O argumento dos contrários e a hipótese sobre a imortalidade no Fédon de Platão

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O argumento dos opostos e a hipótese sobre imortalidade no fédon de Platão

Plato, in his Phaedo, develops an investigation concerning the relationship between opposites. The account of Socrates s historical death (57 a 60 a / 116 a - 118), the palaios logos (60 b 70 c), the reciprocal generation between opposites (70 c 72 e), the recollection argument (77 d 80 e), the reciprocal exclusion between opposites (95 e 107 a) and the myth (107 b 116 a), are all instruments to define death for the philosopher. The core of this research, or the argument of the opposites in both its modes of articulation: double generation (70 c 72 e) and double exclusion of opposites (103 a), when added to the recollection argument (72 c d) becomes decisive in discerning both the real cause of generation and the understanding of what occurs in the process of exclusion between opposites (70 c 72 e)

Argumentos sobre a imortalidade da alma no Fédon de Platão

Cette recherche a pour but d étudier l immortalité de l âme dans le Phédon de Platon. Le problème central consiste dans l affirmation de l immortalité de l âme. Pour la justifier, Platon fait une démonstration dialectique basée sur la Théorie des Formes. La trame des arguments philosophiques articulés dans ce Dialogue sera mise en dissertation. Ces arguments sont: l argument des contraires, l argument de l Anamnese et l argument sur la cause de la génération et de la corruption

A alma-camaleão e sua plasticidade : dualismo platônicos no Fédon

Este paper tem como objetivo analisar o problema dos graus de separação do corpo e da alma no Fédon de Platão, em busca tanto de seus pressupostos ontológicos como de suas consequências epistemológicas. Apesar deste diálogo ser normalmente abordado como pedra miliar literária e filosófica para todos os dualismos psico‑físicos da história de nosso pensamento, entendo que é possível distinguir dois sentidos fundamentais, duas maneiras diferentes de pensar esta separação. O primeiro sentido indicaria uma separação intencional, isto é, fundamentalmente dependente do que o filósofo pensa ou com aquilo do qual o filósofo se procurar curar: o filósofo, como tal, se curaria da alma, mas não se curaria do corpo. Uma segunda maneira de pensar esta separação entre corpo e alma é aquela que privilegia a ideia de uma separação ontológica segundo a qual a alma seria, a tal ponto independente do corpo, que poderia sobreviver após a morte deste. Apesar do sucesso que ambas as abordagens tiveram ao longo da história do platonismo até nossos dias, a duplicidade dos sentidos expressos contém contudo, em si, uma irrevogável ambiguidade e tensão. O objetivo deste paper é o de propor uma solução diferente para a referida ambiguidade. A nossa proposta tem como ponto de partida, a consideração ontológica dos graus de plasticidade da alma, que Bostock (1986, p.119 @Phd. 79c), em seu comentário ao diálogo, chama ‘traços camaleônicos da alma’, isto é, como se a alma pudesse assumir feições corpóreas para conhecer a realidade sensível. A separação entre corpo e alma, antes do que pressuposto ontológico, parece precisar de um esforços permanente do indivíduo, tanto em sentido epistemológico como em sentido ético. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Deoxynivalenol exposure assessment in young children in Tanzania

Scope: This study assessed deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure in children from three geographic locations within Tanzania, over three time points in 1 year, using a urinary biomarker of exposure.

Methods and results: A total of 166 children aged 6-14 months were studied at a maize harvest and followed up twice at 6-month intervals. On two consecutive days, morning urine was collected from each child and urinary DON was measured using an LC-MS method, with and without beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis in order to assess free DON (fDON) and glucuronide DON. Overall, urinary DON increased significantly along with the three visits (geometric mean 1.1, 2.3, and 5.7 ng/mL, at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, p <0.01). fDON was 22% of urinary total DON. Urinary DON excretion rate was 74% in village Kikelelwa based on food DON level and food consumption. Assuming 360 mL of urine excreted per day, 10, 19, and 29% of children at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1000 ng/kg b.w./day.

Conclusion: Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to DON due to eating contaminated maize, although exposure levels varied markedly by region and season.

Les matinées de Brienz. Tome 1 / par H. Zschokke, Sartorius, Göthe, Tromliz, etc. ; traduites de l'allemand par W. Suckau

Collection : Collection de romans allemands

Les matinées de Brienz. Tome 3 / par H. Zschokke, Sartorius, Göthe, Tromliz, etc. ; traduites de l'allemand par W. Suckau

Collection : Collection de romans allemands

Les matinées de Brienz. Tome 4 / par H. Zschokke, Sartorius, Göthe, Tromliz, etc. ; traduites de l'allemand par W. Suckau

Collection : Collection de romans allemands

Les matinées de Brienz. Tome 2 / par H. Zschokke, Sartorius, Göthe, Tromliz, etc. ; traduites de l'allemand par W. Suckau

Collection : Collection de romans allemands

A morada do pensamento: um encontro com Platão na busca da natureza do sentido em Frege

The ontological investigation of sense, from German philosopher Gottlob Frege s point of view, has, as its foundation, the understanding of reference, representation, thought and sense s categories. According to Frege s writings, On Sense and Reference, and Thoughts Logical Investigations, sense carries itself the solution for the problem of identity s relation. Sense gives us the knowledge s increment that identity doesn t give. But still there is a problem: the definition of sense's nature. Sense couldn t have its nature strictly defined because, in this case, it would be reduced to reference s category and thus, sense would be identified with the own extra-linguistic object, and this is a misconception. But Frege said that thought must be considered as the sense of the sentence. So, with this close relationship between sense and thought, a new goal in this investigation is putt in focus: thought. To Frege, thought is not a simple subjective performance of thinking, it is not a subjective representation, but it is an objective content that is real, eternal, and that exists by itself in a third realm . Thought exists in a realm beyond the world of subjective representations and beyond the world of sensible perception. From this point, the present investigation went back to Plato s World of Ideas. So, the platonic thinking was included in this debate about the metaphysic of the third realm in Frege, trying to clarify the original concepts of knowledge, reality and truth. To achieve this objective, the following dialogues had been included in our research: Theaetetus, Republic and Phaedo. And the following fregean questions had been brought to Plato's scope: how happens the new knowledge? What is the third realm s reality? What is the relation between truth and thought? Doing that we could see as much some of the platonic origins of Frege's approach, as some differences between this two philosophers

Platão e a matemática: uma questão de método

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