Analyse génétique moléculaire du gène de la voie non-canonique Frizzled/Dishevelled PRICKLE1 dans les anomalies du tube neural chez l’humain

La voie de la polarité planaire cellulaire (PCP), aussi connue sous le nom de la voie non-canonique du Frizzled/Dishevelled, contrôle le processus morphogénétique de l'extension convergente (CE) qui est essentiel pour la gastrulation et la formation du tube neural pendant l'embryogenèse. La signalisation du PCP a été récemment associée avec des anomalies du tube neural (ATN) dans des modèles animaux et chez l'humain. Prickle1 est une protéine centrale de la voie PCP, exprimée dans la ligne primitive et le mésoderme pendant l'embryogenèse de la souris. La perte ou le gain de fonction de Prickle1 mène à des mouvements de CE fautifs chez le poisson zèbre et la grenouille. PRICKLE1 interagit directement avec deux autres membres de la voie PCP, Dishevelled et Strabismus/Vang. Dans notre étude, nous avons investigué le rôle de PRICKLE1 dans l'étiologie des ATN dans une cohorte de 810 patients par le re-séquençage de son cadre de lecture et des jonctions exon-intron. Le potentiel pathogénique des mutations ainsi identifiées a été évalué par des méthodes bioinformatiques, suivi par une validation fonctionnelle in vivo dans un système poisson zèbre. Nous avons identifié dans notre cohorte un total de 9 nouvelles mutations dont sept: p.Ile69Thr, p.Asn81His, p.Thr275Met, p.Arg682Cys et p.Ser739Phe, p.Val550Met et p.Asp771Asn qui affectent des acides aminés conservés. Ces mutations ont été prédites in silico d’affecter la fonction de la protéine et sont absentes dans une large cohorte de contrôles de même origine ethnique. La co-injection de ces variantes avec le gène prickle1a de type sauvage chez l’embryon de poisson zèbre a démontré qu’une mutation, p.Arg682Cys, modifie dans un sens négatif le phénotype du défaut de la CE produit par pk1 de type sauvage. Notre étude démontre que PK1 peut agir comme facteur prédisposant pour les ATN chez l’humain et élargit encore plus nos connaissances sur le rôle des gènes de la PCP dans la pathogenèse de ces malformations.

Études génétiques moléculaires du gène de la polarité planaire SCRIBBLE1 chez les anomalies du tube neural

Les anomalies du tube neural (ATN), incluant l'anencéphalie et le spina-bifida, représentent un groupe de malformations congénitales très fréquentes chez l'homme. Ces anomalies sont causées par un défaut partiel ou complet de la fermeture du tube neurale au cours de l'embryogenèse. Les ATN ont une étiologie complexe et multifactorielle impliquant des facteurs environnementaux et génétiques. La voie de signalisation non-canonique du Frizzled (Fz)/Dishevelled (Dvl) contrôle la polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP) et le processus morphogénétique appelé l’extension convergente qui est essentiel pour la gastrulation et la fermeture du tube neural. Très important, des mutations des gènes de cette voie étaient fortement associées aux ATN chez la souris et l’humain. Scribble est un gène de la voie PCP qui cause une sévère ATN chez la souris Circletail. Notre étude vise à analyser le rôle de SCRIBBLE1 dans les ATN humains par des analyses de séquence de son cadre de lecture et ses jonctions exon-introns. Notre étude comporte 396 patients recrutés au Centre Spina Bifida de l’hôpital Gaslini en Gènes, Italie et 83 patients recrutés au Centre Spina Bifida de l’hôpital Sainte Justine. Les patients sont affectés par plusieurs formes d’ATN. Nous avons identifié neuf mutations rares et non synonymes chez 10 patients, p.Asp93Ala (c. 435G>A), p.Gly145Arg (c. 278A>C), p.Gly263Ser (c. 786C>A), p.Gly469Ser (c. 1405G>A), p.Pro649His (c. 1946C>A), p.Gln808His (c. 2424G>T), p.Val1066Met (c. 3196G>A), p.Arg1150Gln (c. 3480G>A) et p.Thr1422Met (c. 4266C>T). Cinque mutations, p.Gly263Ser, p.Pro649His, p.Gln808His, p.Arg1150Gln, p.Thr1422Met, étaient absentes dans les contrôles analysés et prédites d’être pathogéniques in silico. Cette étude montre que des mutations rares dans SCRIB1 pourraient augmenter le risque des ATN dans une fraction des patients. L’identification des gènes prédisposant aux ATN nous aidera à mieux comprendre les mécanismes pathogéniques impliqués dans ces maladies.

