is within the expected range, based on previous studies. Although fluoride is an important resource for caries control, its use must be adequate to the needs of each specific population.