Études génétiques moléculaires des gènes de la polarité planaire cellulaire dans les anomalies du tube neural chez l’Homme

Les anomalies du tube neural (ATN) sont des malformations congénitales parmi les plus fréquentes chez l’humain en touchant 1-2 nouveau-nés par 1000 naissances. Elles résultent d’un défaut de fermeture du tube neural pendant l’embryogenèse. Les formes les plus courantes d'ATN chez l'homme sont l'anencéphalie et le spina-bifida. Leur étiologie est complexe impliquant à la fois des facteurs environnementaux et des facteurs génétiques. Un dérèglement dans la signalisation Wnt, incluant la signalisation canonique Wnt/β-caténine et non-canonique de la polarité planaire cellulaire (PCP), peut causer respectivement le cancer ou les anomalies du tube neural (ATN). Les deux voies semblent s’antagoniser mutuellement. Dans cette étude, nous investiguons les rôles de Lrp6 et deANKRD6, entant qu’interrupteurs moléculaires entre les deux voies de signalisation Wnt, et CELSR1, en tant que membre de la PCP, chez la souris mutante Skax26m1Jus, générée par l’agent mutagène N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosuera, et dans une cohorte de patients humains ATN. Pour Lrp6, nous avons démontré que Skax26m1Jus représente un allèle hypermorphe de Lrp6 avec une augmentation de l’activité de la signalisation Wnt/canonique et une diminution de l’activité JNK induite par la voie PCP. Nous avons également montré que Lrp6Skax26m1Jus interagit génétiquement avec un mutant PCP (Vangl2Lp) où les doubles hétérozygotes ont montré une fréquence élevée d’ATN et des défauts dans la polarité des cellules ciliées de la cochlée. Particulièrement, notre étude démontre l'association des nouvelles et rares mutations faux-sens dans LRP6 avec les ATN humaines. Nous montrons que trois mutations de LRP6 causent une activité canonique réduite et non-canonique élevée. Pour ANKRD6, nous avons identifié quatre nouvelles et rares mutations faux-sens chez 0,8% des patients ATN et deux chez 1,3% des contrôles. Notamment, seulement deux, des six mutations validées (p.Pro548Leu et p.Arg632His) ont démontré un effet significatif sur l’activité de ANKRD6 selon un mode hypomorphique. Pour CELSR1, nous avons identifié une mutation non-sens dans l'exon 1 qui supprime la majeure partie de la protéine et une délétionde 12 pb. Cette perte de nucléotides ne change pas le cadre de lecture et élimine un motif putatif de phosphorylation par la PKC " SSR ". Nous avons également détecté un total de 13 nouveaux et rares variants faux-sens qui avaient été prédits comme étant pathogènes in silico. Nos données confirment le rôle inhibiteur de Lrp6 dans la signalisation PCP pendant la neurulation et indiquent aussi que les mutations faux-sens identifiées chez LRP6 et ANKRD6 pourraient affecter un équilibre réciproque et un antagonisme très sensible à un dosage précis entre les deux voies Wnt. Ces variants peuvent aussi agir comme facteurs prédisposants aux ATN. En outre, nos résultats impliquent aussi CELSR1 comme un facteur de risque pour les anomalies du tube neural ou l’agénésie caudale. Nos résultats fournissent des preuves supplémentaires que la voie de signalisation PCP a un rôle pathogène dans ces malformations congénitales et un outil important pour mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes moléculaires.

An Extension of the Invariance Principle for a Class of Differential Equations with Finite Delay

An extension of the uniform invariance principle for ordinary differential equations with finite delay is developed. The uniform invariance principle allows the derivative of the auxiliary scalar function V to be positive in some bounded sets of the state space while the classical invariance principle assumes that. V <= 0. As a consequence, the uniform invariance principle can deal with a larger class of problems. The main difficulty to prove an invariance principle for functional differential equations is the fact that flows are defined on an infinite dimensional space and, in such spaces, bounded solutions may not be precompact. This difficulty is overcome by imposing the vector field taking bounded sets into bounded sets.

Evaluation of Cadaveric Renal Vein Lengths and Their Extension Loss with Three Types of Ligature and Section

Background and Purpose: The right kidney has been less frequently used in live donor nephrectomy, because of the shorter length of the right renal vein (RRV) that is associated with technical difficulties and higher rates of venous thrombosis. In live open donor or deceased donor transplant nephrectomy, an additional cuff of the inferior vena cava is usually removed, but this is a more difficult and risky maneuver in laparoscopic nephrectomy. For this reason, laparoscopic right nephrectomy (LRN) for renal transplantation (RT) is not frequently performed in most medical institutions. We evaluate the difference between RRV and left renal vein (LRV) lengths in cadavers, as harvested for RT by three clamping methods. Our objective was to obtain information that could clarify when LRN for RT should be encouraged or avoided with regard to conventional surgery. Materials and Methods: Ninety adult fresh unfrozen cadavers were randomly divided into three groups of 30, according to the clamping device used: Satinsky, stapler, and Hem-o-lok clip. The abdominal viscera were removed through a median xyphopubic incision, and the veins were measured on the bench. Two lateral limits were used: The renal hilum and the tangential line of the renal poles. As for medial limits, the inferior vena cava or the laparoscopic clipping device on the RRV were used on the right side, while on the LRV, the medial border of the emergence of the adrenal vein was considered. After section of the renal vein, a slight traction of the extremity was applied for the measurement. All measurements were obtained three times using a metallic millimetric ruler, and the arithmetic mean was considered. The chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, and paired t tests were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at P <= 0.05. Results: The groups of cadavers were homogeneous in demographic characteristics. Regardless of the clamping method and considering the useful length of the LRV, the RRV was statistically smaller. The evaluation of the vein length did not depend on the lateral limit considered. Independent of the clamping method, on both sides, the lengths after the vein section were larger than before the section, a fact attributed to traction. Use of a stapler and a single Hem-o-lok presented the same waste of vein length on the right side. On average, the RRV was 13.7% shorter than the LRV. Conclusions: With the wide acceptance of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, the length difference between the veins of both kidneys is an important issue, and the right kidney is therefore used less than the left, compared with conventional surgery. This article represents the first step to quantify the anatomic length of renal veins in different situations. Certainly, more imagenologic or surgical studies should be carried out before decisions can be made for better selection of patients for LRN.

DJKM ALGEBRAS I: THEIR UNIVERSAL CENTRAL EXTENSION

The purpose of this paper is to explicitly describe in terms of generators and relations the universal central extension of the infinite dimensional Lie algebra, g circle times C[t, t(-1), u vertical bar u(2) = (t(2) - b(2))(t(2) - c(2))], appearing in the work of Date, Jimbo, Kashiwara and Miwa in their study of integrable systems arising from the Landau-Lifshitz differential equation.

Experimental analysis of active-passive vibration control using viscoelastic materials and extension and shear piezoelectric actuators

Hybrid active-passive damping treatments combine the reliability, low cost and robustness of viscoelastic damping treatments and the high-performance, modal selective and adaptive piezoelectric active control. Numerous hybrid damping treatments have been reported in the literature. They differ mainly by the relative positions of viscoelastic treatments, sensors and piezoelectric actuators. In this work we present an experimental analysis of three active-passive damping design configurations applied to a cantilever beam. In particular, two design configurations based on the extension mode of piezoelectric actuators combined with viscoelastic constrained layer damping treatments and one design configuration with shear piezoelectric actuators embedded in a sandwich beam with viscoelastic core are analyzed. For comparison purposes, a purely active design configuration with an extension piezoelectric actuator bonded to an elastic beam is also analyzed. The active-passive damping performance of the four design configurations is compared. Results show that active-passive design configurations provide more reliable and wider-range damping performance than the purely active configuration.

Numerical modeling of ductile crack extension in high pressure pipelines with longitudinal flaws

This study examines the applicability of a micromechanics approach based upon the computational cell methodology incorporating the Gurson-Tvergaard (GT) model and the CTOA criterion to describe ductile crack extension of longitudinal crack-like defects in high pressure pipeline steels. A central focus is to gain additional insight into the effectiveness and limitations of both approaches to describe crack growth response and to predict the burst pressure for the tested cracked pipes. A verification study conducted on burst testing of large-diameter, precracked pipe specimens with varying crack depth to thickness ratio (a/t) shows the potential predictive capability of the cell approach even though both the CT model and the CTOA criterion appear to depend on defect geometry. Overall, the results presented here lend additional support for further developments in the cell methodology as a valid engineering tool for integrity assessments of pipelines with axial defects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,

An extension of the Pitzer equation for the excess Gibbs energy of aqueous electrolyte systems to aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions

Pitzer`s equation for the excess Gibbs energy of aqueous solutions of low-molecular electrolytes is extended to aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes. The model retains the original form of Pitzer`s model (combining a long-range term, based on the Debye-Huckel equation, with a short-range term similar to the virial equation where the second osmotic virial coefficient depends on the ionic strength). The extension consists of two parts: at first, it is assumed that a constant fraction of the monomer units of the polyelectrolyte is dissociated, i.e., that fraction does not depend on the concentration of the polyelectrolyte, and at second, a modified expression for the ionic strength (wherein each charged monomer group is taken into account individually) is introduced. This modification is to account for the presence of charged polyelectrolyte chains, which cannot be regarded as punctual charges. The resulting equation was used to correlate osmotic coefficient data of aqueous solutions of a single polyelectrolyte as well as of binary mixtures of a single polyelectrolyte and a salt with low-molecular weight. It was additionally applied to correlate liquid-liquid equilibrium data of some aqueous two-phase systems that might form when a polyelectrolyte and another hydrophilic but neutral polymer are simultaneously dissolved in water. A good agreement between the experimental data and the correlation result is observed for all investigated systems. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ciratefi: An RST-invariant template matching with extension to color images

Template matching is a technique widely used for finding patterns in digital images. A good template matching should be able to detect template instances that have undergone geometric transformations. In this paper, we proposed a grayscale template matching algorithm named Ciratefi, invariant to rotation, scale, translation, brightness and contrast and its extension to color images. We introduce CSSIM (color structural similarity) for comparing the similarity of two color image patches and use it in our algorithm. We also describe a scheme to determine automatically the appropriate parameters of our algorithm and use pyramidal structure to improve the scale invariance. We conducted several experiments to compare grayscale and color Ciratefis with SIFT, C-color-SIFT and EasyMatch algorithms in many different situations. The results attest that grayscale and color Ciratefis are more accurate than the compared algorithms and that color-Ciratefi outperforms grayscale Ciratefi most of the time. However, Ciratefi is slower than the other algorithms.

Extension of a Recent Method for Obtaining Exact Solutions of the Bruce and Klute Equation

A method based on a specific power-law relationship between the hydraulic head and the Boltzmann variable was recently presented. We generalized this relationship to a range of powers and extended the solution to include the saturated zone. As a result, the new solution satisfies the Bruce and Klute equation exactly.

Extension of the core map of common bean with EST-SSR, RGA, AFLP, and putative functional markers

Microsatellites and gene-derived markers are still underrepresented in the core molecular linkage map of common bean compared to other types of markers. In order to increase the density of the core map, a set of new markers were developed and mapped onto the RIL population derived from the `BAT93` x `Jalo EEP558` cross. The EST-SSR markers were first characterized using a set of 24 bean inbred lines. On average, the polymorphism information content was 0.40 and the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.7. In addition, AFLP and RGA markers based on the NBS-profiling method were developed and a subset of the mapped RGA was sequenced. With the integration of 282 new markers into the common bean core map, we were able to place markers with putative known function in some existing gaps including regions with QTL for resistance to anthracnose and rust. The distribution of the markers over 11 linkage groups is discussed and a newer version of the common bean core linkage map is proposed.

Combining GIS and Expert Opinion to Model Landscapes for a Smallholder Forest Extension Program in Leyte, the Philippines

A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model datasets of Leyte Island, the Philippines, to identify land which was suitable for a forest extension program on the island. The datasets were modelled to provide maps of the distance of land from cities and towns, land which was a suitable elevation and slope for smallholder forestry and land of various soil types. An expert group was used to assign numeric site suitabilities to the soil types and maps of site suitability were used to assist the selection of municipalities for the provision of extension assistance to smallholders. Modelling of the datasets was facilitated by recent developments of the ArcGIS® suite of computer programs and derivation of elevation and slope was assisted by the availability of digital elevation models (DEM) produced by the Shuttle Radar Topography (SRTM) mission. The usefulness of GIS software as a decision support tool for small-scale forestry extension programs is discussed.

A note on extension variances in IR2

Matheron (1971) proposed an approximation of the extension variance in IR. We propose in this note an extension of this formula in IR2, based on a MacLaurin formula. Its application is shown in an example, the estimation of the maximum depressional storage of a soil surface.